Chemical composition of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil and antioxidant action against gastric damage induced by absolute ethanol in the rat

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis(R. officinalis) in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in vivo.Methods: The antioxidant properties of the essential oil obtained from R. officinalis were evaluated against gastric injury induced by absolute ethanol. Gastric tissues were prepared to enzymatic assays. The levels of glutathione, lipid peroxides, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase were measured.Results: Ethanol produced severe hemorrhagic lesions in the stomach with ulcerative lesion of(140.2 ± 37.2) mm2. In animals pretreated with essential oil of R. officinalis(50 mg/kg, p.o.), a significant inhibition of mucosal injury of(21.2 ± 7.1) mm2(84%inhibition) was observed. The essential oil of R. officinalis protected the gastric mucosa probably by modulating the activities of the enzymes(superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and increasing or maintaining the levels of glutathione. In addition,lipid peroxides levels were reduced. The essential oil of R. officinalis was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer and the main constituents were cineole(28.5%),camphor(27.7%) and alpha-pinene(21.3%).Conclusions: We suggest that the monoterpenes present in the essential oil obtained from R. officinalis may be among the active principles responsible for the antioxidant activity shown by essential oil of R. officinalis.

Kinetic Study of the Oxidative Degradation of Choiba Oil(Dipteryx oleifera Benth.)with Addition of Rosemary Extract(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)

Choibá (Dipteryx oleifera Benth.) is a promising source of edible oil with high nutritional quality and a significant content of oleic acid (52% - 54%). To promote Choibá as source of edible oil is necessary to ensure its stability along the time of production, distribution and storage. Loss of nutritional and organoleptic quality in lipids is mainly due to lipid peroxidation reactions. The aim of this research was to evaluate the oxidative stability of Choibá oil at 100°C ± 1°C with aeration (1150 mL air/min) supplemented with rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), at 1000 mg/L (RE1000) and 1500 mg/L (RE1500), and with BHT (200 mg/L) and from this results to evaluate the degradation kinetics and shelf-life of Choibá oil at 35°C, 45°C and 55°C without addition of antioxidants (Control) and with addition of best concentration of rosemary extract obtained from previous study. Progress in oil oxidation was measured through the extent of oxidation products: peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Results revealed that the addition of rosemary extract at 1500 mg/L significantly reduced de formation of hydroperoxides (PV), more than BHT. Through correlations between concentrations of antioxidant (including control without antioxidant) with peroxide values, the kinetics of degradation and shelf-life of Choibá oil with predictive models are evaluated in real time and accelerated (35°C, 45°C and 55°C) using the Arrhenius equation. In addition, the oxidation reactions of this oil follow a first order kinetic model for PV and zero order kinetic model for TBARS. The rate of formation of PV was dependent on the storage temperature, according to the Arrhenius equation with the activation energy of 4611.5071 J/mol for Control and 7409.5771 J/mol for RE1500 treatment. The result of TBARS didn’t adjust to Arrhenius model, thus measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) wasn’t a useful parameter for shelf-life determination of Choibá oil.

The Effect of N-Fertilization on Rosmarinus Officinalis L. （An Upright Variety） Yield in Central Greece

The effect of three different N-fertilization levels （NI： 625, N2：385 and N3：770 kg hal; where in case of N1 was used the 3-6-10＋3MGO＋30% OM and in cases of N2-N3 the 26-0-0 fertilizers） on fresh and dry weight of the perennial Rosmarinus officinalis （upright cultivar） was investigated during the 2nd year after establishment at the Experimental Farm of the Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly in Greece （TEI; Larissa plain） in 2015. It is well documented that the crop reaches its potential yield on the third year of cultivation and continues producing biomass for as long as eight years. Complete weather data （air temperature, radiation, air humidity, precipitation） were recorded hourly in an automatic meteorological station, which was installed to the experimental farm of TEI. Upon harvest （November 3rd 2015）, the crop reached a maximum fresh yield of 11.67 tons per hectare and dry yield of 4.3, respectively. The average fresh weight was 8.2, 8.4 and 8.9 t hal and the dry weight were 2.6, 3.1 and 3.2 t ha-1 for the N1, N2 and N3 levels, respectively. Furthermore the higher moisture content was observed in the case of N1 level （68%）. Therefore, the above data show that rosemary cultivation could be a promising alternative crop, especially in case of the consideration that average selling price of dry rosemary in Greece is 3.5 ∈ kg^-1 and the average gross income exceeds the amount of 10,000 ∈ ha^-1.

Antibacterial,antioxidative and sensory properties of Ziziphora clinopodioides–Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil nanoencapsulated using sodium alginate in raw lamb burger patties

This study was aimed to encapsulate Ziziphora clinopodioides –Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (Z-REO) using sodium alginate (NaAlg) and to evaluate its performance on antimicrobial and antioxidative activities and sensory attributes in lamb burger patties during cold storage for 12 days.GC-MS analysis of Z-REO indicated carvacrol (21.5%) and thymol (16.9%) were the major components.SEM images showed the formation of encapsulated particles.The presence of encapsulated Z-REO in NaAlg was proved based on the increase in band intensity of FTIR spectra.By increasing mass ratios of NaAlg:Z-REO from 1:1 to 2:1,and 4:1,encapsulation efficiency was increased.Average zeta-potential values (mV) of the mass ratios 4:1 and 2:1 were −48.67 and −44.83,indicating the stability of encapsulated particles.The average size of particles ranged from 159.14 nm to 256.14 nm.The results showed that the encapsulated nanoparticles could markedly decrease the growth of inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus and delay the lipid oxidation of lamb patties compared to the control samples and in samples with free Z-REO.Furthermore,nanoparticles efficiently decreased discoloration and off-odor development in the patties.Therefore,NaAlg-Z-REO nanoparticles could efficiently reduce bacterial growth and oxidative or sensory deterioration of lamb patties during storage.

Adsorption properties of Rosmarinus officinalis oil as green corrosion inhibitors on C38 steel in 0.5 M H_2SO_4

Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was tested as corrosion inhibitor of steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 using weight loss measurements, and electrochemical .polarisation methods. Results obtained indicate that the corrosion rate is reduced and R. officinalis oil adsorbs on the metal surface and then inhibits corrosion process. Its inhibition efficiency increases with oil increasing content to reach 61% at 1 g/L. Polarisation curves indicate that RO acts as a cathodic inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency of naturally oil remains slightly constant with the rise of temperature. Chemical analysis of R. officinalis essential oil was carried out using capillary GC and GC/MS. The oil composition was characterized by high amount of oxygenated monoterpene （77%） with 1,8-cineol （52.1%） as main component. Discussion of adsorption was investigated on the the isotherm adsorption of essential oil on basis of essential oil composition. Finally the steel has been also reported.

Three new ursane-type triterpenoids from Rosmarinus officinalis and their biological activities

Three new ursane-type triterpenoids,3-oxours-12-en-20,28-olide(1),3β-hydroxyurs-12-en-20,28-olide(2)and 3β-hydroxyurs-11,13(18)-dien-20,28-olide(3),were isolated from a potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial fraction of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis.Their structures were elucidated by a combination of extensive 1D-and 2D-NMR experiments,MS data and comparisons with literature reports.Compounds 1-3 exhibited significantly inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages,but no antibacterial activity was found at a concentration of 128μg·mL^(-1).

Chemical composition of Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula stoechas essential oils and their insecticidal effects on Orgyia trigotephras(Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae)

Objective:To evaluate toxic activities of essential oils obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula stoechas against the fourth larval instars of Orgyia trigotephras.Methods:A total of 1200 larvae were divided into three groups-I,II,III.Group I was to investigate the effect of extracted essential oils from these aromatic plants as gastric disturbance.Bacillus thuringiensis was used as referencee and ethanol as control.Group II was used as contact action and Group III was used as fumigant action.For both Groups II and III,Decis was used as reference and ethanol as control.During the three experiments,the effect of essential oils on larvae was assessed.Results:The chemical composition of essential oils from two medicinal plants was determined,and their insecticidal effects on the fourth larval state of Orgyia trigotephras were assessed.They presented an insecticidal activity.Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil was less efficient compared to Lavandula stoechas.Conclusions:The relationship between the chemical composition and the biological activities is confirmed by the present findings.Therefore the potential uses of these essential oils as bioinsecticides can be considered as an alternative to the use of synthetic products.

Evaluation of Essential Oils from Rosemary, Orange, Lavandula and False Yellowhead on Hatching and Motility of Root-Knot Nematode

Essential oils （EOs） from Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis （Lamiaceae）, Orange, Citrus sinensis （Rutaceae）, Lavandula, Lavandula angustifolia （Lamiaceae）, False Yellowhead, Dittrichia viscosa （Asteraceae） and their major components were evaluated against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogynejavanica. Second stage juveniles＇ （J2） paralysis and egg hatch inhibition were studied, while pulverized plant parts were tested for nematodes biological cycle arrest. All EOs paralyzed J2 and M. incognita were found more sensitive than M javanica with the EC50/4 days calculated at 250, 3,650 and 4,260 12g/mL for 1）. viscosa, L. angustifolia and R. officinalis, respectively. Similarly, all EOs inhibited nematodes egg hatch and D. viscosa exhibited the highest inhibition on egg hatch （100% inhibition at 5 μg/mL）. A significant influence of constituent terpenes （limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, camphor, L-borneol, caryophyllene oxide, β-eudesmol） dose and exposure time was indicated on egg hatch inhibition （56% to 100% at 500 μg/mL and 1,000 μg/mL）, while only β-eudesmol achieved paralysis of J2 and specifically against M. incognita （EC50/1d = 50μg/mL）. Interestingly, the most active botanical species arresting Meloidogyne spp. biological cycle in soil was C. sinensis （EC50 = 2 mg/g） and the most sensitive nematode species was M. javanica. The larvicidal and egg hatch inhibition activity holds promise towards the optimization of artificial terpene mixtures as novel and effective natural nematicides. Complex interactions of primary compounds and subsequent decomposition derivates compose efficacy profile of soil amendments.

The Influence of Concentration of the Antioxidants in Rosemary Extract on MCF-7 Cells

In my research,I studied the antioxidant effect of extracts of various rosemary samples obtained by Soxlet extraction on MCF-7 epithelial cells.I wanted to discover which of the extracts will have the highest content of total phenols determined in vitro with the Folin-Ciocalte reagent.The results show the highest content of total phenols in the rosemary sample from North Macedonia,so I assumed that it would have the biggest effective activity on MCF-7 cells.While doing the free radical inhibition test,I came to the conclusion that the plant with the highest antioxidant content does not necessarily have the best effect on the cells at different concentrations of the extracts.I suppose that it happens because antioxidants are polar and they need to transport through cell membrane conveyors whose number is limited in the membrane,that is,more antioxidants get assembled on the conveyors and cannot go through the membrane.