Predicting the Potential Distribution of Rubia cordifolia L.in China

[Objectives]We intend to conduct a study to predict habitat suitability and geographic distribution of Rubia cordifolia L.,to find the most suitable ecological environment for its growth,and to provide a theoretical basis for the development and cultivation of R.cordifolia L.industry.[Methods]Based on the environmental factors and the occurrence data,we predicted the potential geographic distribution of R.cordifolia L.in China by combining the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS.[Results]The training set and test set AUC were respectively 0.963 and 0.946,indicating that the MaxEnt model predicted well.The wettest monthly precipitation,precipitation in July,precipitation of driest season,and average monthly temperature in September and April were the dominant environmental factors affecting the distribution of R.cordifolia L.The highly habitable areas were mainly concentrated in central,eastern and northern China.[Conclusions]The results of this study can be used as a reference for the development of R.cordifolia L.industry in related areas.

“Eastern”Xi Yang Qian(Rubia tirctorum L.)and“Western”Zhong Guo Qian(Rubia cordifolia L.):Across the Regions

Qian Cao(Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae)is a perennial grass with red and yellow pigments in its roots.It has been used since ancient times for fabric dyeing and painting,and it’s the oldest red dye in both Europe and China.Xi Yang Qian(Rubia tirctorum L.)spread from the East to the West,while Zhong Guo Qian(Rubia cordifolia L.)spread from the West to the East.Both were integral in the development of Chinese and Western color cultures.Nowadays,although it is no longer commonly used in dyes and paints,Qian Cao is still used in clinical medicine as a medicinal herb.

Coagulant compounds in Rubia cordifolia L.

Rubia cordifolia L.belongs to Rubiaceae family.Its medicinal parts are mainly root and rhizome,which is included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020),has the effect of cooling blood and stopping bleeding,removing stasis and channeling menstruation.However,studies on the hemostatic effect of R.cordifolia mainly focus on extracts,and the hemostatic components are less studied.Therefore,chemical constituents and coagulant activity of R.cordifolia were investigated in this paper.Eleven compounds were isolated and identified from R.cordifolia,including 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone(1),1,4-dihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone(2),palmitic acid(3),tricosanoic acid(4),ω-hydroxypachybasin(5),ursolic acid(6),oleanolic acid(7),rubilactone(8),β-sitosterol(9),cordifoliol(10),1,3-dihydroxy-2-ethoxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone(11).ω-Hydroxypachybasin was isolated from Rubia genus for the first time.1,4-Dihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone,rubilactone and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-ethoxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone could remarkably shorten the plasma calcium coating time in vitro,thus indicating that they had procoagulant activity.

Combination Activity of Standard Antituberculosis Drugs and Extracts of Medicinal Plants Commonly Used in Traditional Treatment of Tuberculosis in Uganda

Introduction: Resistance to antituberculosis drugs and adverse drug reactions remain the leading causes of tuberculosis therapeutic failure globally. Despite the increasing acceptance of medicinal plant use in combination with conventional antituberculosis drugs in treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in Uganda, there is paucity of knowledge on their combination effect. Aim: This research aimed to determine combination activity of standard antituberculosis drugs with extracts of Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill. & Perr. and Rubia cordifolia L., the two common antituberculosis medicinal plants in Uganda, against pansensitive (H37Rv) and multi-drug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Materials and Methods: Two reference MTB strains (H37Rv and MDR strain) were inoculated on Middlebrook 7H11 medium containing a combination of standard antituberculosis drugs and methanol extracts of Z. leprieurii and R. cordifolia at varying concentrations. The number of colonies on the plates was observed and counted weekly for up to 8 weeks. In vitro combination activity was determined using proportion method. Mean percentage inhibition was calculated for the reduction of number of colonies on drug-extract combination medium in relation to drug-extract-free control medium. Results: Drug-extract combinations showed good combination activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains when compared with individual standard anti-TB drugs. This was more exhibited against MDR strain. There was however a reduction in percentage inhibition when extracts were combined with ethambutol and streptomycin against H37Rv strain. Conclusions: Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Rubia cordifolia in combination with standard anti-TB drugs exhibited increased in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially MDR-TB strain. This justifies the local use of these plants in traditional treatment of tuberculosis especially in resistant cases in Uganda.

Anti-Mycobacterial Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts Used in the Treatment of Tuberculosis by Traditional Medicine Practitioners in Uganda

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health challenge and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. TB is preventable and curable. However, treatment of tuberculosis has continued to be difficult as a result of rapid increase of multidrug and extensively drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Medicinal plants have for centuries been traditionally used in treatment of tuberculosis and similar ailments. They possess antimicrobial properties which render them a new hope as a source of novel bioactive leads in the development of antimycobacterial agents. In this study, 2 plant species commonly used traditionally in Uganda for treatment of tuberculosis, Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Rubia cordifolia were screened for in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains;pan sensitive MTB H37Rv, Rifampicin resistant TMC 331 strain and two wild strains (one rifampicin resistant and another one rifampicin susceptible). Antimycobacterial activity of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic plant extracts was determined using Resazurin Microtiter Assay (REMA). Both plant extracts exhibited significant in vitro antimycobacterial activity against all strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of methanolic crude extracts of both plants ranged from 23.4 μg/mL to 187.5 μg/mL. Comparatively, methanol extracts of both plants possessed superior antimycobacterial activity against all Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Our findings indicated that both plants exhibited activity against susceptible and resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While antimycobacterial activity of Z. leprieurii confirms results from previous studies, activity of the extracts of R. cordifolia is reported for the first time in East Africa. Further studies aimed at determining the effects of combination of these plant extracts and standard anti-TB drugs should be carried out.

HPLC法测定茜草及不同炮制品中大叶茜草素

目的测定茜草及炮制品中大叶茜草素。方法 Purospher STAR RP-18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水-四氢呋喃(90∶9.3∶0.7);体积流量1.0 mL/min;检测波长250 nm;柱温25℃。结果茜草生品中大叶茜草素的质量分数为0.52%,炒茜草为1.07%,茜草炭为0.66%。结论不同的炮制方法对大叶茜草素的量产生不同的影响。

茜草种子质量检验方法与分级标准研究

参照《中国农作物种子检验规程》,对茜草种子的质量检验方法进行研究,以期为制定科学合理的茜草种子分级标准提供依据。种子质量测定采用百粒法,千粒重为11.6139 g;茜草种子浸种时间设为11 h;种子水分测定采用种子粉碎高温(130±2)℃处理;种子萌发时发芽床选用沙子;冷冻处理作为茜草种子的前处理,在20℃下,24 h全黑暗作为茜草种子发芽时的光照条件;采用TTC浓度0.3%,染色时间12 h,染色温度35℃,可较好测定种子的生活力,快速检测茜草种子发芽潜力。

茜草HPLC-DAD指纹图谱的研究

目的:建立茜草药材HPLC-DAD指纹图谱,提供茜草药材的质量控制方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法;色谱柱为YMC C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),检测波长280 nm;流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为25℃。分析时间为60 min。结果:6批茜草药材指纹图谱的平均相似度大于94%。结论:所建立的方法适用于不同产地茜草药材指纹图谱的测定。

RP-HPLC法测定陕西产茜草中QA的含量

目的:测定陕西产茜草中1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone-3-O-3-[3-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside]的含量。方法:选用Purospher star RP-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm,Merck公司);流动相为甲醇-水-四氢呋喃(65∶34.7∶0.3),流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为276 nm,柱温为25℃,外标法定量分析。结果:该方法在0.020μg^0.160μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均回收率101.4,RSD=2.0%(n=6),测定结果为0.053%。结论:该法测定茜草中1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone-3-O-3-[3-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside]含量灵敏、准确、重现性好。

HPLC法测定中药茜草中茜草素、羟基茜草素和大叶茜草素的含量

目的利用HPLC法同时测定中药茜草中茜草素、羟基茜草素和大叶茜草素三种成分的含量,为茜草药材的质量控制和评估提供科学依据。方法茜草药材用甲醇-25%盐酸(4∶1,V/V)溶液热回流提取。色谱柱为DiamonsilTM(钻石)C18色谱柱(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm);以甲醇:0.05%磷酸水为流动相梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 m L/min;柱温为35℃;检测波长为254 nm;进样量为20μL。结果茜草中3种有效成分在该色谱条件下有良好的分离度,在相应的线性范围内呈现良好的线性关系,重复性良好。平均回收率均在98.5%~100.2%之间,RSD<2.0%。结论该方法准确、快速、高效,可用于茜草药材中药用成分的含量测定。

不同产地茜草药材UPLC指纹图谱研究及化学计量学分析

目的建立茜草药材UPLC指纹图谱及羟基茜草素、大叶茜草素质量分数测定方法,并结合化学计量学对不同产地茜草药材的质量进行全面评价。方法以Waters CORTECS UPLC T3(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.6μm)为色谱柱,以甲醇-含0.2%三乙胺和0.2%三氟乙酸的溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 mL/min,检测波长为260 nm,进样量为2μL,柱温为30℃;采用相似度评价和聚类分析方法评价药材质量。结果建立了茜草药材UPLC指纹图谱,18批茜草药材相似度较高,可将河南省与其他省份的药材进行初步区分。18批茜草药材的大叶茜草素质量分数范围为0.47%~1.18%,羟基茜草素的为0.36%~0.9%,河南省产的茜草药材质量较优。结论建立了较全面、准确及快速评价茜草药材质量的方法。

茜草蒽醌提取物纯化及抗氧化与抗运动疲劳作用研究

采用大孔树脂纯化茜草蒽醌提取物,并分别通过体内、外实验评价不同样品的抗氧化与抗运动疲劳活性。采取静态吸附与洗脱试验确定最佳树脂型号后,通过动态吸附-洗脱试验确定蒽醌提取物的最佳纯化条件,并考察不同样品对羟基自由基(OH·)与超氧阴离子自由基(O_(2)^(-)·)的清除率和运动耐力评价指标的影响。结果显示,采用HPD-300大孔树脂的最佳纯化条件:上样浓度为6.0 mg/mL、上样液pH为5.0、上样流速2.0 mL/min、上样液体积60 mL、洗脱液乙醇体积分数75%、洗脱流速1.5 mL/min、洗脱液体积160 mL,所得产物的蒽醌纯度由26.8%增大至67.2%。相同浓度的茜草蒽醌纯化产物较提取物对OH·和O_(2)^(-)·的清除率明显提高,IC_(50)值分别减小1.5和1.7倍。茜草蒽醌纯化产物可明显延长小鼠的负重游泳时间,降低运动后体内CK活力与MDA浓度,且有利于增强GSH-Px活力,具有较好的抗氧化和抗运动疲劳活性,从而可为相关食品的开发提供基础。

茜草叶绿体全基因组序列及其系统发育分析

以茜草科(Rubiaceae)植物茜草(Rubia cordifolia L.)为研究对象,采用Illumination高通量测序技术对其叶绿体全基因组进行测序,并运用MAGA11等生信学工具进行全基因组解析及系统发育分析。结果表明,(1)茜草叶绿体基因组呈典型的四分环状结构,总GC含量37.2%,长153959 bp,其中包含大单拷贝(LSC)区83844 bp、小单拷贝(SSC)区17083 bp和2个反向重复(IR)区26516 bp;共注释得到124个基因,包括79个蛋白质编码基因、37个tRNA和8个rRNA。(2)序列共鉴定到169个SSR位点,以A、T组成为主,包括129个单核苷酸、18个双核苷酸、11个三核苷酸、9个四核苷酸和2个五核苷酸,六核苷酸SSR未检测到;边界分析显示,茜草叶绿体基因组LSC区差异性最大,变异程度最高,而IRa区则差异性最小,最为保守。(3)最大似然法(ML)构建系统发育树显示,样品茜草与同属植物Rubia horrida以100%支持率聚为一类,茜草亚科、仙丹花亚科与金鸡纳亚科聚为姐妹类群,证明茜草科植物在进化过程中保守发育。

激动素对肾蕨切叶活性氧代谢及抗氧化系统的影响

以肾蕨为试材,采用瓶插的方式,研究了激动素(KT)溶液[5、7.5、10μmol·L^(-1)(KT5、KT7.5、KT10)]作为瓶插液对肾蕨切叶活性氧代谢及抗氧化系统的影响,以期阐明激动素延缓肾蕨切叶衰老的机理。结果表明:瓶插12 d后,与对照(去离子水瓶插)相比,KT10处理的切叶过氧化氢、超氧阴离子和丙二醛含量以及电导率均降低,分别降低了92.06%、20.72%、410.34%、104.40%,其次为KT7.5(-46.46%、-18.09%、-173.39%、-59.93%)和KT5(-23.69%、-13.40%、-63.58%、-37.39%),说明KT可以抑制活性氧的产生,维持细胞膜的完整性及稳定性。KT10瓶插提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)(19.32%)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)(86.36%)活性,其次为KT7.5,增加了13.37%和42.42%,KT5瓶插仅增加了7.76%和31.82%。同时,KT10处理还通过维持抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)(225%)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)(366.67%)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)(566.67%)活性来维持AsA-GSH循环的平衡,降低了总抗坏血酸(-442.12%)和总谷胱甘肽(-27.90%)含量,缓解了氧化损伤。KT7.5和KT5也在一定程度上维持AsA-GSH循环的平衡。总之,激动素能通过抑制活性氧含量、维持膜稳定性、激活抗氧化防御机制以及平衡AsA-GSH循环,有效延缓切叶的衰老,而抗衰老的效果为KT10>KT7.5>KT5。

Efficacy of Qiancao(Radix Rubiae Cordifoliae) and Haipiaoxiao(Endoconcha Sepiellae), a traditional Chinese herb pair, on abnormal uterine bleeding in rats with incomplete abortion

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the most effective weight ratio of Qiancao(Radix Rubiae Cordifoliae) and Haipiaoxiao(Endoconcha Sepiellae) used to produce decoction for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding(AUB) in rats with incomplete abortion, and to study the possible mechanism. METHODS: The models of AUB were established by incomplete drug abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol in pregnant rats. The therapeutic effects of decoctions made by eight different weight ratios of Qiancao(Radix Rubiae Cordifoliae) and Haipiaoxiao(Endoconcha Sepiellae) were observed. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that the most effective weight ratio of Qiancao(Radix Rubiae Cordifoliae) and Haipiaoxiao(Endoconcha Sepiellae) to treat AUB in this study was 2∶1. CONCLUSION: The insights gained from this study would improve understanding of the mechanisms involved in the effect of Qiancao(Radix Rubiae Cordifoliae) and Haipiaoxiao(Endoconcha Sepiellae) on AUB.

茜草多糖RPS—1、RPS—2和RPS—3组成研究

从茜草中分离得到三种多糖RPS—1、RPS—2和RPS—3,将水解后的多糖转化为糖腈乙酰酯衍生物,用气相色谱分析确定RPS—1、RPS—2和RPS—3的糖基的组成为鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖,摩尔比分别为鼠李糖:阿拉伯糖:木糖:甘露糖:葡萄糖:半乳糖=1.0:1.19:0.750.81:1.38:2.60;0.23:0.47:1.47:0.32:2.33:1.0和0.40:1.0:0.58:9.12:11.08:6.13。

中药茜草抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤不同药用部位精准研究

目的:研究和比较茜草根、茎、叶、花及果的抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤活性,明确茜草发挥特定药效的部位,为茜草资源合理应用提供科学依据。方法:采用HPLC法建立茜草根、茎、叶、花、果的指纹图谱;采用二苯代苦味酰基自由基(DPPH)、2,2-连氮(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6磺酸)二氨盐自由基(ABTS)法,以半数清除浓度(EC50)评价茜草各部位醇提物抗氧化活性;采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞建立炎症模型,以NO、IL-6炎性因子评价茜草各部位抗炎活性;采用噻唑蓝法(MTT),以抑制率评价茜草各部位醇提物对人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖的影响。结果:茜草各部位HPLC指纹图谱在色谱峰数量及相对峰面积方面存在较大差异,通过化学对照品比对出12种化学成分;茜草根醇提物对肝肿瘤细胞的抑制作用最显著,抗炎效果最好,茜草花醇提物抗氧化活性最高。结论:茜草不同部位化学成分群存在差异,差异的化学成分群是茜草不同部位抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤药效显著差异的重要因素,本实验为茜草各药用部位的进一步深入研究及临床合理应用提供参考。

中药茜草的研究进展

茜草科茜草属植物茜草(Rubiac cordi folia L.)具有重要的药用价值.该药用植物的研究近年来取得了广泛的进展,最新的研究发现茜草具有高效抑制人体表皮细胞异常增殖的作用,更是引起了人们广泛的关注.本文主要介绍了近年来从中药茜草中分离得到的新的醌类、环己肽类、烯萜类、多糖类等化合物以及该药物在抗银屑病、抗癌、抗氧化等方面的研究进展,为中药茜草进一步开展成分和药效研究提供参考.

茜草中萘酸酯类成分的研究

从茜草根中分离出四个萘酸甲酯化合物。经光谱分析及化学方法鉴定,化合物Ⅰ为一新成分,命名为茜草内酯(rubilactone,Ⅰ),化合物Ⅱ～Ⅳ分别为已知物3’-甲氧羰基-4’-羟基-萘骈[1’,2’-2,3]呋喃(furomollugin,Ⅱ),二氢大叶茜草素(dihydromollugin,Ⅲ),2-(3’-羟基)异戊基-3-甲氧羰基-1,4-萘氢醌-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙(Ⅳ)。其中Ⅱ系自茜草属中首次分得。

基于灰色关联分析的茜草醇提物抗氧化、抗肝癌谱效关系研究

目的研究茜草特征图谱与其抗氧化、抗肝癌的相关性,探讨茜草抗氧化及抗肝癌活性的物质基础。方法采用高效液相色谱法建立不同批次茜草的指纹图谱;采用ABTS法评价茜草提取物的抗氧化活性,MTT法检测茜草提取物对肝肿瘤细胞的影响;采用灰色关联度分析方法进行“谱-效”关联分析。结果建立茜草特征指纹图谱,标定了26个色谱峰;药效实验结果表明不同茜草样品抗氧化及抑制肝肿瘤细胞(HepG2)增殖活性存在差异;灰色关联分析结果表明7个色谱峰与抗氧化活性密切相关(γ>0.90),分别是1、5、6、9、23、24、26号色谱峰;9个色谱峰与抗肿瘤细胞活性密切相关(γ> 0.90),分别是1、3、6、14、15、18、19、23、24。通过与对照品比对,14、18、19、26号峰为新橙皮苷、山柰酚、茜草素及大叶茜草素。结论茜草抗氧化、抗肿瘤的药效是多种成分共同作用的结果,明确了茜草抗氧化活性与抗肝癌活性的物质基础,为开展以药效为导向的茜草药材质量评价研究提供科学依据。