Different Fresh-keeping Effects of Sugar, Aspirin and Vc on Cut Rose Flowers

[Objectives] This study was conducted to develop environmentally-friendly effective vase solutions for cut rose flowers convenient for ordinary household use. [Methods] The vase life, flowering stage, flower diameter variation, petal water content, and soluble protein and malondialdehyde contents were determined on cut rose flowers regularly during the vase period, to study the fresh-keeping effects of the vase solutions prepared from such three components as sugar, aspirin and Vc according to L9(33) orthogonal table design on cut rose flowers during the vase period. [Results] 20 g/L white granulated sugar+460 mg/L aspirin+50 mg/L Vc was the best combination in this study. [Conclusions] This study provides a reference for the research on the fresh-keeping vase solutions of household cut rose flowers.

Graft-accelerated virus-induced gene silencing facilitates functional genomics in rose flowers

Rose has emerged as a model ornamental plant for studies of flower development, senescence, and morphology, as well as the metabolism of floral fragrances and colors.Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS) has long been used in functional genomics studies of rose by vacuum infiltration of cuttings or seedlings with an Agrobacterium suspension carrying TRV-derived vectors. However, VIGS in rose flowers remains a challenge because of its low efficiency and long time to establish silencing. Here we present a novel and rapid VIGS method that can be used to analyze gene function in rose,called ‘graft-accelerated VIGS’, where axil ary sprouts are cut from the rose plant and vacuum infiltrated with Agrobacterium. The inoculated scions are then grafted back onto the plants to flower and silencing phenotypes can be observed within 5 weeks, post-infiltration. Using this new method, we successfully silenced expression of the RhDFR, RhA G, and RhNUDXin rose flowers, and affected their color, petal number, as well as fragrance, respectively. This grafting method will facilitate high-throughput functional analysis of genes in rose flowers. Importantly, it may also be applied to other woody species that are not currently amenable to VIGS by conventional leaf or plantlet/seedling infiltration methods.

Genetic control of flowering time in woody plants： Roses as an emerging model

Genetic control of the timing of flowering in woody plants is complex and has yet to be adequately investigated due to their long life-cycle and difficulties in genetic modification.Studies in Populus,one of the best woody plant models,have revealed a highly conserved genetic network for flowering timing in annuals.However,traits like continuous flowering cannot be addressed with Populus.Roses and strawberries have relatively small,diploid genomes and feature enormous natural variation.With the development of new genetic populations and genomic tools,roses and strawberries have become good models for studying the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of flowering in woody plants.Here,we review findings on the molecular and genetic factors controlling continuous flowering in roses and woodland strawberries.Natural variation at TFL1 orthologous genes in both roses and strawberries seems be the key plausible factor that regulates continuous flowering.However,recent efforts suggest that a two-recessive-loci model may explain the controlling of continuous flowering in roses.We propose that epigenetic factors,including non-coding RNAs or chromatin-related factors,might also play a role.Insights into the genetic control of flowering time variation in roses should benefit the development of new germplasm for woody crops and shed light on the molecular genetic bases for the production and maintenance of plant biodiversity.

Evaluation of Flowering Pattern, Yield and Yield Determinants of Hybrid Tea Rose in Response to Seasonal Variations and Applied Organic Manure Rates

Seasonal variations in environmental conditions can have significant influence on flowering pattern and yield of roses. Evaluation studies were conducted to determine the flowering pattern and yield determinants of two Hybrid Tea rose cultivars in response to seasonal variations under rain-fed conditions. The 2 × 2 × 4 factorial experiment arranged in split plot design at three replications was conducted at two seasons (dry and wet) using two cultivars (cv. “Immaculate” and “P.H. Baby”, white and red flowers respectively) supplied with poultry manure (PM) application rates at 5, 10 and 20 t/ha where the unfertilized (0 t/ha) served as control. The result showed that the year two environmental conditions of both experiment I and II significantly improved plant height, number of leaves, number of buds (CNB) and opened flowers (CNF) and flower yield (FYD). “Immaculate” was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) taller with more leaves but thinner girth. Although generally lower in NF/NB, and not different in FYD, the “P.H. Baby” had more flowers (CNB and CNF) in experiment I. Except for no significant difference in FYD and lower NF/NB recorded by all manure rates compared to control in experiment II, plants treated with 5 t/ha PM recorded more flowers (CNB and CNF). Significant first and second order interaction effects (p ≤ 0.05) showed that “Immaculate” had taller height and more leaves but “P.H. Baby” had more CNB and CNF, although both were not different in FYD. In addition, plants supplied with 5 t/ha PM rates were better in plant height, number of leaves, CNB and CNF compared to other manure rates. In conclusion, year two environmental conditions supported better crop growth and yield, “Immaculate” grew better vegetatively but both were not different in floral yield, while the 5 t/ha PM was considered the optimum manure application rate under the rain-fed condition.

月季新品种蜜月的保鲜技术研究

蜜月为云南省农业科学院花卉研究所经过多年选育出的具有自主知识产权的新优品种,花红色,高心卷瓣杯状型,抗病性强,年产量20枝/株。为了能够较好地推广该品种,选用了市售的可利鲜、花之寿及自制的保鲜剂进行保鲜试验,测定了保鲜液中的细菌含量、开花指数、花朵直径、鲜重变化率、水分平衡值、干物质含量、切花花瓣pH值、保鲜液pH值、可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶等指标。切花月季蜜月在花之寿、可利鲜保鲜液中的观赏效果较好,花朵正常开放、不萎蔫,而在清水对照和自制保鲜剂中的观赏效果一般;在清水对照和花之寿保鲜液中第5天达到最大开花指数,而可利鲜保鲜液中第6天达到最大开花指数,且开放度维持较好。对照和自制保鲜液细菌含量随着试验天数的延长而增加,抑菌效果相对其他两组保鲜液差异显著;可利鲜的抑菌效果最好,保鲜液中未检出细菌。由此可知,可利鲜仍是较好的保鲜剂,后期将对自制的保鲜剂进行改良,为后期品种推广提供保鲜技术的支撑。

窨制方式对玫瑰红茶品质的影响

传统花茶的窨制主要是以鲜花与茶叶结合,为探究不同的窨制方法对玫瑰红茶的滋味和品质的影响,通过4种窨制方法(鲜花赋香、玫瑰细胞液喷洒赋香、玫瑰细胞液蒸气赋香、花瓣与细胞液蒸气结合赋香)对红茶进行赋香,完成玫瑰红茶的窨制。以色差、茶多酚总量、游离氨基酸含量、儿茶素等指标为依据,结合HS-SPME-GC-MS对不同窨制工艺制得的玫瑰红茶香气成分进行分析。结果表明,4种赋香方式所得玫瑰红茶的理化成分具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。用鲜花赋香和细胞液喷洒赋香的两种红茶茶汤偏红、偏黄,明亮度不及其它2种赋香方式。以喷洒玫瑰细胞液的窨制方式得到的玫瑰红茶氨基酸含量较高(112.66 mg/L);以玫瑰鲜花窨制得到的玫瑰红茶茶多酚含量较低(680.38 mg/L)。玫瑰红茶的主要呈香化合物为苯乙醛、芳樟醇、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、水杨酸甲酯、乙酸苯乙酯、β-紫罗酮、香叶醇、2-正戊基呋喃和正己醛这9种,玫瑰鲜花细胞液窨制的玫瑰红茶中含有的9种主要呈香化合物显著高于其它3种。本研究有助于创新玫瑰红茶的窨制方式,为高品质玫瑰红茶的窨制提供参考。

蘸水处理对月季切花保鲜效果的影响

为分析蘸水处理对月季切花的保鲜效果,以‘卡罗拉’月季切花为试材,分别进行蘸水处理和不蘸水处理,于4℃下贮藏,并测定其腐烂指数、萎蔫指数、花朵直径、失重率、呼吸强度、丙二醛(MDA)含量。冷藏试验结果表明,蘸水处理能够降低鲜切花在冷藏过程中膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量和鲜切花呼吸代谢的速率,从而延缓衰老,延长鲜切花的贮藏时间。瓶插试验结果表明,蘸水处理在冷藏15 d后瓶插期间最大花径达6.90 cm,大于不蘸水处理组的6.09 cm,蘸水处理可有效延缓鲜切花腐烂指数、萎蔫指数和失重率的上升,抑制月季切花贮藏和瓶插期间品质的下降。综上,蘸水处理对月季切花具有较好的保鲜效果。本研究结果可为延长‘卡罗拉’月季切花的瓶插寿命及保鲜剂研究提供理论依据。

天然紫甘薯色素染制玫瑰永生花工艺的优化

为解决永生花化学染制的污染、不安全的问题,优化天然植物染永生花染色工艺,提升染色效果,以新鲜玫瑰花为试材,天然紫甘薯色素为染料,采用单因子试验及响应面法进行紫甘薯色素染制玫瑰永生花实验,通过测定天然紫甘薯色素的物质成分及染色前后玫瑰永生花的颜色特征值和外观性状观测评估,优化玫瑰永生花的染制工艺。结果显示:紫甘薯色素直染制玫瑰永生花的最佳工艺为pH值5、染料浓度2.0%、染制温度20℃、染制时间6 h;媒染固色最佳工艺为用3%硫酸铜同媒染制3 h。在此条件下,玫瑰永生花上染效率最高,花朵外观形状较好,具有较好的观赏价值。

不同品种玫瑰花及花蕾气味的电子鼻分析

以玫瑰花及花蕾为试验材料,采用电子鼻技术,通过聚类分析、主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(Orthogonal Partial Least-squares Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)等多元统计学方法,研究了不同品种玫瑰花及花蕾的气味特征。结果表明,14个品种玫瑰花被分为三类,组间差异标志物为W1W、W5S、W2S,即无机硫化物、氮氧化合物、醇醚醛酮类,3种差异标志物的强度大小为1组>2组>3组,均具有显著差异;8个品种玫瑰的花蕾被分为三类,组间差异标志物为W5S、W1W,即氮氧化合物、无机硫化物,两种差异标志物的强度大小为1组>2组>3组,均具有显著差异;玫瑰花与花蕾的挥发性成分含量存在差异,大部分玫瑰的花蕾挥发性成分含量高于玫瑰花,少部分玫瑰花蕾挥发性成分含量低于玫瑰花或成分含量差异不大,且主要差异标志物为W1W、W5S、W2S、W2W,即无机硫化物、氮氧化合物、醇醚醛酮类和有机硫化物。通过电子鼻技术可快速有效区分不同品种玫瑰花和花蕾的挥发性成分差异,可为玫瑰香气研究和质量评价提供参考。

不同采收期“卡罗拉”月季切花贮藏效果比较

目的为了延长月季切花“卡罗拉”的贮藏期,选取合适的采收期进行贮藏至关重要。方法分别以提前4 d采收(1级)、提前2~3 d采收(2级)、提前1 d采收(3级)、当天采收(4级)的月季切花“卡罗拉”为试材,于4℃下贮藏20 d,定期观察贮藏及瓶插期间鲜切花品质的变化。结果与其他采收期月季切花相比,2级月季切花乙烯生成速率偏低,贮藏15 d前,2级月季切花在一定程度上呼吸强度较低,丙二醛含量整体呈现较低趋势。在贮藏20 d瓶插8 d时,2级月季切花花朵直径偏大,可维持花朵较高的开放程度,花朵萎蔫指数、腐烂指数、质量损失率仅为40.66%、82.22%、11%,均低于其他采收期的月季切花;色差中L*值较高,b*值较低,表明2级月季切花颜色较为鲜亮,有效延缓了黄化现象。结论经过1d物流运输及20 d左右的贮藏条件下存放时,提前2~3 d采收(2级)的月季切花可维持较好的品质及观赏价值。

不同贮藏温度对‘卡罗拉’月季切花保鲜效果的影响

为明确‘卡罗拉’月季切花适宜的贮藏温度,研究比较了在0、4、8℃贮藏下切花的花青素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、总酚含量、总黄酮含量、呼吸强度、乙烯生成速率、丙二醛含量和相对电导率的变化,并测定了切花最大花茎、腐烂指数、瓶插寿命等感官指标,分析不同温度条件下切花保鲜效果的差异。结果表明:相较于0℃和8℃,4℃贮藏能够在一定程度上抑制过高温度导致的切花失水现象及过低温度导致的冷害现象,降低腐烂指数,延缓花青素、可溶性蛋白、总酚和总黄酮含量的减小;贮藏20 d时,0、4、8℃贮藏的切花呼吸强度分别为587.66、508.42、575.49 mg·kg^(-1)·h^(-1),0℃和8℃是4℃的1.15倍和1.13倍;同时4℃能较好地抑制丙二醛含量和相对电导率的上升。利用SPSS对测定指标进行评分,评分结果表明,不同贮藏温度对‘卡罗拉’月季切花综合保鲜效果排序为4℃>0℃>8℃,4℃贮藏的切花品质最佳。综上,‘卡罗拉’月季切花的适宜贮藏温度为4℃,此温度下贮藏的切花外观、营养和生理品质最佳,切花贮藏寿命更长。

Antioxidation and active constituents analysis of flower residue of Rosa Damascena Mill

OBJECTIVE To make full of resource,the bioactivity and active constituent analysis were firstly system⁃atically investigated on damask rose flower residue(DRFR).METHODS DPPH and ABTS experiments were applied to assess the antioxidant activity of DRFR.Then,column chromatography was used to purify compounds from DRFR-A,and the chemical structure was identified using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).The total phenolic acid content was measured by folin-ciocalteu colorimetric method and the content of gallic acid the indicator ingredient,was detected by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).RESULTS By DPPH and ABTS experiments,an antioxidation extract(DRFR-A)was found and displayed a high activity both on DPPH(IC50:2.760 mg·L^-1)and ABTS(IC50:2.258 mg·L^-1)compared to positive control VC.Ten compounds were isolated and identified from DRFR-A,and the most are phenolic acids.Among them,pyrogallic acid,2-phenylethyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate,p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-hydroxy⁃phenethyl alcohol were obtained from the plant for the first time.The content of total phenolic acids and main ingredient,gallic acid,in DRFR-A was determined as 63.73%and 5.12%,respectively.CONCLUSION This study provides reliable science data and lays the foundation for the development and utilization of rose residue,and hence for the full utilization of rose resources.

不同^(60)Co-γ辐射剂量对月季仙境、北京红、金凤凰生长和开花的影响

为研究物理辐射对3个月季品种扦插苗的影响,利用0、10、20、40、60、80 Gy剂量的^(60)Co-γ对仙境、北京红、金凤凰月季扦插苗进行辐射处理,测定和分析处理后月季苗的形态指标、突变率、死亡率和半致死率等。结果表明,随着辐射剂量增加,3个月季品种的扦插苗的株高、冠幅、侧枝数、侧枝长度、复叶长、复叶宽随之降低,其中仙境和北京红在10 Gy辐射剂量下生长势最好,而金凤凰在20 Gy生长势最好。供试植株的死亡率随着辐射剂量增加而增加,仙境在10和20 Gy处理下死亡率较低且花色变异较多。仙境、北京红、金凤凰的半致死剂量分别为53、132、19.87 Gy。仙境在10 Gy辐射剂量下突变率最高达31.67%,产生了白色、水粉色、嫩粉色、粉白相间等多种花色突变;金凤凰在10 Gy剂量下花瓣边缘有缺裂,在20 Gy辐射剂量下花瓣边缘深裂、反卷;北京红在10 Gy剂量下有花瓣数量明显增加,花型为千重瓣。综上所述,^(60)Co-γ辐射剂量10和20 Gy有利于促进供试植株的生长,同时产生新的变异花色和新花型。本研究结果为月季的良种选育和新品系培育提供了参考。

玫瑰鲜花饼中四种阿维菌素类药物残留水平分析及慢性膳食风险评估

为了解玫瑰鲜花饼中是否存在药物残留情况,以及是否存在慢性膳食摄入风险情况。本文通过检测玫瑰鲜花饼中四种阿维菌素类药物的残留情况,对其药物残留进行水平分析,评估其慢性膳食摄入风险。四种药物分别是阿维菌素、多拉菌素、乙酰氨基阿维菌素、伊维菌素。共收集了43种玫瑰鲜花饼样品,采用优化的QuEChERS方法对样品进行前处理,并用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪来测定这4种化合物的残留水平,对它们进行慢性膳食摄入风险评估及风险排序。结果表明,四种阿维菌素类药物标线的判定系数均大于0.99,检出限的范围为0.1~0.7µg/kg,回收率范围为94.97%~102.09%,四种目标化合物只有阿维菌素被检出,检出率是79%,残留量范围为1.89~4.58µg/kg。对四种药物进行食品安全指数分析(IFS),阿维菌素为1.3×10^(-3)、多拉菌素为1.0×10^(-4)、乙酰氨基阿维菌素为1.7×10^(-6)、伊维菌素为1.2×10^(-5);对四种目标化合物进行风险评估,并进行风险排序,四种药物总分均低于50,说明目前鲜花饼中阿维菌素类药物的残留水平不高,风险较低。建议将其纳入食用玫瑰种植过程中农药登记名单并制定相应限量标准。

西藏林芝月季访花昆虫多样性及活动规律

该研究对西藏林芝地区月季访花昆虫类群多样性与时间动态和活动规律及其访花行为进行了调查研究。2021年6—8月于月季盛花期,对西藏林芝地区的月季进行6次调查,每月选择天气晴朗的连续两天进行试验,采取手抓法和网捕法对访花昆虫进行随机捕捉。分析月季访花昆虫的日活动规律、访花频率、访花类群多样性及访花行为。(1)共捕获访花昆虫2787只,隶属于7个目53个科,分别为鞘翅目占总个体数的79.58%、膜翅目2.55%、双翅目16.25%、同翅目0.36%、半翅目0.93%、鳞翅目0.29%、革翅目0.04%.膜翅目和双翅目访花频率高分别为24次/5min、4次/5min较为活跃。(2)Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数丽金龟科最高,分别为0.37、0.09,显著高于其他昆虫,其群落稳定。隐翅虫科、步甲科、粪蝇科、瘿蚊科等16个科的Shannon多样性指数(H)最低显著低于其他昆虫各为0.00,均匀度Pielou指数(J)最小各为0.00,并且物种丰富度Margalef指数(R)最低,其物种极不丰富。(3)访花昆虫日活动规律差异较大,受环境温度影响,12:30-15:00是昆虫活动高峰期,而9:30-11:30和16:00-18:00昆虫活动减少,7月份访花昆虫数量多于6月8月共1278只。该研究揭示了在西藏林芝地区,不同温度条件可能显著影响着月季访花昆虫的种类组成与活动规律,进而影响植物的生长发育和种群稳定,通过多样性调查可得知不同种类昆虫的物种丰富度以及群落稳定情况。

基于大数据的玫瑰鲜切花市场趋势预测与决策

本研究深入探讨了大数据在玫瑰鲜切花市场趋势预测与决策中的应用,突出其在现代农产品市场分析中的重要性。在全球范围内,作为花卉产业的重要部分,玫瑰鲜切花市场不仅具有经济价值,同时也承载着丰富的文化意义。面临着供应链复杂性、保鲜期限短暂及消费者偏好多变等挑战,市场趋势预测与决策显得尤为困难。通过分析海量销售数据、社交媒体反馈以及气候变化信息,大数据技术揭示了市场趋势、消费者行为和潜在风险,提供了前所未有的精确度和效率。研究指出,这种技术在预测市场需求、优化供应链管理和制定定价策略方面具有显著作用。此外,本文也探讨了利用大数据分析玫瑰鲜切花市场的重要研究价值和实际应用前景,强调了在快速变化的市场环境下,如何利用大数据技术深入理解和应对市场的挑战。研究结果不仅为玫瑰鲜切花市场提供了宝贵的洞见,也为其他花卉市场的研究提供了参考,展示了大数据在农产品市场分析中的广泛应用潜力。

扦插月季生长发育特征及适应性研究

本研究调查分析了12个引进的扦插月季品种在湘西北地区的植株生长发育状况、开花习性和病虫害侵染等情况。结果表明,品种H、E、F和J的分枝较多、茎秆粗壮,其根系发育较好;开花习性以品种B、J和D较好;病虫害防治方面,品种G、B和J的抗病虫能力较强。综合来看,品种J、B和H的植株生长和开花习性较好,适应性较强,可在该地区推广种植,并根据其开花特性进行合理配置,为园林或绿地栽培月季新品种提供参考。

桂西北地区阳光玫瑰葡萄冬季果修剪促花时间研究

为研究探索河池地区阳光玫瑰葡萄冬季果(二次果)最适宜的修剪促花时间,以五年生阳光玫瑰脱毒健康苗为试验材料,设置5个不同修剪促花时间,分别为8月9日、8月15日、8月19日、8月24日、9月4日,调查了不同修剪促花时间对二次成花率及二次果品质的影响。结果表明,5个不同修剪促花时间处理阳光玫瑰均能开花结果,但成花率及果实品质均有差异,8月19日与8月24日修剪促花时间处理成花率和果实可溶性固形物含量相对优于其他修剪促花时间处理。不同地区气候条件不同,阳光玫瑰葡萄的物候期也不同,在桂西北地区以8月19—24日为最佳修剪促花时间。

10 Cultivars of the Rejuvenation Rose Group

On the basis of six-years’study (1986-1991) in the field of distant crossing, ten rose cultivars-elect of the to be established Rejuvenation Rose Group are recommended here for the first time. These cultivars have performed satisfactory ornamental characteristics and hardiness in Beijing.

野蔷薇花瓣转录组分析

为了揭示野蔷薇(Rose multiflora Thunb.)花瓣开放过程中花瓣扩展相关基因的表达情况,试验以野蔷薇为材料,通过RNA-seq技术分析不同开放阶段的花瓣中差异基因的表达,为进一步深入研究野蔷薇花瓣转录水平上的发育调控提供依据。结果表明:转录组分析组装得到52865个单基因(Unigenes),通过对NR数据库的比对,功能注释匹配物种中,与野蔷薇匹配的物种前3位为野草莓(Fragaria vesca subsp.vesca)(36.17%)、粳稻(Oryza sativa Japonica)(13.65%)、棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)(4.04%)。对花瓣开放的3个比较组(FB_CP vs FB_GP,FB_YP vs FB_CP,OF_WP vs FB_YP)的差异基因比较,各阶段的差异基因分别为642、902、1899个。通过对不同开花阶段花瓣扩展相关基因表达分析,可能受EXP,XTH基因家族及细胞壁合成、修饰和水解相关基因XYL,CES的作用。