Surface Roughness and Roundness of Bearing Raceway Machined by Floating Abrasive Polishing and Their Effects on Bearing's Running Noise

As the two most important indexes of bearing raceway, surface roughness and roundness have significant influence on bearing noise. Some researchers have carried out studies in this field, however, reason and extent of the influence of raceway surface geometric characteristics on bearing running noise are not perfectly clear up to now. In this paper, the raceway of 6309 type bearing＇s inner and outer ring is machined by floating abrasive polishing adopting soft abrasive pad. Surface roughness parameters, arithmetical mean deviation of the profile Ra, the point height of irregularities Rz, maximum height of the profile Rmax and roundness fof raceways, are measured before and after machining, and the change rules of the measured results are studied. The study results show that the floating abrasive polishing can reduce the surface geometric errors of bearing raceway evidently. The roundness error is reduced by 25%, Rm^x value is reduced by 35.5%, Rz value is reduced by 22% and Ra value is reduced by 5%. By analyzing the change of the geometrical parameters and the shape difference of the raceway before and after machining, it is found that the floating abrasive polishing method can affect the roundness error mainly by modifying the local deviation of the raceway＇s surface profile. Bearings with different raceway surface geometrical parameter value are assembled and the running noise is tested. The test results show that Ra has a little, Rmax and Rz have a measurable, and the roundness error has a significant influence on the running noise. From the viewpoint of controlling bearings＇ running noise, raceway roundness error should be strictly controlled, and for the surface roughness parameters, R,n^x and Rz should be mainly controlled. This paper proposes an effective method to obtain the low noise bearing by machining the raceway with floating abrasive polishing after super finishing.

Research on Influence of Cutting Conditions on Roundness of Ultra-thin Wall Parts in Ultrasonic Vibration Cutting

In the paper, the experimental researches were carr ie d out to discuss the roundness forming rule and the influence of cutting paramet ers on roundness by ultrasonic vibration cutting of the camera’s guiding drawtu be with 47.75 mm diameter and 0.6～1.5 mm wall thickness. The research results s h ow that the roundness error of ultra-thin wall parts in ultrasonic vibration cu tting is only one third of that in common cutting. The relations between the rou ndness error and the cutting parameters behave as: (1) The roundness error in co mmon cutting decreases gradually with the rise of cutting speed, while in ultras onic cutting, the roundness changes not obviously till the cutting speed is up t o a value, which is nearly equal to one third of the critical velocity. Then the roundness of workpiece will begin to increase slowly. (2) The roundness error i ncreases along with the feed rate both in common cutting and ultrasonic cutting. (3) Within the range of cutting depth in experiment, the influence of cutting d epth on the roundness error is more obvious in common cutting than that in ultra sonic vibration cutting. The conclusions are useful in machining such precise ul tra-thin wall parts. According to the tests, the following conclusions can be o btained: 1) Compared with common cutting, ultrasonic cutting can decrease effect ively roundness error of the workpiece. Under the same condition, the roundness error of the ultra-thin wall part in ultrasonic turning is about one third of t hat in common cutting. 2) In common cutting, cutting depth and feed rate have mu ch influence on the roundness and the influence of cutting velocity is little. W hile in ultrasonic cutting, the roundness was influenced heavily only when feed rate is more than 0.1 mm/r and cutting speed is more than 1/3 of the critical ro tation speed, cutting depth has little influence on the roundness in the experim ent. 3) Kerosene-oil is an optimum cutting fluid in machining ultra-thin wall workpiece. 4) To machine the ultra-thin wall precision part, ultrasonic cutting is the perfect method which can decrease the roundness error effectively an d ensure high quality of the surface.

Mechanical behaviors of cross roller bearings with raceway roundness error

Taking the raceway roundness error into account,mechanical characteristics of cross roller bearings(CRBs)were investigated.A static analysis model of CRBs considering the raceway roundness error was established.Based on this model,the rotational accuracy and load distribution of CRBs under constraints of geometry and external loads were derived.The fatigue life of CRBs with roundness error was calculated by applying Palmgren-Miner linear cumulative damage theory.The influence of inner and outer raceway roundness error on the performance of the CRBs,such as rotational accuracy,load distribution,and fatigue life,was studied through the analysis of examples.The results indicate that the influence of roundness error on the rotating inner raceway is more significant than that of roundness error on the nonrotating outer raceway.The roundness error on the rotating inner raceway always degrades the performance of CRBs.However,a proper roundness error on the nonrotating outer raceway can reduce the loads acting on the rollers and thus improve the fatigue life of CRBs.The effect of the roundness error amplitude on the bearing performance is ordinal,whereas the effect of the roundness order on the bearing performance is not in order.

Vision testing method for diameter,roundness and hardness of table tennis ball

Under the premise of fully respecting current national standard of table tennis ball,this paper presents an integrated and effective method for testing diameter,roundness and hardness of table tennis ball based on vision measurement. Firstly,camera calibration is performed by 40 mm gauge block to capture the images of table tennis ball in static and pressed state in an appropriate lighting condition. Then image binarization and extraction of image contour are carried out. The least square method is used to fit its center. Finally,the diameter,roundness and hardness are calculated. The measurement data are analyzed by using the method presented in this paper for table tennis ball with known parameter data and with unknown parameter data. Experimental results show that this method can improve measurement accuracy and provide a technical basis for the online testing and integration measurement of table tennis ball.

Roundness error evaluation by minimum zone circle via microscope inspection

Utilizing the convex hull theory, a novel minimum zone circle （MZC） method, named im- proved minimum zone circle （IMZC） was developed in this paper. There were three steps for IMZC to evaluate the roundness error. Firstly, with the convex hull algorithm, data points on the circle contour were categorized into two sets to determine two concentric circles which contained all points of the contour. Secondly, vertexes of the minimum circumscribed circle and the maximum inscribed circle were found out from the previously determined two sets, and then four tangent points for de- termining the two concentric circles were also found out. Lastly, according to the evaluation using the MZC method, the roundness error was figured out. In this paper l IMZC was used to evaluate roundness errors of some micro parts. The evaluation results showed that the measurement precision using the IMZC method was higher than the least squared circle （LSC） method for the same set of data points, and IMZC had the same accuracy as the traditional MZC but dramatically shortened com- putation time. The computation time of IMZC was 6. 89% of the traditional MZC.

Uncertainty Calculation of Roundness Assessment by Automatic Differentiation in Coordinate Metrology

Reomtly, Coordinate bieasuring Machines （CMMs） are widely used to measure roundness errors. Roundness is calculated from a large number of points collected from the profiles of the parts. According to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measta- meat （GUM）, all measurement results must have a stated uncertainty associated the titan. However, no CMMs give the uncertainty value of the roundness, because no suitable measrement uncertainty calculation procedure exists. In the case of roundness raeasurement in coordinate metrology, this paper suggests the algorithms for the calculation of the measurement uncertainty of the roudness deviation based on the two mainly used association criteria, LSC and MZC. The calculation of the sensitivity coefficients for the uncertainty calculatiion can be done by autnatic differentiation, in order to avoid introducing additional emars by the traditional difference quotient approxima- tions. The proposed methods are exact and need input data only as the nrasured coordinates of the data points and their associated un- certainties.

Body Roundness Index Is Significantly Associated with Prehypertension and Hypertension in Nonobese Chinese Subjects

Prehypertension and hypertension have been considered significant public health issues worldwide[1].Disproportionate body fat distribution(excess fat stored in the liver and visceral compartment)is a well-established risk factor for prehypertension/hypertension[2].However,the most commonly used anthropometric indicators,such as body mass index(BMI)and waist circumference(WC)。

Multi-Aspect Value of Measuring Systems and Methods Based on the Results of Roundness Measurements

The increase of quality consciousness brings about the growth of significance of metrological systems. Besides the significance, the level of automatization, flexibility, accuracy, et al. have advanced. The modern measuring systems are constructed so that nearly all necessary dimensional characteristics can be measured with them. However, conventional measuring systems are provided for particular mode measurements. This research paper presents and compares several conventional and modem measuring systems and methods. The measured value is roundness, one of the basic shapes of cross section in mechanical engineering. This paper arises in search of answers for the question whether conventional measuring techniques and equipments are made redundant because of the modern ones. In what segments and in which criterion are modem methods preferable？

Numerical simulation of inlet placement on sewage characteristics in the rounded square aquaculture tank with single inlet

To improve the self-cleaning ability of aquaculture tank and the efficiency of circulating water,physical and numerical experiments were conducted on the influence of inlet structure on sewage discharge in a rounded square aquaculture tank with a single inlet.Based on the physical model of the tank,analysis of how inlet structure adjustment affects sewage discharge efficiency and flow field characteristics was conducted to provide suitable flow field conditions for sinkable solid particle discharge.In addition,an internal flow field simulation was conducted using the RNG k-εturbulence model in hydraulic drive mode.Then a solid-fluid multiphase model was created to investigate how the inlet structure affects sewage collection in the rounded square aquaculture tank with single inlet and outlet.The finding revealed that the impact of inlet structure is considerably affecting sewage collection.The conditions of C/B=0.07-0.11(the ratio of horizontal distance between the center of the inlet pipe and the tank wall(C)to length of the tank(B))andα=25°(αis the angle between the direction of the jet and the tangential direction of the arc angle)resulted in optimal sewage collection,which is similar to the flow field experiment in the rounded square aquaculture tank with single inlet and outlet.An excellent correlation was revealed between sewage collection and fluid circulation stability in the aquaculture tank.The present study provided a reference for design and optimization of circulating aquaculture tanks in aquaculture industry.

A New Algorithm of Roundness Error Separation Technique of Three-point Method

Through the analysis of roundness error separation technique of three-point method and based on the invariability and periodicity of the geometrical characteristic of measured round contour, a new matrix algorithm, which can be used to solve directly the roundness of the measured round contour without Fourier transform, is presented. On the basis of the research and analysis of the rotation error movement which is separated by using the three-point method, a mathematical equation is derived, which can be used to separate the eccentric motion of least square center of measured round contour and the pure rotation motion error of spindle in rotation motion. The correctness of this method is validated by means of simulation.

时隙间迭代的输入队列交换机Round-Robin调度算法

输入队列因具有良好的可扩展性而广泛应用于高速交换机和路由器中,但输入队列需要精心设计调度算法以获取较好的性能.Round-Robin 算法因其简单性和并行性而得到广泛的研究,但现有的 Round-Robin 算法在突发流量和非均匀流量下的负荷-延迟性能较差.提出了调度决策在时隙间进行迭代的思想,并利用队列长度具有随机性的特点设计了能近似最大匹配的 Round-Robin 算法——iSLOT.仿真结果表明,iSLOT 不仅在均匀流量下是稳定的,在非均匀流量和突发流量下的吞吐率及延迟性能均远好于现有的 Round-Robin 算法.

Round robin调度算法在FPGA中的实现

Round robin调度算法是一个在许多方面有着广泛应用的经典调度算法。该文在考虑了FPGA的结构特点和实际系统需求后,利用桶式移位器和分段式优先级编码器,在FPGA中实现了Round robin调度算法,并对实现方法的面积和性能进行了讨论。系统测试结果表明该算法实现是高效的,满足了系统的需求,在实际系统中运行状况良好。

适用于虚通道路由器的高性能round-robin仲裁器

分析了交换结构规模不同的2类典型的虚通道路由器体系结构,指出了交换结构规模对调度机制和仲裁器体系结构的显著影响.在轮转(round-robin)仲裁器PPE的基础上,提出了分别适用于上述2类路由器的改进型PPE仲裁器体系结构.改进型仲裁器将原有关键路径中的处理步骤转移到非关键路径中,并行实现了关键路径中的重要处理步骤,通过缩短关键路径改善了仲裁器的性能;同时通过调整仲裁流程消除了上述改进对资源成本的负面影响.基于TSMC 0.35μm CMOS工艺实现了不同规模的PPE和2种改进型仲裁器体系结构.实验结果表明上述2种改进型仲裁器比PPE仲裁器的性能分别提高12%和17%以上,并且在多数情况下同时减少了实现面积.

基于螺旋线的Round-Robin Crossbar调度算法

该文提出了一种基于螺旋线的 Round-Robin(R-R)crossbar调度算法,在调度级和迭代级分别轮询R-R指针,避免了指针同步;在输入端口轮询和迭代匹配的二维过程,执行流水线操作。当端口数<32时,执行效率高,带宽利用率高,逻辑简单,容易实现。通过对R-R加权,可以保证Non-uniformtraffic高吞吐量。

Round-Robin协议下非线性时变系统的保概率H_(∞)滤波

针对实际系统存在各种不可预知的扰动,造成系统很难精确地达到期望的各项性能指标,研究了基于Round-Robin协议的一类非线性时变系统的保概率H_(∞)滤波问题。利用概率约束H_(∞)性能指标,使该系统更贴近实际工程应用。同时,考虑在数据传输过程中产生的网络拥塞和资源占用现象,采用Round-Robin协议对网络节点间的数据传输进行调度。考虑信号从传感器至待设计滤波器传输过程中具有非线性扰动,构造保概率非脆弱H_(∞)滤波器。其不确定参数由服从均匀分布且相互独立的随机变量控制,同时通过寻求线性矩阵不等式工箱设计能在概率约束下保证性能要求的滤波器。利用递推线性矩阵不等式方法求解保概率H_(∞)滤波问题。最后,通过仿真示例,证明所提出的滤波方案的有效性。

一种可配优先级Round-Robin仲裁器实现

本文介绍了一种结合Round-Robin,优先级可配置的多端口仲裁器设计及实现。该设计可以实现高优先级请求优先服务,相同优先级请求之间进行轮循的调度策略,同时将原子指令仲裁保护逻辑加入到设计当中,实现了合理的时序逻辑优化,可以很好地应用于多通道访存控制器的设计当中。

基于语料库的“V(a)round”构式搭配关联强度及动词“V”语义聚类研究

基于COCA语料库,对出现于"V(a)round"构式的动词进行检索,并使用Fisher精确检验计算搭配强度。研究发现:进入构式V槽的动词主要有两大类,相对静止动词和位置发生变换的动词;根据动词的不同,构式的凸显有所不同,主要有:对动作结果的突出,对方式、路线和范围的突出,对相邻、相关内容的突出,对动作持续性和连续性的突出;根据构式凸显的不同,构式义相应地可以有:表示动作的结果,表示动作的方式、路线和范围,表示动作相邻、相关内容,表示动作发生时伴随的状态。基于语料库的"V(a)round"构式搭配强度及其语义的分析,不仅有助于进一步了解该构式,也是对构式搭配分析法的进一步应用,对我国外语教学也有一定的启示。

Rounding方法在医院评审中的应用与思考

目的:介绍某公立医院在医院评审中引入Rounding方法的有益探索和实践经验,为医院评审及质量管理工作提供参考。方法:总结Rounding方法在医院等级评审中的运行模式,阐述Rounding方法在评审实践中的具体应用,对比Rounding方法应用前后的质量改进。结果:Rounding方法推动了医院制度建设与落实,提升了员工应知应会知晓率,促进了医院质量持续改进,有效助推了医院评审工作的开展。结论:Rounding方法应用于医院管理实践,依托信息平台,在医院评审实践及医院管理中能够发挥重要作用。

Molecular dynamics simulations on the dynamics of two-dimensional rounded squares

The collective motion of rounded squares with different comer-roundness ζ is studied by molecular dynamlcs （MD） simulation in this work. Three types of translational collective motion pattern are observed, including＇, gliding, hopping and a mixture of gliding and hopping. Quantitatively, the dynamics of each observed ordered phase is characterized by both mean square displacement and van Hove functions for both translation and rotation. The effect of corner-roundness on the dynamics is further studied by comparing the dynamics of the rhombic crystal phases folmed by different comer-.rounded particles at a same surface fraction. The results show that as ζ increases from 0.286 to 0.667, the translational collective motion of particles changes from a gliding-dominant pattern to a hopping-dominant patte;n, whereas the rotational motion pattern is hopping-like and does not change in its type, but the rotational hopping becomes much more frequent as increases （i.e., as particles become more rounded）. A simple geometrical model is proposed to explain the trend of gliding motion observed in MD simulations.

Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Extended Beef Rounds Containing Gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis

It was of interest to determine the water holding effect of the gum from the Acacia senegal var. kerensis in extended beef rounds. Beef rounds injected at two injection levels (30% and 35% over green weight) with curing brines containing gum arabic at 1%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% of the final product were investigated. A non-injected sample and a product injected with soy protein concentrate (SPC) at 3.5% of the final product weight were prepared for comparison. Mean results indicated that the level of gum arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis used in curing brines significantly increased the cook yield and reduced the extractable moisture in cooked extended beef rounds. The injection of beef with curing brine also significantly increased the cook yield and the extractable moisture of the extended beef rounds as compared to the non-injected beef samples. Both injection and gum levels had a significant effect on the proximate composition and sensory properties of the resulting beef rounds. Sensory analysis revealed that samples containing gum arabic at 2.5% were juicier and comparable to those containing SPC at 3.5% injection level. Furthermore, these samples had the highest overall preference comparable to samples injected with curing brines containing SPC. This is the first report on the physicochemical properties of extended beef rounds containing gum arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis.