Background：Algae are widely recognized for their high oil content and for exponentially accumulating biomass with particular potential to provide single cell protein for human consumption or animal feed.It is believe...Background：Algae are widely recognized for their high oil content and for exponentially accumulating biomass with particular potential to provide single cell protein for human consumption or animal feed.It is believed that along with biodiesel from algae,the high protein de-oiled algal residue may become an alternative feed supplement option in the future.This study was conducted to investigate de-oiled algal residue obtained from the common Chlorella species,Thalassiosira weissflogii,Selenarstrum capricornutum,Scenedesmus sp.,and Scenedesmus dimorphus for assessment as potential feed supplements for ruminants by comparing with soybean（Glycine max） meal and alfalfa（Medicago sativa） hay.Results：With the exception of T.weissflogii,algal residue had higher concentrations of Cu,Zn,and Mn and lower concentration of Ca,Mg,and K than soybean meal and alfalfa hay.The algal residue CP（crude protein）concentrations ranged from 140 to 445 g/kg DM and varied among the de-oiled residues.In vitro rumen fermentation gas accumulation curves indicated that algal biomass degradation potential was less than that of soybean meal or alfalfa hay by up to 41.7%.The gas production curve,interpreted with a dual pool logistic model,confirmed that the fraction sizes for fast fermenting and slow fermenting of de-oiled algal residues were smaller than those in soybean meal and alfalfa hay,and the fermenting rate of the fractions was also low.Conclusions：Inferior in vitro rumen gas accumulation from the five de-oiled algal residues suggests that these algal byproducts are less degradable in the rumen.展开更多
This study was to investigate growth performance,rumination development,rumen fermentation and feed digestion in young calves provided high volumes(about 20%of calf birth weight)of milk with or without forage inclusio...This study was to investigate growth performance,rumination development,rumen fermentation and feed digestion in young calves provided high volumes(about 20%of calf birth weight)of milk with or without forage inclusion and how these parameters correlate with each other.Immediately after birth,160 newborn Holstein female calves(41.6±4.2 kg of initial BW)were randomly divided into 2 treatments:1)starter(CON,only starter)and 2)starter and hay(HAY,both starter and hay).The calves were fed their respective experimental diets from d 4 to 84,after which they were all introduced to similar diets until the end of the experiment on d 196.Treatment had no effect on growth and structural measurements throughout the experimental period.However,treatment had an effect on the other parameters,mainly during the post-weaning period.Forage supplementation tended to reduce starter dry matter intake(P=0.05),while increasing the forage intake(P<0.01)and the feed-to-gain ratio(P<0.01).HAY calves had increased neutral detergent fiber(NDF)and physically effective NDF(peNDF)intakes(P<0.05)and tended to lower(P<0.01)starch intake compared to CON calves.The HAY calves had a higher rumination time(P<0.01),ruminal pH(P<0.01),and acetate-to-propionate ratio(P=0.05)compared to the CON calves.Spearman correlation analysis showed that rumination time was positively related to the ruminal p H at d 84(P=0.01)and 196(P=0.02).The HAY calves had similar apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter(DM),NDF and ether extract(EE),but lower digestibility of organic matter(OM,P=0.03),crude protein(CP,P<0.01)and starch(P<0.01)compared to those of the CON calves at week 12.Furthermore,there were no positive relationships between rumination time and nutrient digestibility or between rumination time per kilogram DM and nutrient digestibility.In conclusion,feeding hay to calves fed a high milk level improved rumination during the post-weaning period only,without a concomitant effect on growth performance throughout the experimental period,suggesting no detrimental effect of feeding forage in calves fed high milk level.展开更多
本试验旨在研究菌酶协同秸秆生物发酵饲料(FSF)的常规营养成分、氨基酸组成和含量及瘤胃降解率,为FSF在反刍动物中的科学、有效应用提供理论依据。试验选择6种饲料,分别为FSF、豆粕、苜蓿干草、喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、玉米秸秆。测定6种...本试验旨在研究菌酶协同秸秆生物发酵饲料(FSF)的常规营养成分、氨基酸组成和含量及瘤胃降解率,为FSF在反刍动物中的科学、有效应用提供理论依据。试验选择6种饲料,分别为FSF、豆粕、苜蓿干草、喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、玉米秸秆。测定6种饲料的霉菌毒素含量、常规营养成分含量、氨基酸组成和含量,同时利用尼龙袋法检测瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)FSF中黄曲霉毒素B_(1)(AFB_(1))和呕吐毒素(DON)含量显著高于豆粕、苜蓿干草和大豆皮(P<0.05)。2)FSF中干物质(DM)含量显著高于豆粕、苜蓿干草和喷浆玉米皮(P<0.05)。FSF中粗蛋白质(CP)含量显著低于豆粕(P<0.05),显著高于苜蓿干草、玉米秸秆和大豆皮(P<0.05)。FSF中酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量显著低于玉米秸秆和大豆皮(P<0.05),显著高于豆粕(P<0.05)。3)FSF中总氨基酸(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)和非必需氨基酸(NEAA)含量均显著低于豆粕(P<0.05),显著高于玉米秸秆和大豆皮(P<0.05)。4)FSF的48 h DM、NDF和ADF降解率显著低于豆粕(P<0.05),显著高于玉米秸杆(P<0.05)。FSF的48 h CP降解率显著高于玉米秸秆、大豆皮和喷浆玉米皮(P<0.05)。由此可见,FSF可以作为一种蛋白质含量较高、氨基酸组成合理及营养物质降解率较高的优质粗饲料。展开更多
The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of different weaning methods on the ruminal methanogenic archaea composition and diversity in Holstein calves.Thirty-six newborn Holstein bull calves were a...The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of different weaning methods on the ruminal methanogenic archaea composition and diversity in Holstein calves.Thirty-six newborn Holstein bull calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments:(1)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of solid feed(CWS);(2)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of liquid feed(CWL);(3)early weaning(d 42)and fed with a high proportion of solid feed(EWS).High-throughput sequencing of the methyl coenzyme M reductase(mcr A)gene,which encodes theα-subunit of methyl coenzyme M reductase-the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in methanogenesis was used to determine the composition and diversity of rumen methanogens.No significant difference(P>0.05)was observed for operational taxonomic units(OTUs)or richness indices,but diversity indices increased(P<0.05)for calves fed high dietary solids.Predominant families across the three treatments were Methanobacteriaceae,Thermoplasmataceae and Methanomassiliicoccaceae.Calves in the EWS treatment had a higher(P<0.05)relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4 and Methanosphaera stadtmanae,while calves in the CWL treatment had a higher(P<0.05)abundance of Methanosphaera sp.strain SM9.A positive(P<0.05)relationship was identified between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4.In conclusion,the composition and diversity of methanogens in the rumen of Holstein calves varied under the different weaning methods.This study identified a positive relationship between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4,potentially reflecting correlations between ruminal fermentation variables and methanogenesis function.These in-depth analyses provide further understanding of weaning methods for intensified production systems.展开更多
基金supported by Louisiana Board of Regents Research grant
文摘Background：Algae are widely recognized for their high oil content and for exponentially accumulating biomass with particular potential to provide single cell protein for human consumption or animal feed.It is believed that along with biodiesel from algae,the high protein de-oiled algal residue may become an alternative feed supplement option in the future.This study was conducted to investigate de-oiled algal residue obtained from the common Chlorella species,Thalassiosira weissflogii,Selenarstrum capricornutum,Scenedesmus sp.,and Scenedesmus dimorphus for assessment as potential feed supplements for ruminants by comparing with soybean（Glycine max） meal and alfalfa（Medicago sativa） hay.Results：With the exception of T.weissflogii,algal residue had higher concentrations of Cu,Zn,and Mn and lower concentration of Ca,Mg,and K than soybean meal and alfalfa hay.The algal residue CP（crude protein）concentrations ranged from 140 to 445 g/kg DM and varied among the de-oiled residues.In vitro rumen fermentation gas accumulation curves indicated that algal biomass degradation potential was less than that of soybean meal or alfalfa hay by up to 41.7%.The gas production curve,interpreted with a dual pool logistic model,confirmed that the fraction sizes for fast fermenting and slow fermenting of de-oiled algal residues were smaller than those in soybean meal and alfalfa hay,and the fermenting rate of the fractions was also low.Conclusions：Inferior in vitro rumen gas accumulation from the five de-oiled algal residues suggests that these algal byproducts are less degradable in the rumen.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32272902,32302772)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M732515)the Postdoctoral Foundation from the Department of Human Resources and Social Security of Sichuan(No.2322999007)
文摘This study was to investigate growth performance,rumination development,rumen fermentation and feed digestion in young calves provided high volumes(about 20%of calf birth weight)of milk with or without forage inclusion and how these parameters correlate with each other.Immediately after birth,160 newborn Holstein female calves(41.6±4.2 kg of initial BW)were randomly divided into 2 treatments:1)starter(CON,only starter)and 2)starter and hay(HAY,both starter and hay).The calves were fed their respective experimental diets from d 4 to 84,after which they were all introduced to similar diets until the end of the experiment on d 196.Treatment had no effect on growth and structural measurements throughout the experimental period.However,treatment had an effect on the other parameters,mainly during the post-weaning period.Forage supplementation tended to reduce starter dry matter intake(P=0.05),while increasing the forage intake(P<0.01)and the feed-to-gain ratio(P<0.01).HAY calves had increased neutral detergent fiber(NDF)and physically effective NDF(peNDF)intakes(P<0.05)and tended to lower(P<0.01)starch intake compared to CON calves.The HAY calves had a higher rumination time(P<0.01),ruminal pH(P<0.01),and acetate-to-propionate ratio(P=0.05)compared to the CON calves.Spearman correlation analysis showed that rumination time was positively related to the ruminal p H at d 84(P=0.01)and 196(P=0.02).The HAY calves had similar apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter(DM),NDF and ether extract(EE),but lower digestibility of organic matter(OM,P=0.03),crude protein(CP,P<0.01)and starch(P<0.01)compared to those of the CON calves at week 12.Furthermore,there were no positive relationships between rumination time and nutrient digestibility or between rumination time per kilogram DM and nutrient digestibility.In conclusion,feeding hay to calves fed a high milk level improved rumination during the post-weaning period only,without a concomitant effect on growth performance throughout the experimental period,suggesting no detrimental effect of feeding forage in calves fed high milk level.
文摘本试验旨在研究菌酶协同秸秆生物发酵饲料(FSF)的常规营养成分、氨基酸组成和含量及瘤胃降解率,为FSF在反刍动物中的科学、有效应用提供理论依据。试验选择6种饲料,分别为FSF、豆粕、苜蓿干草、喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、玉米秸秆。测定6种饲料的霉菌毒素含量、常规营养成分含量、氨基酸组成和含量,同时利用尼龙袋法检测瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)FSF中黄曲霉毒素B_(1)(AFB_(1))和呕吐毒素(DON)含量显著高于豆粕、苜蓿干草和大豆皮(P<0.05)。2)FSF中干物质(DM)含量显著高于豆粕、苜蓿干草和喷浆玉米皮(P<0.05)。FSF中粗蛋白质(CP)含量显著低于豆粕(P<0.05),显著高于苜蓿干草、玉米秸秆和大豆皮(P<0.05)。FSF中酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量显著低于玉米秸秆和大豆皮(P<0.05),显著高于豆粕(P<0.05)。3)FSF中总氨基酸(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)和非必需氨基酸(NEAA)含量均显著低于豆粕(P<0.05),显著高于玉米秸秆和大豆皮(P<0.05)。4)FSF的48 h DM、NDF和ADF降解率显著低于豆粕(P<0.05),显著高于玉米秸杆(P<0.05)。FSF的48 h CP降解率显著高于玉米秸秆、大豆皮和喷浆玉米皮(P<0.05)。由此可见,FSF可以作为一种蛋白质含量较高、氨基酸组成合理及营养物质降解率较高的优质粗饲料。
基金supported by the Key Program for International S&T Cooperation Projects of China(2016YFE0109000)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFF0211702)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41475126 and 31802085)the Young Scientist Lifting Project,China(2017–2019)
文摘The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of different weaning methods on the ruminal methanogenic archaea composition and diversity in Holstein calves.Thirty-six newborn Holstein bull calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments:(1)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of solid feed(CWS);(2)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of liquid feed(CWL);(3)early weaning(d 42)and fed with a high proportion of solid feed(EWS).High-throughput sequencing of the methyl coenzyme M reductase(mcr A)gene,which encodes theα-subunit of methyl coenzyme M reductase-the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in methanogenesis was used to determine the composition and diversity of rumen methanogens.No significant difference(P>0.05)was observed for operational taxonomic units(OTUs)or richness indices,but diversity indices increased(P<0.05)for calves fed high dietary solids.Predominant families across the three treatments were Methanobacteriaceae,Thermoplasmataceae and Methanomassiliicoccaceae.Calves in the EWS treatment had a higher(P<0.05)relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4 and Methanosphaera stadtmanae,while calves in the CWL treatment had a higher(P<0.05)abundance of Methanosphaera sp.strain SM9.A positive(P<0.05)relationship was identified between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4.In conclusion,the composition and diversity of methanogens in the rumen of Holstein calves varied under the different weaning methods.This study identified a positive relationship between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4,potentially reflecting correlations between ruminal fermentation variables and methanogenesis function.These in-depth analyses provide further understanding of weaning methods for intensified production systems.
