Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of <i>Rumex abyssinica</i>Jacq. (Polygonaceae) and <i>Mentha spicata</i>L. (Lamiaceae)

Rumex abyssinica Jacq. (Polygonaceae) is locally used in management of allergies and female reproductive healthcare;whereas Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) is used to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory distress, dandruff, halitosis and malaria in Uganda. Owing to the paucity of data on their safety profiles, this study evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxicities of 70% ethanolic leaf extracts of both plants in mice and Wistar albino rats. The oral acute toxicity of both plants was evaluated in Swiss mice of 7-8 weeks old (16-22 g) body weight and LD50 determined. Sub-acute toxicity was evaluated in Wistar albino rats (6 per group) at dose rates of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg for 28 days. The LD50 of R. abyssinica and M. spicata in mice was 7727 mg/kg and 13,606 mg/kg body weight, respectively. General signs of toxicity due to large doses of both plants extract included hyperurination, abdominal muscle twitches and convulsions. In the sub-acute toxicity test, rats treated with both extracts did not exhibit any clinical signs of toxicity;no mortality and changes in body weight were observed. R. abyssinica did not cause significant changes in haematological indices, except a significant increase in HCT (p 0.05). However, a dose dependant significant decrease in HCT (p 0.05) and a significant increase (p 0.05) in the levels of WBC, LMY and MCHC were observed in rats treated with M. spicata extract. Biochemical test showed that both extracts caused a significant dose dependent increase (p 0.05) in levels of ALT and ALP. Marked increase in the levels of AST was also observed in rats treated with M. spicata extract. Of the two extracts, only rats treated with </

A New Ceramide (Rumexamide) and Other Chemical Constituents from <i>Rumex abyssinicus</i>Jacq (Polygonaceae): Isolation, Characterization, Antibacterial Activities and Chemophenetic Significance

The chemical study of Rumex abyssinicus Jacp (Polygonaceae) led to the isolation of a new ceramide named (R)-2'-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R,16E)-1,3,4-trihydroxyhexacos-16-en-2-yl]hexadecanamide (rumexamide) (1) together with sixteen known compounds: bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (2), chrysophanol (3), physcion (4), citreorosein (5), emodin (6), chrysophanein (7), physcionin (8), lupeol (9), 3β,28-dihydroxylup-20(29)-ene (10), 3β-dihydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (11), oleanolic acid (12), ergosta-6,22-diene-3,5,8-triol (13), stigmastane-3,6-dione (14), a mixture of β-sitosterol (15) and stigmasterol (16), and stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucoside (17). Their structures were determined by interpretation of their spectroscopic 1D NMR (1H and 13C NMR), 2D NMR (COSY 1H-1H, HSQC and HMBC) data in conjunction with mass spectrometry (TOFESIMS and HR-TOFESIMS) and by comparison with those reported in the literature. Among all the known compounds, twelve (2, 5, 8-17) were firstly isolated from Rumex abyssinicus, seven (2, 10-14 and 17) from the genus Rumex and three (13, 14, 17) from family Polygonaceae. The in vitro antibacterial activities of extracts (MeOH, n-BuOH and EtOAc), as well as compounds 9, 11, 12, 15 + 16 and 17 against pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Shigella flexneri NR 518, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922), were performed using the broth microdilution method and the results show that, extracts were not active (MIC > 1000 μg/mL) while compounds were weakly or not active (MIC ≥ 500 μg/mL) against all bacteria strains. Furthermore, the chemophenetic relationships of the isolated compounds and their significances were discussed.

NaCl胁迫增强杂交酸模(Rumex K-1)幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ的耐热性

NaCl胁迫对杂交酸模幼苗光系统Ⅱ(PS Ⅱ)的最大光化学效率没有影响,但是增强了PS Ⅱ的耐热性。热胁迫条件下,与未经盐胁迫处理的叶片相比,经NaCl 200 mmol/L处理的杂交酸模幼苗叶片,其PS Ⅱ最大光化学效率下降较小,反映OEC受伤程度的指标Fk/Fj上升较小。此外,光化学猝灭系数(qp)、PS Ⅱ反应中心光能捕获效率(Fv’/Fm’)、PS Ⅱ光化学转换效率(ΦPS Ⅱ)的下降以及QB-非还原性反应PS Ⅱ反应中心的相对含量上升程度也较小。探讨了盐胁迫增强杂交酸模幼苗叶片PS Ⅱ耐热性的可能机理。

钙对NaCl胁迫下杂交酸模(Rumex K-1)幼苗叶片光抑制的减轻作用

一定浓度范围内的外源Ca2 + 能够减轻NaCl胁迫下杂交酸模 (RumexK 1)叶片的光抑制程度 ,其中浓度为 8mmol/L时效果最强。Ca2 + 增加NaCl胁迫下杂交酸模叶片光化学猝灭系数 (qP)、PSⅡ反应中心光能捕获效率 (Fv’/Fm’)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率 (ΦPSⅡ),降低QB 非还原性反应中心的相对含量。此外 ,Ca2 +还能降低NaCl胁迫下叶片的渗透势、增加可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸的含量 ,而对叶片水势无明显影响。探讨了Ca2 +

酸模乙醇粗提物对3种害虫的生物活性研究

本研究旨在探讨酸模乙醇提取物对3种常见害虫(绿豆象、米象、小菜蛾)的杀虫活性,以期为后续研究酸模的杀虫机制提供理论基础。实验采用不同浓度的酸模粗提物为测试药液,利用驱避法和拒食法对3种害虫进行实验。结果表明:酸模粗提物对绿豆象和米象的最佳驱避浓度分别为30 mg/mL和50 mg/mL;对小菜蛾2龄幼虫,30~80 mg/mL的浓度具有显著的拒食效果,拒食率可达到84%以上。因此,酸模粗提物有望作为一种有效的害虫驱避剂和拒食剂,值得进一步深入研究。

大黄属Rheum和酸模属Rumex的药用和开发

大黄属Ｒｈｅｕｍ和酸模属Ｒｕｍｅｘ的药用和开发沈世林张俊英李永升＊兰州医学院（７３００３０）大黄是临床上常用的中药，土大黄又是民间常用的草药，无论是种属间，还是化学成份以及应用等多方面，二者之间关系极为密切。因此，为了合理利用大黄属Ｒｈｅｕｍ和酸模属...

食叶草多酚超声提取工艺优化及抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的研究

该研究采用超声提取食叶草多酚,并研究其对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面试验优化得到超声提取食叶草多酚的最优条件为乙醇体积分数60%、超声功率250 W、提取时间31 min。在此条件下多酚得率为(12.55±0.26)%。食叶草多酚具有较高的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,IC50为1.73 mg/mL。研究结果可为食叶草多酚的提取及其功能开发提供参考。

小酸模入侵对人工草地植被、放牧黑山羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵参数以及血清指标的影响

试验旨在探究小酸模入侵对人工草地主要植被、放牧黑山羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵参数以及血清指标的影响。在贵州省威宁县选择4块小酸模入侵程度不同的人工草地,分析不同草地主要植被密度和高度;挑选体重(22.69±1.43)kg的黑山羊公羔羊120只,按完全随机区组设计将其分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只羊。各组黑山羊自然放牧3个月后,分析其瘤胃发酵参数和血清指标。结果显示:随着人工草地小酸模密度的增加,鸭茅和白三叶的密度和高度逐渐降低。试验Ⅱ组自然放牧黑山羊的平均日增重显著高于Ⅳ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅳ组黑山羊瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸的含量显著低于试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组黑山羊瘤胃的丁酸含量最高,乙酸、丙酸含量低于其他3组。试验Ⅳ组黑山羊血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)含量最高,生长激素(GH)含量最低。试验Ⅳ组黑山羊血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著低于其他试验组(P<0.05),肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量高于其他3组。试验Ⅰ组黑山羊血清的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著低于其他3组(P<0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。研究表明,当小酸模密度达到560株/m^(2)时,降低了放牧黑山羊瘤胃发酵功能、免疫力及生长性能。

不同立地条件对食叶草智能日光温室穴盘育苗生长发育规律的影响

采用食叶草智能日光温室穴盘育苗的试验方法,分析了食叶草苗期的生长特性及立地条件对苗木生长的影响。结果表明,出苗率平均值为95.14±4.86%;立地条件对食叶草的出苗率、株高、最大叶长和最大叶宽的生长有显著影响,立地条件较好的穴盘,生长较快;食叶草日光温室穴盘育苗的苗高、最大叶长、最大叶宽与育苗时间的拟合发现存在一定的关系,相关性较好;苗高、最大叶长和最大叶宽在育苗初期与立地条件呈极显著的负相关,苗高在育苗的中后期与立地条件相关性不显著,最大叶长和最大叶宽在育苗后期与立地条件相关性不显著。因此,可在育苗的前期和中期交换穴盘位置,确保幼苗长势均匀。

土大黄提取物对银屑病小鼠P物质及其神经肽受体-1表达的影响

目的:经土大黄干预,探讨P物质(SP)及其神经激肽-1受体(NK-1R)在银屑病皮肤组织中的表达及意义。方法:收集对照组,银屑病模型组,甲氨蝶呤片组(1.3 mg/kg),阿瑞匹坦胶囊组(5 mg/kg),土大黄组(1、2、4 g/kg)小鼠皮肤、血液标本,经苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,观察银屑病小鼠皮肤组织病理学变化;采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)技术,检测银屑病小鼠皮肤SP、NK-1R mRNA表达;采用酶联免疫吸附测定、蛋白免疫印迹技术,检测银屑病小鼠血液SP、皮肤、NK-1R蛋白表达;随后分析SP、NK-1R表达水平与银屑病的关系。结果:与银屑病模型组比较,所有药物干预组均能改善银屑病小鼠皮肤组织病理学变化;同时,小鼠皮肤SP、NK-1RmRNA表达,血清SP、皮肤NK-1R蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。与阳性对照药甲氨蝶呤片组、阿瑞匹坦胶囊组比较,1 g/kg大黄组小鼠皮肤组织NK-1R蛋白表达升高(P<0.05)。与土大黄组(1 g/kg)比较,土大黄组(2、4 g/kg)小鼠皮肤组织NK-1R蛋白表达均降低,其中土大黄组(2 g/kg)(P>0.05)、土大黄组(4 g/kg)(P<0.05)。结论:土大黄可能通过降低焦虑相关神经递质SP及其NK-1R受体基因、蛋白表达,从而改善小鼠银屑病样皮损,其作用不亚于阳性对照药甲氨蝶呤片、阿瑞匹坦胶囊。

土大黄提取物对人永生化表皮角质形成细胞(HaCaT)增殖的影响

目的土大黄根醇提物化学组分分析及其对人永生化表皮角质形成细胞(HaCaT细胞)增值的影响。方法利用D101大孔树脂、HPLC对土大黄根70%乙醇提取物(原粗提取物)进行分离纯化、主要化学组分分析,同时观察对HaCaT细胞增殖的作用。结果通过D101大孔树脂处理得到了30%、50%、70%、90%乙醇洗脱部位的出膏率分别为5.4%、14.8%、11%、0.72%。HPLC检测得知,30%洗脱部位占0.151%,成分为大黄素;50%洗脱部位占1.952%,成分为芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄素甲醚;70%洗脱部位占21.409%,成分为芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄素甲醚;90%洗脱部位占1.927%,成分为大黄酸、大黄素、大黄素甲醚;土大黄根70%乙醇提取物(原粗提取物)占1.591%,成分为芦荟大黄素和大黄酸;对HaCaT细胞增殖的抑制作用由强到弱依次为90%乙醇洗脱部位、70%乙醇洗脱部位、50%乙醇洗脱部位、70%乙醇提取物(原粗提取物)、30%乙醇洗脱部位,抑制率分别为17.55%、16.66%、10.99%、10.25%和7.86%。结论土大黄根醇提物70%乙醇洗脱部位是最佳富集部位(21.409%)、也是最佳洗脱部位。土大黄根70%乙醇提取物(原粗提取物)及其不同洗脱部位均对HaCaT细胞增殖具有一定的抑制作用,其作用可能与土大黄所含的蒽醌类成分有关,提示土大黄具有治疗银屑病的作用。

Molluscicidal Activity of Nerium indicum Mill,Pterocarya stenoptera DC,and Rumex japonicum Houtt on Oncomelania hupensis

Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal activities of three Chinese plants N. indicum Mill, P. stenoptera DC, and R. japonicum Houtt, and to clarify the molluscicidal mechanism. Methods N-butanol extracts and water extracts of the three plants were obtained. The reactions of EST isozyme, glycogen and total protein of snails to the plant extracts were studied. Results EST electrophoresis showed that EST was an important antidotal enzyme system and reacted strongly to environment EST changed greatly during the whole exposure period so that it could be viewed as a pathological index of toxicity. Extracts decreased the glycogen content of the snails＇ soft tissues greatly, and also the protein content. ConcIusion All extracts show strong molluscicidal activity. The LD50 value of the water extract of N. indicum Mill is as low as 13.2 mg/L. EST can be viewed as a pathological index of toxicity. The energy metabolism abnormity is the key reason fnr the molluscicidal activities. The biochemical mechanism needs further research.

土壤重金属镉、铅及其复合污染对羊蹄(Rumex ja-ponicus Houtt)生长及其抗性生理指标的影响

为探究重金属Cd、Pb及其复合污染对植物的生长及生理的影响,选用乐安河湿地优势乡土植物羊蹄(Rumex japonicus Houtt),采用室内土培盆栽实验,分别设置不同的Cd、Pb单因素及其双因素复合污染水平,研究羊蹄的生物量、株高等生长指标及植物组织中丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖等抗性生理指标的变化特性。结果表明:随着Cd、Pb污染胁迫浓度的增加以及胁迫时间的延长,羊蹄的生物量及株高均受到显著(P<0.05)抑制,且Cd+Pb双因素复合污染胁迫的抑制作用大于单因素Pb或Cd的污染胁迫;羊蹄植物组织中的MDA含量及可溶性糖含量随Cd、Pb污染胁迫强度的增加及胁迫时间的延长显著增加(P<0.05);在盆栽土壤中单因素Cd或Pb的高浓度胁迫下,羊蹄的自我调控能力显著增强(P<0.05),MDA含量下降。不同污染水平的单因素Cd、Pb及Cd+Pb双因素复合污染胁迫对羊蹄可溶性糖含量的影响均存在显著性(P<0.05)差异。

Inhibitory activities of extracts of Rumex dentatus, Commelina benghalensis, Ajuga bracteosa, Ziziphus mauritiana as well as their compounds of gallic acid and emodin against dengue virus

Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effects against dengue virus serotype 2(DENV-2) by five different fractions(extracted by methanol, ethanol, benzene, chloroform and n-hexane) of Rumex dentatus, Commelina benghalensis, Ajuga bracteosa and Ziziphus mauritiana, as well as their constituents(gallic acid, emodin, and isovanillic acid). Methods: All the samples were tested for cytotoxicity on baby hamster kidney cells by MTT assay and for anti-DENV-2 activity by plaque reduction neutralization assay using two DENV-2 doses(45 and 90 plaqueforming units or PFU). Results: All the samples except isovanillic acid exhibited significant prophylactic effects against DENV-2 infectivity(without cytotoxicity) when administered to cells before infection, but were not effective when given 6 h post-infection. The methanol extract of Rumex dentatus demonstrated the highest antiviral efficacy by inhibiting DENV-2 replication, with IC_(50) of 0.154 μg/mL and 0.234 μg/mL, when added before infection with 45 and 90 PFU of virus, respectively. Gallic acid also exhibited significant antiviral effects by prophylactic treatment prior to virus adsorption on cells, with IC_(50) of 0.191 μg/mL and 0.522 μg/mL at 45 and 90 PFU of DENV-2 infection, respectively. Conclusions: The highly potent activities of the extracts and constituent compounds of these plants against DENV-2 infectivity highlight their potential as targets for further research to identify novel antiviral agents against dengue.

含Rumex K-1草粉、苜蓿草粉、Rumex K-1草粉+石粉三种日粮对家兔生长消化影响的比较

将18只家兔分成三组,A组家兔饲喂40％苜蓿草粉配制的免用颗粒饲料,B组饲喂40％Rumex k-1草粉配制的颗粒日粮,C组饲喂在B组日粮基础上添加3.3％石粉的日粮,以比较Rumex K-I草粉和苜蓿草粉的营养价值和添加石粉对提高Rumex K-1草粉营养价值的作用。结果表明:A、B、C组家兔对3种日粮的采食量分别为159.81±6.08,128.96±8.96和151.11±11.56 g/免/d,各组平均日增重分别为32.61±1.63,30.61±1.98和35.58±4.22g/免/d,有机物消化率(％)分别为59.50±1.12,70.85±1.97和69.06±2.02,粗蛋白消化率(％)分别为68.30±2.81,74.46±2.50和73.33±3.40。与苜蓿草粉日粮比,家免对含Rumex K-1日粮采食量低19.3％(P<0.01),体增重减慢6.5％(P>0.05),而有机物和粗蛋白消化率却分别提高19％(P<0.01)和9.6％(P<0.01)。表明家兔对Rumex K-1草粉日粮具有良好的消化性,但适口性较差,从而影响动物的生长性能。往Rumex K-1日粮中添加石粉,可使家免的采食量增加17.2％(P<0.01),日增重提高16.2％(P<0.05),是提高采食量、从而改善家兔营养的有效办法,可以消除饲喂Rumex K-1草粉时的不良作用。

Phytochemical and antioxidant activities of Rumex crispus L. in treatment of gastrointestinal helminths in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activities and phytochemical content of the leaf and root extracts of Rumex crispus using the solvents extraction; methanol extract,ethanol extract, acetone extract(ACE), and water extract.Methods: Total flavonoids content, total phenolic content, and total proanthocyanidin were evaluated using spectrophotometric equivalents of the standards, quercetin, gallic acid and catechin respectively. The antioxidant activities of the plant extracts were determined using ABTS, DPPH, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide scavenging assays.Results: The flavonoids and phenols contents of the extracts were in the range of(19.39 ± 4.08) to(526.23 ± 17.52) mg QE/g and(16.95 ± 12.03) to(240.68 ± 3.50) mg GAE/g, respectively. ACE of the leaf has the highest value of total flavonoids content(526.23 ± 17.52) mg QE/g while ACE of the root has the highest value of total phenolic content(240.68 ± 3.50) mg GAE/g. The highest content of total proanthocyanidin(645.38 ± 1.33) mg CE/g was in ACE of the root. Significant amounts of saponin and alkaloid were also present in the root and leaf extracts. All solvent fractions showed significant antioxidant activities(P < 0.05) with ACE of the root having the highest scavenging value as shown in DPPH, ABTS, total antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide and ferric reducing antioxidant power(IC50= 0.014 mg/m L, <0.005 mg/m L, 0.048 mg/m L,0.067 mg/m L, and 0.075 mg/m L, respectively).Conclusions: In this study, the mean phytochemical content of the root of Rumex crispus is higher than that of the leaf and this may have contributed to its high antioxidant activities. This may also justify the frequent use of the root more than the leaves in traditional medicine for the cure of helminthic infections.

A critical review on Nepal Dock(Rumex nepalensis):A tropical herb with immense medicinal importance

Rumex nepalensis Spreng.(Polygonaceae) commonly known as Nepal Dock has wide-spectrum therapeutic potencies and is extensively used for centuries in traditional medicine systems. The leaves of this plant are edible and a rich source of natural antioxidants. They act as a possible food supplement and are largely used in pharmaceutical industry. Extracts and metabolites from this plant exhibits pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, purgative, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-algal, central nervous system depressant, genotoxic, wound healing and skeletal muscle relaxant activity. Due to its remarkable biological activities, it has the potential to act as a rich source of drug against life threatening diseases. However, more studies are needed to scientifically validate the traditional uses of this plant, beside isolating and identifying their active principles and characterizing the mechanisms of action. We present herein a critical account of its botany, ecology, traditional uses, phytoconstituent profile and major pharmacological activities reported in recent years and therefore will provide a source of information on this plant for further studies.

Two new C-glucoside oxanthrones from Rumex gmelini

Two new C-glucoside oxanthrones, 6-methoxyl-10-hydroxyaloin A （1） and 6-methoxyl-10-hydroxyaloin B （2）, were isolated from the roots of Rumex gmelini Turcz. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic techniques and chemical means C 2009 Zhen Yue Wang. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All fights reserved.

The genus Rumex(Polygonaceae):an ethnobotanical,phytochemical and pharmacological review

Rumex L.,a genus in Polygonaceae family with about 200 species,is growing widely around the world.Some Rumex species,called"sorrel"or"dock",have been used as food application and treatment of skin diseases and hemostasis after trauma by the local people of its growing areas for centuries.To date,29 Rumex species have been studied to contain about 268 substances,including anthraquinones,flavonoids,naphthalenes,stilbenes,diterpene alkaloids,terpenes,lignans,and tannins.Crude extract of Rumex spp.and the pure isolates displayed various bioactivities,such as antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,antitumor,antioxidant,cardiovascular protection and antiaging activities.Rumex species have important potential to become a clinical medicinal source in future.This review covers research articles from 1900 to 2022,fetched from SciFinder,Web of Science,ResearchGate,CNKI and Google Scholar,using“Rumex”as a search term("all fields")with no specific time frame set for the search.Thirty-five Rumex species were selected and summarized on their geographical distribution,edible parts,traditional uses,chemical research and pharmacological properties.

Antioxidant potential of Rumex vesicarius L.:in vitro approach

Objective:To assess in-vitro antioxidant activity of different fraction and perform high performance thin layer chromatography fingerprint analysis of most active fraction of Rumex vesicarius L.(R.vesicarius).Methods:In the present study,acetone,ethyl acetate,n-butanol,and methanol extracts of R.vesicarius were evaluated for radical scavenging activity by studying the inhibition of the level of lipid peroxidation induced by Fe(++)/ascorbate,DNA sugar damage,scavenging of hydrogen peroxide,diphenylphosphine DPPH radical scavenging activity,total phenolic content,total flavonoids content and total proanthocyanidin.High performance thin layer chromatography finger print profiling of R.vesicarius L.was also done.Results:Lipid peroxidation induced by the iron/ascorbate system,hydrogen peroxide,diphenylphosphine and DNA sugar damage were inhibited by the addition of different extract of R.vesicarius.Among them,methanolic extract showed maximum efficacy.The methanolic extract showed the highest total phenolic,total flavonoids and total proanthocyanidin contents.Conclusions:The results suggest that the extracts can be a vital source of phytochemical antioxidants.