Study on the Efficient Cutting Propagation Technology for <i>Ilex</i>“China Girl”

In order to realize the efficient industrial production of Ilex “China Girl”, an orthogonal experiment with 4 factors and 3 levels was designed. Firstly, the optimal orthogonal cutting scheme was selected from 9 treatments. Then through the systematic analysis of the effects of cutting position, substrate, exogenous hormones type and concentration on rooting indexes, such as rooting rate, root number, root length and root effect index, the theoretical optimal scheme was predicted and verified. The results showed that the theoretical optimal scheme (3000 mg/L IBA treatment for 15 s, cutting in mixed matrix with peat soil, perlite and vermiculite ratio of 2:1:1) was the optimal cutting rooting scheme of Ilex “China Girl”. After the treatment of this scheme, the rooting rate of Ilex “China Girl” reached 100%, the average root number was 51.67 per plant, and the average root length was 6.13 cm. The rooting time was greatly shortened, the rooting rate and rooting effect were greatly improved. In this study, the efficient cutting propagation technology system of Ilex “China Girl” was established, which laid a foundation for the popularization and application of Ilex “China Girl”, and also provided reference for further improving the cutting propagation efficiency of other evergreen holly. This study laid a foundation for the application of Ilex “China Girl”, and also provided a reference for further improving the cutting propagation efficiency of other evergreen holly.

Chinese leek(Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel) reduced disease symptom caused by root-knot nematode

Root-knot nematodes（RKNs,Meloidogyne spp.） are obligate biotrophic parasites that settle close to the vascular tissues in plant roots.The diseases resulting from RKN infections cause serious damage to agricultural production worldwide.In the present paper,the resistance of Chinese leek（Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel） against RKNs,its suppressive effect on nematode disease,its nematicidal activity and its component profile were studied to identify an efficient disease control method.In soil heavily infected by nematodes,Chinese leek showed strong resistance to RKNs.Additionally,the gall indexes of cucumber plants rotated with Chinese leek and of tomato plants intercropped with Chinese leek were reduced by 70.2 and 41.1%,respectively.In a pot experiment,the gall indexes of Chinese leek extract-treated tomato and cucumber plants were reduced by 88.9 and 75.9%,respectively.In an in vitro experiment,the mortality rate of a RKN（Meloidogyne incognita J2） treated with Chinese leek extract was significantly higher than that of the control.The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS） analysis revealed that glycosides,carboxylic acids,ketones and organic sulfides are the main components in the Chinese leek extract.This study revealed that Chinese leek possesses a high resistance to RKNs,has strong nematicidal activity against M.incognita and can significantly reduce the incidence of disease caused by nematodes.

High-Order Iterative Methods Repeating Roots a Constructive Recapitulation

This paper considers practical, high-order methods for the iterative location of the roots of nonlinear equations, one at a time. Special attention is being paid to algorithms also applicable to multiple roots of initially known and unknown multiplicity. Efficient methods are presented in this note for the evaluation of the multiplicity index of the root being sought. Also reviewed here are super-linear and super-cubic methods that converge contrarily or alternatingly, enabling us, not only to approach the root briskly and confidently but also to actually bound and bracket it as we progress.

Genotype and Planting Density Effects on Rooting Traits and Yield in Cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L,）

Root density distribution of plants is a major Indicator of competition between plants and determines resource capture from the solh This experiment was conducted in 2005 at Anyang, located in the Yellow River region, Henan Province, China. Three cotton （Gossyplum hlrsutum L.） cultivars were chosen： hybrid Btcultlvar CRI46, conventional Btcultlvars CRI44 and CRI45. Six planting densities were designed, ranging from 1.5 to 12.0 plants/m^2. Root parameters such as surface area, diameter and length were analyzed by using the DT-SCAN Image analysis method. The root length density （RLD）, root average diameter and root area Index （RAI）, root surface area per unit land area, were studied. The results showed that RLD and RAI differed between genotypes; hybrid CRI46 had significantly higher （P 〈0.05） RLD and RAI values than conventlonal cultlvars, especially under low planting densities, less than 3.0 plants/m^2. The root area index （RAI） of hybrid CRI46 was 61% higher than of CRI44 and CRI45 at the flowering stage. The RLD and RAI were also significantly different （P = 0.000） between planting densities. The depth distribution of RAI showed that at Increasing planting densities RAI was Increasingly distributed in the soil layers below 50 cm. The RAI of hybrid CRI46 was for all planting densities, obviously higher than other cultivars during the flowering and boll stages. It was concluded that the hybrid had a strong advantage in root maintenance preventing premature senescence of roots. The root diameter of hybrid CRI46 had a genetically higher root diameter at planting densities lower than 6.0 plants/m^2. Good associations were found between yield and RAI In different stages. The optimum planting density ranged from 4.50 plants/m^2 to 6.75 plants/m^2 for conventional cultlvars and around 4.0-5.0 plants/m^2 for hybrids.

Performance of pond–wetland complexes as a preliminary processor of drinking water sources

Shijiuyang Constructed Wetland（110 hm^2） is a drinking water source treatment wetland with primary structural units of ponds and plant-bed/ditch systems. The wetland can process about 250,000 tonnes of source water in the Xincheng River every day and supplies raw water for Shijiuyang Drinking Water Plant. Daily data for 28 months indicated that the major water quality indexes of source water had been improved by one grade. The percentage increase for dissolved oxygen and the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen, iron and manganese were 73.63%, 38.86%, 35.64%, and 22.14% respectively. The treatment performance weight of ponds and plant-bed/ditch systems was roughly equal but they treated different pollutants preferentially. Most water quality indexes had better treatment efficacy with increasing temperature and inlet concentrations. These results revealed that the pond–wetland complexes exhibited strong buffering capacity for source water quality improvement. The treatment cost of Shijiuyang Drinking Water Plant was reduced by about 30.3%. Regional rainfall significantly determined the external river water levels and adversely deteriorated the inlet water quality, thus suggesting that the ＂hidden＂ diffuse pollution in the multitudinous stream branches as well as their catchments should be the controlling emphases for river source water protection in the future. The combination of pond and plant-bed/ditch systems provides a successful paradigm for drinking water source pretreatment. Three other drinking water source treatment wetlands with ponds and plant-bed/ditch systems are in operation or construction in the stream networks of the Yangtze River Delta and more people will be benefited.