Evaluation of unconstrained and constrained mathematical functions to model girth growth of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) using young agemeasurements

No attempt has been made to date to model growth in girth of rubber tree （Hevea brasiliansis）. We evaluated the few widely used growth functions to identify the most parsimonious and biologically reasonable model for describing the girth growth of young rubber trees based on an incomplete set of young age measurements. Monthly data for girth of immature trees （age 2 to 12 yearsi from two locations were sub- jected to modelling. Re-parameterized, unconstrained and constrained growth functions,of Richards （RM）, Gompertz （GM） and the monomo- lecular ＇model ^（MM） were fitted to data. Duration of growth was the firsf constraint introduced. In the stagel We attempted a population aver- age （PA） model to capture the trend in growth. The best PA model was fitted as a subject specific （SS） model. We used appropriate error vari- ance-covariance structure to account for correlation due to repeated measurements over time. Unconstrainecl functions underestimated the asymptotic maximum that did not reflective carrying capacity of the locations. Underestimafions were attributed to the partial set＇ of meas- urements made during the early growth phase of the trees. MM proved superior to RM and GM. In the randomcoefficient models, both Gf and Go appeared to be influenced by tree level effects. Inclusion of diagonal definite positive matrix removed the correlation between random effects. The results were similar at both locations. In the overall assessment MM appeared as the candidate model for studying the girth-age relationships in Hevea trees. Based on the fitted model we conclude that, in Hevea trees, growth rate is maintained at maximum value at to, then decreases until the final state at dG/dt 〉 0, resulting in yield curve with no period of accelerating growth. One physiological explanation is that photosynthetic activity in Hevea trees decreases as girth increases and constructive metabolism is larger than destructive metabolism.

Studies on Rubber (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) Trees Exist Plant Type after Planting and Available Tapping Tree of Rubber Plantation in China

Existing plant types of rubber tree after planting and available tapping tree were investigated, and there were about 28 rubber plantations with different tapping years of 8 varieties “CATAS7-33-97”, “CATAS8-79”, “CATAS7-20-59”, “PR107”, “RRIM600”, “GT1”, “INA873”, “93-114”in South China. The results showed that there were six kinds of existing plant types of rubber tree after planting of rubber plantations, which were available tapping trees, wind damaged trees, cold damaged trees, tapping panel dryness trees, absent trees and weak trees, respectively. These data investigated also showed rubber trees under available tapping, stoppage due to tapping panel dryness, absence, wind damage, cold damage and weakness were counted and calculated and made up for 72.21%, 14.75%, 5.61%, 3.86%, 2.68% and 1.89%. Tapping panel dryness trees, wind damage and absent trees are major factors for the loss of tapping rubber trees in the rubber plantations. Of these investigated varieties, available tapping trees per 100 trees of rubber plantation of “PR107”at the 1st, 12th, 14th, 16th, 20th, 24th tapping year were 96, 67, 70, 75, 66, 46 trees in Hainan planting zone, respectively. Available tapping trees per 100 trees of rubber plantation of “RRIM600”at the 9th, 15th, 20th, 22nd tapping year were 88, 62, 55, 36 trees in Yunnan planting zone, respectively. Available tapping trees per 100 trees of rubber plantation of “93-114” at the 10th, 19th, tapping year were 94, 62 trees in Guangdong planting zone. These results showed that available tapping trees of rubber plantation decreased with increasing tapping age under different planting zones in China.

Preliminary Study on Seedling Growth Rhythm and Grey Correlation Analysis of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Seedlings in Danzhou District, Hainan

The rubber tree physiological and ecological process quantitatively described by using mathematical method is an important means to the analysis of rubber tree growth process and mechanism. The study on growth simulation model of rubber tree will lay the foundation for the application of rubber tree cultivation intelligent decision system. A Richards equation was formulated to describe the height and stem diameter growth dynamics of the annual rubber seedlings. An area correlation analysis was done according to the closeness of the observed parameters to the dynamic curve on the gray system composed of the seedling growth increment and the meteorological factors including aerial temperature, precipitation and solar radiation hours that influence upon the seedling growth. The results showed that rubber seedling response fitted the Richards equation quite well. The growth increment displayed a distinct alternation of 'slow—fast—slow— fast—slow' rhythm. The growth course of the seedlings might be partitioned into three periods of time by the sequential clustering analysis, namely pre-growing, fast-growing, late-growing stage. The tray correlation analysis revealed that air temperature had the most significant influence while precipitation had the least impact on height growth of the rubber seedlings. In conclusion, the air temperature had the most significant influence while solar radiation hours had the least impact on stem diameter growth of the rubber seedlings.

Intra-and inter-clonal tree growth variations of Hevea brasiliensis

We evaluated the effects of planting densities （500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 trees.ha-1） on tree growth performance （diameter at base, diameter at breast height, and clear bole height） of two clones （RRIM 2020 and PRIM 2025） of nine years old plantations of rubber tree （Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg） in Malaysia. For the four planting densities of the two clones, basal area and diameter at breast height declined with increasing planting density. Clear bole heights were greatest at 1,500 trees.haland lowest at 500 trees.ha-1 for the clone RRIM 2020, and at 2,000 trees.ha-1and 500 trees.halfor clone RRIM 2025. We conclude that the ideal planting density is 2,000 trees.ha＂l for obtaining high volume of wood production and 500 trees-ha-1 for high wood quality.

Seasonal Changes Impact on Growth of Rubber (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) Seedlings under Different Cultivation

The vegetative growth of rubber tree is an important basis for rubber tree cultivation and economic management. Stem diameter and height growth patterns of rubber seedlings and the seasonal variability are still poorly understood. Studying the annual growth patterns and seasonal variation of rubber seedling will help understanding biological characteristics of rubber tree and provide a reference for field cultivation and management. Height growth and stem diameter of field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation and polybag-raised cultivation all displayed a distinct annual pattern of “slow-fast-slow”. Height growth and stem diameter growth response fitted the logistic equation preferably, supporting the observed pattern. Fast-growth of plant height for polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation occurred from June to November and May to November, respectively. This period saw the greatest accumulations of plant height growth for polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation accounting for 83.99% and 86.65% of total growth, respectively. Fast-growth of stem diameter for polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation occurred from June to November and May to November, respectively. This period saw the greatest accumulations of stem growth for polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation accounting for 86.71% and 84.60% of total growth, respectively. Polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation for the whole year had nine extension units and each month had one extension unit from May to November. Extension unit of for the whole year did not stop period and plant height growth rate has the seasonal difference. However, leaf phenophase of field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation was earlier than that of polybag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation and each extension unit of field-sown rubber seedlings cultivation was greater than that of poly-bag-raised rubber seedlings cultivation. The precipitation had the greatest impact on seedlings growth under different cultivation. There was no period annually in which height growth and stem diameter growth did not occur and the fastest growth occurred during the rainy season. Plant height and stem diameter of rubber seedlings under different cultivation showed isogony phenomenon. Extension unit and leaf phenophase of polybag-raised rubber seedlings and field-sown rubber seedlings showed consistency and synchronization characteristic. Different cultivation of rubber seedling should take corresponding measures tending management and operation.

An Analysis of the Patents concerning Hevea brasiliensis

This paper mainly analyzes the application data of patents concerning Hevea brasiliensis in the world and China from the perspectives of time,research field,and the geographical distribution of applicants. It also interprets the patents for invention in China from time,research field,and types of applicants. Based on the study,it shows that although the patent applications fluctuate,the general trend is rising. And the patents are mostly concentrated in plant protection,and agricultural biotechnology. The Chinese applicants of patents for invention largely work in the research institutes,and most of these patents focus on the field of plant protection,agricultural biotechnology,and agro-processing.However,the foreign applicants mainly work in companies,and most of these patents only focus on plant protection. These findings will provide a reference for formulating development policies about natural rubber industry in China.

Exploration and Practice of Rubber Based Agroforestry Complex Systems in China

Agroforestry ecosystems are constructed by simulating natural ecosystems, applying the principles of symbiosis in nature, and organizing multiple plant populations to coexist, while conducting targeted cultivation and structural control scientifically. Rubber agroforestry complex ecosystems aim for sustainable development in terms of industry, ecology, resource utilization, and the livelihoods of producers. Rubber agroforestry complex ecosystems create a complex production structure system that integrates biology, society, and the economy through species combinations. Rubber trees and associated biological components coordinate with each other, mutually promote growth, and yield a variety of products for producers. Cultivation techniques and patterns of rubber agroforestry are essential components of these ecosystems. This study analyzes the production practices of rubber agroforestry complex cultivation, with a focus on the development and characteristics (complexity, systematicity, intensity, and hierarchy) of rubber agroforestry systems using a literature analysis and a survey approach. It explores the types and scales of complex planting, specifications and forms, and major effects of complex cultivation. This study identifies successful rubber agroforestry cultivation patterns and practical techniques, as well as the potential benefits of developing rubber agroforestry cultivation. It also points out the shortcomings in the development of complex planting, including an emphasis on production practices but insufficient theoretical research, a focus on production but inadequate attention to the market, and an emphasis on yield while overlooking the improvement of standards, brands, and added value. There are various complex patterns for young rubber plantations, but relatively fewer for mature plantations. Based on this analysis, this study suggests that future efforts should focus on in-depth research on interspecies and environmental interactions in rubber agroforestry ecosystems, clearly define key roles, accelerate the innovation of development patterns, and strengthen the foundation for development. It recommends promoting and demonstrating successful rubber agroforestry complex patterns and providing technical training, developing product branding for rubber agroforestry patterns, enhancing product value, expanding the application functions of rubber-forest mixed crop products, and establishing a stable and sustainable industry chain. This study provide practical experience and theoretical insights in rubber agroforestry complex systems from China the potential to enrich the knowledge of rubber agroforestry composite systems, provide practical experience to improve the operating income of smallholders, and even promote the sustainable development of rubber plantations.

植物激素调控橡胶树产排胶机制研究进展

巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)是重要热带经济作物之一,其次生代谢产物天然橡胶(NR)是中国重要的工业原料及战略物资。植物激素对植物生长发育、萌发和环境应答等多方面均具有重要调控作用。本文详细介绍了乙烯、脱落酸、油菜素内酯和赤霉素4种植物激素在橡胶树生长发育、橡胶生物合成、产排胶和品质形成等关键环节中应用的研究进展,并展望4种激素在提高橡胶树产排胶机制研究中的应用前景,为支撑橡胶产业发展提供理论支撑。

橡胶树与白粉病菌Oidium heveae亲和互作组织细胞学研究

白粉病是橡胶树生产中最重要的病害之一,是由粉孢属病菌Oidium heveae Steinm.引起。目前,对该病原菌在寄主中侵染行为及其与寄主互作的组织细胞学尚缺乏系统研究。本文利用显微技术,结合多种染色方法,观察了橡胶树白粉菌侵染橡胶树叶组织的细胞学变化及寄主的抗性反应。O.heveae在寄主上发育要经历5个关键发育时间点,即分生孢子萌发高峰(4hpi)、附着胞形成高峰(8hpi)、侵入结构(初生吸器)形成高峰(15hpi)、次生菌丝形成高峰(24hpi)、分生孢子梗形成高峰(5dpi);分生孢子萌发侵入寄主前,其能量来自自身贮存的能量物质。在互作过程中,病原菌初生吸器形成之后,橡胶树叶组织开始出现明显的氧暴发、胼胝质和乳突等抗性反应,活性氧在橡胶树与病原菌互作中起到了重要的作用,当橡胶树叶片中活性氧积累较低时,有利于O.heveae的发育及入侵,活性氧积累较高时,则引发寄主氧暴发等以阻止病原菌进一步扩展。O.heveae在寄主上发育的5个关键发育时间点分别属于病原菌侵染前期、潜育期和侵染后期,橡胶树叶组织早期亲和互作与中后期非亲和互作保持了专性寄生菌与寄主间发育平衡的进化关系。

机械割胶装备切割仿形机构设计与试验

割胶是收获胶乳的重要途径,传统人力割胶技术专业性强且难度大,劳动强度高,近十年,机械采胶装备研发已成为破解产业掣肘的重要方向。为进一步提高割胶机械的割胶质量和工作平稳性,减少机械割胶伤树,按照传统人工割胶方式建立橡胶树割面的割胶轨迹方程,设计一种由导向器、割胶刀体、斜度装配体等部件组成的能够限深限厚的切割仿形机构。分析导向器、割胶刀体、斜度装配体等关键部件在割胶过程中的理论受力,并以手持式自动割胶机为试验本体,对设计的仿形切割机构开展大田割胶试验。结果表明:使用切割仿形机构割胶,更加贴合割面和割线,能够沿割胶轨迹切割出条状树皮,能够进行限深限厚仿形切割,减少伤树,切割平均负载电流稳定在1.0~1.5 A,与传统割胶模式相比,耗皮量比设置的上限值平均降低约10%,割胶深度约增加8%,验证切割仿形机构的设计,满足割胶技术要求。为天然橡胶产业机械化、智能化割胶装备关键切割部件的研发提供参考。

橡胶白粉菌(Oidium heveae Steinmann)基因组DNA的提取方法

比较了2种菌源、3种方法提取橡胶树白粉病病原真菌橡胶白粉菌(Oidium heveae BA.Steinmann)基因组DNA的效果。结果表明:无论采用单斑分离法收集还是直接收集橡胶白粉菌菌体,无论采用石英砂振荡破壁法、氯化苄法还是尿素法提取,均能获得满足常规分子生物学操作要求的基因组DNA;在基因组DNA的提取产率、完整性方面,各种方式之间略有差异,但无显著差别;2种来源菌体的基因组DNA的ITS序列分析结果一致,说明在无法进行单斑分离的情况下,可以利用直接收集的菌体提取基因组DNA。

4个引进橡胶树胶木兼优品种比较试验

为了能够客观地筛选出适合我国植胶环境的橡胶树胶木兼优新品种,基于品种比较试验对4个国外引进品种‘热试09-5’‘热试09-6’‘热试09-7’和‘热试09-10’的产量及副性状进行综合评价。结果表明,4个参试品种中,‘热试09-7’表现出速生性状,4个参试品种的产量特性不明显,仅‘热试09-5’在开割第1年与对照相当,其他年份均低于对照。胶乳生理参数分析结果表明,‘热试09-5’的干胶产量、排胶初速度与对照差异不显著,而蔗糖含量低,硫醇含量高,认为该品种产胶潜力大,胶乳稳定性好,排胶快,糖利用率高。‘热试09-6’原生皮厚度较厚,树皮中乳管列数多,与‘RRIM600’相比,干胶含量、堵塞指数高,排胶初速度和蔗糖含量差异不显著,认为该品种有较好的产胶潜力,但胶乳代谢强度低,可考虑通过刺激提高代谢强度,达到增产的目的;各参试品种的生胶性能、硫化胶的物理机械性能及分子量和分子量分布差异分析结果表明,不同指标参数在品种间存在差异,‘热试09-5’的塑性初值最低,塑性保持率最大,‘热试09-6’门尼粘度最高,‘热试09-5’最低,‘热试09-7’有较大的重均分子量,呈现出较好的物理机械性能。在抗逆性表现方面,‘热试09-5’的风害断倒率最小,‘热试09-10’最高;抗寒前哨数据结果表明,在对照品种‘93-114’无寒害发生的情况下,‘热试09-5’寒害等级为1.00,‘热试09-7’为0.17。综合分析表明,4个引进品种的速生性状明显,‘热试09-6’有较好的产胶潜力,‘热试09-5’的抗风性优于对照,‘热试09-7’的寒害适应能力较好。综上表明‘热试09-6’综合性状较好,适合在海南中西部轻风区生产性试种。

化肥减施下橡胶树有机肥替代用量研究

为实现橡胶树种植化肥减量增效的目的,在云南东风农场橡胶林开展不同有机肥替代化肥用量试验研究。结果表明:与单施配方肥相比,有机肥替代提高了土壤pH值及团聚体、有机质、全氮、有效氮含量。其中,60%配方肥+15 kg有机肥处理的pH、有机质、水解氮、团聚体指标显著高于单施配方肥处理,但有效磷、速效钾含量与单施配方肥处理差异不显著;叶片N、P、K、Mg养分含量与单施配方肥处理相当;年增产干胶5%,减少配方肥投入144 kg·hm^(-2)。通过综合评价,推荐60%配方肥+15 kg有机肥为橡胶树有机肥替代化肥的最佳用量。

橡胶/香露兜间作对香露兜香气成分的影响

香露兜是中国热带地区特色香料作物之一,其叶片香气成分含量是鉴定香露兜品质的关键指标。香露兜适宜在遮阴条件下种植,其中在橡胶林下间作香露兜是海南地区常见的栽培模式,但橡胶间作香露兜后对香露兜叶片香气成分的影响仍未探明。本研究拟通过盆栽试验,对比橡胶/香露兜间作处理和香露兜单作条件下土壤理化性质和香露兜叶片香气成分种类与含量的差异。结果表明,橡胶/香露兜间作处理与香露兜单作相比,显著提高土壤容重13.63%,土壤碱解氮含量59.71%,土壤速效磷含量193.03%、土壤速效钾含量9.78%,土壤pH降低1.00(P<0.05);间作和单作处理共检测出10类68种香气成分,间作与单作相比,酮类、呋喃类、呋喃酮类、烃类和酚类的物质种类数量分别减少56.52%、14.29%、33.33%、20.00%、28.57%(P<0.05);尽管呋喃类、烃类和酮类的香气成分含量分别显著减少65.28%、20.88%和69.00%,但醇类、呲咯类、酯类和呋喃酮类香气成分含量分别增加31.50%、597.56%、122.78%、96.89%(P<0.05)。土壤pH降低是香露兜叶片酮类、呋喃类、呋喃酮类、烃类和酚类香气成分组成减少的主要原因;间作模式通过降低pH、提高土壤速效磷和碱解氮含量显著提高醇类、呲咯类、酯类含量,减少呋喃类、烃类含量;吡咯类物质是香露兜叶片主要香气成分物质,因此,橡胶/香露兜间作模式显著促进香露兜香品质提升。研究结果对优化和推广橡胶间作香露兜具有积极作用,有助于促进胶农增收以及相关产业的可持续发展。

茉莉酸刺激的橡胶树胶乳cDNA消减文库的构建及其序列分析

采用抑制性消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)技术,构建了外源茉莉酸刺激条件下橡胶树胶乳与未处理橡胶树胶乳差异表达的cDNA消减文库,经蓝白斑筛选共得到121个含有插入片段的阳性克隆。通过菌落PCR的方法分别对阳性克隆的插入片段进行扩增,结果表明,95％左右阳性克隆插入片段的大小在200-600 bp之间。随机选取25个克隆进行测序,并对所得的25条表达序列标签(EST)序列用Blastn(基本局域联配搜寻工具)检索基因文库(genbank),其中10条EST片断可找到碱基序列相似性大于80％以上的同源基因序列,其余15条EST为没有任何功能线索的未知序列。外源茉莉酸刺激条件下橡胶树胶乳cDNA消减文库的构建和在此基础上克隆橡胶树胶乳中JA信号的候选应激基因,将为开展茉莉酸调控橡胶树胶乳代谢和橡胶生物合成的分子机理研究打下基础。

巴西橡胶树SSR遗传图谱的构建

以热研88-13×IAN873的94个F1群体为试材,利用简单序列重复(Simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记,采用FsLinkage MAP 1.0软件,构建了巴西橡胶树热研88-13×IAN873的遗传连锁图谱。从441对SSR引物中筛选出160对具有多态信息的引物,在分离群体中共检测到206个多态性位点,176个位点用于遗传图谱的构建;χ2检验结果显示,有147个位点符合1:1分离比例,有12个符合1:2:1分离比例,有17个符合1:1:1:1的分离比例,共有13个偏分离位点,偏分离率低(7.38%);91个SSR位点被分为18个连锁群,覆盖橡胶树基因组1 937.06 cM,每个连锁群包含2～16个位点,标记间的平均距离为21.29 cM。

橡胶籽资源的潜在开发利用价值研究

橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）是一种重要的经济树种,广泛种植于海南、广东、广西、福建、云南和台湾,其副产物橡胶籽（rubber seed）产量十分丰富。橡胶籽油（rubber seed oil）不仅是一种保健食用油,也是一种重要的工业原料;压榨取油后的饼粕（rubber seed meal）中粗蛋白含量可达25%～30%,是一种高品质饲料蛋白源,且氨基酸组成平衡,微量元素含量较高,但所含抗营养因子使其在饲料中的用量受限。我国橡胶籽资源来源广泛且价格低廉,开发橡胶籽资源对解决我国蛋白饲料短缺和实现资源综合利用具有重要意义。

乙烯利刺激对橡胶树热研7-33-97幼龄开割树的乳胶生理影响

通过对未开割胶树进行2％乙烯利刺激，在刺激后的6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h和CK （未用乙烯利刺激）割胶，分析对橡胶树无性系热研7-33-97幼龄开割树的乳胶生理影响。结果表明，乙烯利刺激稀释胶乳后72 h发生强烈稀释，蔗糖在刺激后48 h开始大量转运进入乳管；乙烯利刺激不同时间后割胶，与对照CK相比：随着割胶刀次递增，干胶含量递减，蔗糖、无机磷（除刺激24 h和72 h外）和硫醇含量在第2刀出现1个最低点，随后逐步升高。差异显著性分析表明，刺激72 h后割胶与短时间刺激干胶含量差异显著，长时间刺激（24 h）后割胶与短时间刺激（6～12 h）割胶蔗糖含量差异显著，72 h内刺激割胶无机磷含量差异不显著。故涂乙烯利刺激72 h后割胶较合适。

干旱胁迫下橡胶树叶片差异表达蛋白的鉴定与功能解析

干旱是影响橡胶树生长和产胶的重要非生物胁迫。以橡胶树无性系热研7-33-97为试验材料,通过干旱胁迫处理后,提取并纯化样品叶片的总蛋白质,经双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)和胶图分析。结果表明,干旱胁迫与对照样品相比,干旱胁迫10d和15d的橡胶树叶片蛋白中共存在38个差异表达蛋白点。采用MALDI-TOFMS分析和数据库检索,对差异表达的蛋白进行鉴定和功能注释,依照功能分类,这些蛋白主要参与胁迫应激响应、能量代谢、光合作用、信号转导以及细胞定位等生物学过程。

热研7-33-97幼龄开割树对低频刺激割制的适应性研究初报

研究了速生高产优良无性系热研7-33-97在幼龄开割期对低频刺激割制的适应性。3a结果表明,该品种在幼龄开割期使用低频乙烯利刺激割胶表现出胶乳再生能力强、用于生长的干物质分配率高、排胶速度快等生理特性。采用低频、短线、少药等技术措施,有利于胶树的产胶与生长。