Grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaic(PV)systems can reduce the energy demand from the grid and significantly increase the power available to it.However,rooftop solar PV has not yet been widely adopted in many sub...Grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaic(PV)systems can reduce the energy demand from the grid and significantly increase the power available to it.However,rooftop solar PV has not yet been widely adopted in many sub-Saharan African countries,such as Sudan,although they are endowed with high solar radiation and in dire need of additional power.This paper investigates risks and policies to increase grid-connected rooftop solar PV adoption in Sudan.A simplified United Nations Development Program Derisking Renewable Energy Investment framework is adopted to investigate this over three stages.For Stage 1,a list of risks and barriers was produced based on a literature review of solar PV studies in Sudan and interviews with nine stakeholders.Affordability was the risk most often mentioned(eight times from nine interviewees),followed by concerns about poor utility grid infrastructure.For Stage 2,policy de-risking instruments and financial de-risking instruments were listed to overcome the barriers.These include the intro-duction of net metering,the use of a third-party organization to monitor policy implementation,upgrade of the grid infrastructure,public awareness campaigns and energy-saving schemes.For Stage 3,the levelized cost of electricity was estimated for a typical 2-kW rooftop PV system without policies(0.11$/kWh)and with a net-metering policy(0.07$/kWh).展开更多
The residential-building sector in India consumes>25%of the total electricity and is the third-largest consumer of electricity;consumption increased by 26%between 2014 and 2017.India has introduced a star-labelling...The residential-building sector in India consumes>25%of the total electricity and is the third-largest consumer of electricity;consumption increased by 26%between 2014 and 2017.India has introduced a star-labelling programme for residential buildings that is applicable for all single-and multiple-dwelling units in the country for residential purposes.The Energy Performance Index(EPI)of a building(annual energy consumption in kilowatt-hours per square metre of the building)is taken as an indicator for awarding the star label for residential buildings.For gauging the EPI status of existing buildings,the electricity consumption of residential buildings(in kWh/m2/year)is established through a case study of the residential society.Two years of electricity bills are collected for an Indian residential society located in Palam,Delhi,analysed and benchmarked with the Indian residential star-labelling programme.A wide EPI gap is observed for existing buildings for five-star energy labels.Based on existing electricity tariffs,the energy consumption of residential consumers and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency(BEE)’s proposed building ENERGY STAR labelling,a grid-integrated rooftop solar photovoltaic(PV)system is considered for achieving a higher star label.This research study establishes the potential of grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems for residential buildings in Indian cities through a case study of Delhi.Techno-economic analysis of a grid-integrated 3-kWp rooftop solar PV plant is analysed by using RETScreen software.The study establishes that an additional two stars can be achieved by existing buildings by using a grid-integrated rooftop solar PV plant.Payback for retrofit of a 3-kWp rooftop solar PV plant for Indian cites varies from 3 to 7 years.展开更多
Solar photovoltaic rooftop has emerged as a potential green technology to address climate change issues by reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuel based energy. With a strong commitment to increase the renewable...Solar photovoltaic rooftop has emerged as a potential green technology to address climate change issues by reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuel based energy. With a strong commitment to increase the renewable sources based energy capacity to 175 GW by 2022, India has a target to install 100 GW of solar energy capacity. Of this 40 GW would be the share of grid connected solar PV rooftop. This paper examines global growth in solar energy, world's major rooftop installed capacity countries' policies and solar rooftop policy instruments in India. The current Indian goals, issues & challenges in achieving them and trends in further development are discussed.展开更多
In recent years, high annual increasing load demand in Saudi Arabia has led to large investments in the construction of conventional power plants, which use oil or gas as the main fuel. The government is considering a...In recent years, high annual increasing load demand in Saudi Arabia has led to large investments in the construction of conventional power plants, which use oil or gas as the main fuel. The government is considering a large deployment of renewable energy for its 2030 vision plan. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the best potential candidates for harvesting solar energy because of the country’s geographical location, clear sky, and vast land area. A recent energy policy announced by the government involves harvesting solar photovoltaic (PV) energy to reduce the country’s reliance on fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emissions. Using rooftop PV systems can help to shave the peak load and lead to a significant savings in the power sector through the reduction of annual installation of conventional power plants and standby generators. Employing solar PV at the end user level helps to reduce the overloading of transmission and distribution lines as well as decreases power losses. This paper will provide ratings for different rooftop PV systems that are being considered for installation for customers with various needs. The distribution of PV installation among the customers is as follows: 5% residential, 10% commercial, and 20% government. The effect of PV output power on weekly peak demand has been evaluated. The paper has also investigated the impact of the temperature on PV output power, especially during the summer. The PV power contribution is analyzed based on the assumption that weekly peak power production of solar PV coincides with weekly peak load demand. The PV model is implemented in Matlab to simulate and analyze the PV power.展开更多
文摘Grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaic(PV)systems can reduce the energy demand from the grid and significantly increase the power available to it.However,rooftop solar PV has not yet been widely adopted in many sub-Saharan African countries,such as Sudan,although they are endowed with high solar radiation and in dire need of additional power.This paper investigates risks and policies to increase grid-connected rooftop solar PV adoption in Sudan.A simplified United Nations Development Program Derisking Renewable Energy Investment framework is adopted to investigate this over three stages.For Stage 1,a list of risks and barriers was produced based on a literature review of solar PV studies in Sudan and interviews with nine stakeholders.Affordability was the risk most often mentioned(eight times from nine interviewees),followed by concerns about poor utility grid infrastructure.For Stage 2,policy de-risking instruments and financial de-risking instruments were listed to overcome the barriers.These include the intro-duction of net metering,the use of a third-party organization to monitor policy implementation,upgrade of the grid infrastructure,public awareness campaigns and energy-saving schemes.For Stage 3,the levelized cost of electricity was estimated for a typical 2-kW rooftop PV system without policies(0.11$/kWh)and with a net-metering policy(0.07$/kWh).
基金funded by any agency/organization.Data gathered by self for the study undertaken.Other sources cited as applicable。
文摘The residential-building sector in India consumes>25%of the total electricity and is the third-largest consumer of electricity;consumption increased by 26%between 2014 and 2017.India has introduced a star-labelling programme for residential buildings that is applicable for all single-and multiple-dwelling units in the country for residential purposes.The Energy Performance Index(EPI)of a building(annual energy consumption in kilowatt-hours per square metre of the building)is taken as an indicator for awarding the star label for residential buildings.For gauging the EPI status of existing buildings,the electricity consumption of residential buildings(in kWh/m2/year)is established through a case study of the residential society.Two years of electricity bills are collected for an Indian residential society located in Palam,Delhi,analysed and benchmarked with the Indian residential star-labelling programme.A wide EPI gap is observed for existing buildings for five-star energy labels.Based on existing electricity tariffs,the energy consumption of residential consumers and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency(BEE)’s proposed building ENERGY STAR labelling,a grid-integrated rooftop solar photovoltaic(PV)system is considered for achieving a higher star label.This research study establishes the potential of grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems for residential buildings in Indian cities through a case study of Delhi.Techno-economic analysis of a grid-integrated 3-kWp rooftop solar PV plant is analysed by using RETScreen software.The study establishes that an additional two stars can be achieved by existing buildings by using a grid-integrated rooftop solar PV plant.Payback for retrofit of a 3-kWp rooftop solar PV plant for Indian cites varies from 3 to 7 years.
文摘Solar photovoltaic rooftop has emerged as a potential green technology to address climate change issues by reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuel based energy. With a strong commitment to increase the renewable sources based energy capacity to 175 GW by 2022, India has a target to install 100 GW of solar energy capacity. Of this 40 GW would be the share of grid connected solar PV rooftop. This paper examines global growth in solar energy, world's major rooftop installed capacity countries' policies and solar rooftop policy instruments in India. The current Indian goals, issues & challenges in achieving them and trends in further development are discussed.
文摘In recent years, high annual increasing load demand in Saudi Arabia has led to large investments in the construction of conventional power plants, which use oil or gas as the main fuel. The government is considering a large deployment of renewable energy for its 2030 vision plan. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the best potential candidates for harvesting solar energy because of the country’s geographical location, clear sky, and vast land area. A recent energy policy announced by the government involves harvesting solar photovoltaic (PV) energy to reduce the country’s reliance on fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emissions. Using rooftop PV systems can help to shave the peak load and lead to a significant savings in the power sector through the reduction of annual installation of conventional power plants and standby generators. Employing solar PV at the end user level helps to reduce the overloading of transmission and distribution lines as well as decreases power losses. This paper will provide ratings for different rooftop PV systems that are being considered for installation for customers with various needs. The distribution of PV installation among the customers is as follows: 5% residential, 10% commercial, and 20% government. The effect of PV output power on weekly peak demand has been evaluated. The paper has also investigated the impact of the temperature on PV output power, especially during the summer. The PV power contribution is analyzed based on the assumption that weekly peak power production of solar PV coincides with weekly peak load demand. The PV model is implemented in Matlab to simulate and analyze the PV power.
