Poverty alleviation through e-commerce:Village involvement and demonstration policies in rural China

The diffusion of e-commerce has played a significant role in recent rural economic development in China.E-commerce is also considered as an efficient channel to alleviate poverty in rural China.Voluminous studies have investigated the contribution of e-commerce to agricultural development,yet it is lacking empirical evidence as to the effects of e-commerce on rural poverty alleviation.Since the year of 2014,in order to develop rural e-commerce,Chinese government launched the National Rural E-commerce Comprehensive Demonstration Project.This gradual involvement policy offered a natural experiment for evaluation of e-commerce.Based on village-level survey data from rural China and Heckit method,our study finds that rural e-commerce has a significantly positive effect on rural income.Moreover,the effect is inverted U-shaped for the relative-poverty villages.The estimation of the propensity scores matching model confirms that the results are robust.The following policy recommendations are proposed:(1)policy support to rural e-commerce should prioritize the povertystricken villages.By doing so,the marginal income effects of e-commerce will be maximized.(2)Investment in internet infrastructure and establishment of human resources for e-commerce in rural areas will have spillover effects,increasing rural income through the"digital dividend".

How Does E-Commerce Policy Affect Consumption Disparities of Rural Households?-Evidence from China

In the context of China’s ongoing efforts to promote countryside revitalization and facilitate domestic economic circulation,it is of great significance to reduce the consumption disparity among rural households and unleash the consumption potential in the countryside.Based on data from China Family Panel Studies,this paper adopts a staggered difference-in-differences method to assess the impact of the e-commerce to enter rural areas on the consumption disparity among rural households.Findings:the comprehensive demonstration work of promoting e-commerce to enter rural areas has reduced the consumption disparity among rural households through the following mechanisms.Firstly,this policy initiative has mitigated the consumption-inhibiting effect on rural household consumption due to the local market size and external market accessibility by promoting the distribution of consumer goods to villages.Secondly,this policy initiative has also increased the agricultural income of rural households and reduced their consumption disparity by distributing farm produce to cities and enhancing the agricultural income of rural households.Moreover,the work is characterized by inclusive growth and is not susceptible to the“elite capture”phenomenon.

Analysis of the Current Situation, Influential Factors, and Countermeasures of Rural E-commerce Development

The development of rural e-commerce is becoming an important driver for the transformation of China’s rural economy,and with the rapid development of information technology and the upgrading of the agricultural industry,rural e-commerce is showing a vigorous momentum of development.Traditionally,agricultural products are mainly sold through traditional farmers’markets,which are subjected to geography and channel limitations,resulting in inefficient circulation of agricultural products.This paper analyzes the definition,the status quo,as well as the influencing factors of rural e-commerce development.On this basis,countermeasures for the advancement of rural e-commerce development are put forward.

Rural E-commerce and New Model of Rural Development in China:A Comparative Study of "Taobao Village" in Jiangsu Province

With the development of electronic commerce,there is a special phenomenon in rural areas of China that a lot of farmers in these areas depend on opening shops on Taobao online for a living. The products are made from the village workshop,and farmers become fullyfledged network businessmen. Electronic business platform mode of " Taobao Village" is the result of integrated development of primary,secondary and tertiary industries. In this study,we take two kinds of typical Taobao villages( Dongfeng Village and Yanxia Village) as sample areas,and conduct comparative analysis of this new rural business model based on field survey data,case studies and theoretical research. We also probe into the problems in the development of Taobao villages,and set forth the recommendations for the new rural business model.

E-commerce development in rural and remote areas of BRICS countries

E-commerce plays an essential role in modern trade today.It is expected that e-commerce volume amounted to 29 trillion USD in the world in 2017,and would grow with the spread of the Internet and information and communication technologies(ICTs).Brazil,Russia,India,China and South Africa(BRICS),together with many others,consider e-commerce a means to facilitate rapid,inclusive and sustainable economic growth,improving the living standards and alleviating poverty.This article examines areas for potential cooperation by BRICS countries in e-commerce development across rural and remote areas to fight poverty.It analyses the current state of e-commerce development in rural and remote areas in each of the BRICS countries,including cases of public and private initiatives to support it.The article also defines the opportunities which e-commerce brings to people living in rural and remote areas.Moreover,it evaluates the existing challenges and risks.The article concludes that despite the rapid e-commerce development in BRICS countries,and significant opportunities created,there are still issues of disproportionate e-commerce in varied regions and the lack of BRICS cooperation in this sphere.Based on a comparative and normative in-depth,systematic analysis,the article develops a set of recommendations for deepening BRICS countries'cooperation in the following areas:infrastructure in rural and remote regions;education;consumer protection;online dispute resolution;coordinated policy in the international scene,including representation of BRICS countries in international indexes,such as the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index(STRI).

Development of Rural E-commerce from the Perspective of Agricultural New Kinetic Energy Cultivation:Based on Survey on the "E-commerce Entering Villages and Households" Project of Jurong City

Taking the implementation of the"e-commerce entering villages and households"project in Jurong City as an example,a survey plan is formulated,and questionnaires are designed.Through questionnaires,a large number of agricultural households are visited,and the data are collected and collated;and using interviews and field trips,the help of e-commerce for agricultural products sales is understood.Then,the analysis on the entire survey is summarized.Finally,the survey is researched,and it is found that the current rural e-commerce lacks professional talents and the product distribution system is not perfect.For existing problems,corresponding solutions are put forward.

Analysis of Consumer Appraisal of China’s Rural Specialty E-Commerce under Data Mining Method

In the research, the crawler technology was used to evaluate the Taobao silkie, and product evaluation data is the case object. After word segmentation, naive Bayesian, K-means, and TF-IDF related algorithms were used to complete word frequency statistics, sentiment analysis, and cluster analysis. It was found that the quality of rural specialty products was more recognized by e-commerce customers, but its overall emotional score was slightly lower than that of non-origin products. After summing up the drawbacks of the former, targeted countermeasures and suggestions were proposed.

Current Situation of E-commerce Entering Rural Areas in Datong County of Qinghai Province

Datong County has been developed for nearly 5 years since it was selected as a comprehensive demonstration county of e-commerce entering rural areas in 2017.In this context,this paper analyzes the development status of e-commerce in rural areas of Datong County,and provides feasible suggestions for the development of e-commerce entering rural areas in demonstration counties.

Research on European rural vitalization policies

Since the 19 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,rural vitalization has attracted more and more attention in China.Compared with China,European countries have already experienced the by-product of rural development bottleneck brought by urbanization.Population loss,imbalance of industrial structure and destruction of rural ecological environment are the main reasons to limit the sustainable development of rural areas.This paper explores the rural vitalization policies of developed countries in Europe,summarizes the relevant rural policies of the European Union in recent years,analyzes typical rural vitalization cases in Europe,and tries to provide references and guidance for rural vitalization in China.

Present Situation and Problems of Application of New Media in Rural E-commerce : A Case Study of Anhui Province

The application of new media technology in rural areas of China provides more convenient conditions for agricultural products publicity,transaction information dissemination and user feedback.In particular,e-commerce platform based on Internet technology provides more convenient sales channels for characteristic agricultural products.Through the research on the application of new media technology in rural areas of Anhui Province,this paper explores the actual effect of new media technology on the development of rural e-commerce.The questionnaire survey is used to understand the development status of new media in rural areas of China.They are:the development of"Internet government affairs"has begun to take shape;the official account of WeChat has shortened the time and space between the production and consumption of agricultural products.Live interaction gives full play to the powerful role of fan economy;digital media has not been widely used.Through the form of on-the-spot visits,this paper expounds the application effect of new media in the agricultural field of Anhui Province from three perspectives of the government,agricultural enterprises and farmers.It analyzes the problems existing in the application of new media in rural e-commerce in Anhui Province.They are:the new media market is still full of problems;The infrastructure construction of rural e-commerce is relatively poor;Farmers lack the guidance of professional talents;farmers' acceptance and learning ability is poor.The paper puts forward suggestions for the development status and problems of new media in rural areas of Anhui Province.They are:the provincial government should continue to promote the new media market order;all e-commerce enterprises should actively undertake social responsibility;rural e-commerce entrepreneurs should actively promote professional operation;farmers should actively change their views on new media.

Research on the Development of Rural E-commerce in China

At present,rural e-commerce is characterized by obvious improvement in market prospect,development scale and development momentum,but there are also some problems,such as farmers’low acceptance of e-commerce,lack of promotion and training of rural e-commerce,and lack of rural e-commerce talents.Based on these problems,the government needs to increase financial support for rural e-commerce,improve the distribution logistics system,and strengthen the training of rural e-commerce personnel to promote the sustainable development of rural e-commerce.

Guizhou Signs Strategic Contract with Jingdong to Promote Rural E-commerce

On September 20,the Network+ rural innovation summit that highlights the number of Jingdong online stores surpassing 1,000 was held in Zunyi County.At the summit Jingdong Group and Guizhou Provincial Commercial Department signed a joint strategic contract to promote rural e-commerce.Both sides will make best use of '3F strategy' of Jindong rural e-commerce and the advantages of Guizhou Province,to launch a batch of rural e-commerce projects of the people and for the people,to help local rural residents gain wealth and promote the restructuring of the rural economy.

Evaluation of E-commerce Poverty Alleviation Effect in the Context of Rural Revitalization Strategy

The industrial prosperity proposed in the overall requirement of rural revitalization strategy in the Report of the 19th National Congress is the cornerstone of rural development. E-commerce poverty alleviation is an effective way of poverty alleviation in recent years. This paper mainly explored the factors influencing the rural e-commerce poverty alleviation and the evaluation of poverty alleviation effects,in order to come up with countermeasures and recommendations to provide assistance and guidance for the use of e-commerce to achieve poverty alleviation and accordingly to revitalize the rural industry. Firstly,using the literature research method,it proposed four level Ⅰ indicators influencing the e-commerce poverty alleviation,and designed a detailed level Ⅱ indicator system under each dimension. Then,the questionnaire survey method was employed to collect data for SPSS analysis to verify whether the designed indicator system is correct. Finally,it analyzed the problem of the current stage of e-commerce poverty alleviation by means of the quadrifid graph,and came up with corresponding countermeasures on the basis of the four key levek I factors.

Utility Analysis on Supply of Rural Public Policies in North Bay Economic Zone

From analysis on internal and external motive forces of development in North Bay Economic Zone, it indicates that public policies, as basic methods of government intervening against social and economic activities, are fundamental public goods produced by government. Effective supply of public policies brings rural economic growth, environmental protection and sustainable development, which greatly stimulates rural consumption, expands domestic demand and spurs economic growth, showing significant "multiplier effect". In this situation, this paper studies conditions for rural economic development and social transformation of the North Bay Economic Zone. Results show that social and economic development of rural areas of the North Bay Economic Zone needs scientific, reasonable and effective "public policies".

Policy Synergy Research on the Development of Crossborder E-Commerce in China

The deve lopment of c ros s-borde r e-commerce cannot be separated from the support of policy,and policy formulation must conform to the law of cross-border e-commerce development,which needs to understand the theory of cross-border e-commerce development,clarify the factors and mechanisms affecting the development of cross-border e-commerce,on this basis,the policy formulated can have synergies,but also for the development of e-commerce to play a better role.On the basis of theoretical discussion,this paper puts forward the problem of the synergy of policy formulation.

Satisfaction of targeted poverty alleviation policies and its influencing factors based on farmers' perspective:Questionnaire survey and research on 1720 farmers in Shaanxi Province of China

Based on the first-hand data of the household survey of targeted poverty alleviation policies,five dimensions were analyzed from the residential regions,the individual characteristics,the household income characteristics,the poverty status and the farmers' relevancy to poverty alleviation policies.Through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis,the satisfaction of targeted poverty alleviation policies and its influencing factors have been inspected.It is found that the farmers,on the whole,are satisfied with the targeted poverty alleviation policies.Their satisfaction for the implementation of local poverty alleviation policies is in a moderate high level,however at the same time they expect the policies to be improved.The impoverished farmers in southern Shaanxi have higher satisfaction towards the poverty alleviation policies.Those farmers' awareness,participation,and benefit are positively related to the level of satisfaction towards policies.The implementation of the poverty alleviation from the government is not only favorable for its people,but also the country.It can greatly enhance the recognition of the government's legitimacy and local government's credibility.To formulate and implement the targeted alleviation policies,the relationship between farmers,especially impoverished farmers,and such policies should be taken into consideration.The starting point and judging criteria of poverty alleviation job should be based on questions whether the farmers know,need,and have the willing to participate in and satisfy with the policies.Those farmers' right to know,participate,benefit and judge should be protected,and it will continuously promote the efficiency of implementing poverty alleviation.

Charting Roadmap for Rural Revitalisation

China unveiled its“No.1 central document”for 2024 on 3 February,outlining the priorities for comprehensively promoting rural revitalisation this year.The document encompasses six parts,including ensuring national food security,forestalling any large-scale relapse into poverty,improving rural industries’development,strengthening rural construction,enhancing rural governance,and strengthening the leadership of the Communist Party of China on work regarding agriculture,rural areas,and farmers.As the first policy statement released by China’s central authorities each year,the document is seen as an indicator of policy priorities.

中国数字乡村政策关注度识别——基于“工具-场景”二维框架的文本分析

数字乡村是促进乡村振兴和农业农村现代化的关键战略方向。中国数字乡村政策注意力分配存在差异。政府偏好使用供给型工具,环境型工具次之,需求型工具应用最少。政策工具内部结构也存在“冷热不均”,对不同场景数字化建设均有所关注,较多政策指向乡村数字经济,对乡村网络文化和智慧绿色乡村关注度较低。在“工具—场景”交叉维度视角下,政府在使用较多供给型工具的前提下,更侧重运用需求型工具推进乡村数字经济和信息惠民服务建设,通过环境型工具推动乡村数字治理、乡村网络文化及智慧绿色乡村建设,但整体均呈供给型工具过多、环境型和需求型工具不足现象。未来应优化政策工具使用结构,平衡数字应用场景政策关注,提升“工具—场景”适配度。

社会网络分析视角下的中国数字乡村建设政策演化特征与发展趋势分析

聚焦于121份关于中国数字乡村建设的政策文件,通过构建“目标—主体—工具”分析框架,运用社会网络分析的相关技术与方法,深入探讨中国数字乡村建设政策的演化特征及其发展趋势。研究结果显示:首先,数字乡村建设的政策目标呈现出明显的多元化特征,逐步涵盖数字乡村建设的基础设施、经济、生活和治理各维度,但总体焦点仍然明显集中于数字基础设施的建设;其次,数字乡村建设政策的联合发文趋势日益增强,政策制定和执行层面的协作正在逐步提升,但合作网络的结构依然显得松散与扁平化,各主体之间的合作关系较为疏远,核心主体的作用未能充分发挥;最后,数字乡村建设政策工具的种类与数量均不断完善,但整体结构仍显得不够合理,与既定政策目标的适配程度较低。基于以上分析,本研究为进一步完善中国数字乡村建设政策提出一系列针对性的对策建议,旨在促进数字乡村建设的可持续发展。

Health Disparities among the Western, Central and Eastern Rural Regions of China after a Decade of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Programming

Summary： Health disparities between the western, central and eastern regions of rural China, and the impact of national health improvement policies and programming were assessed. A total of 400 counties were randomly sampled. ANOVA and Logistic regression modeling were employed to estimate differ- ences in health outcomes and determinants. Significant differences were found between the western, central and eastern rural regions in community infrastructure and health outcomes. From 2000 to 2010, health indicators in rural China were improved significantly, and the infant mortality rate （IMR）, mater- nal mortality rate （MMR） and under 5 mortality rate （U5MR） had fallen by 62.79%, 71.74% and 61.92%, respectively. Central rural China had the greatest decrease in IMR （65.05%）; whereas, western rural China had the greatest reduction in MMR （72.99%） but smallest reduction in U5MR （57.36%）. Despite these improvements, Logistic regression analysis showed regional differences in key health outcome indicators （odds ratios）： IMR （central： 2.13; western： 5.31）, U5MR （central： 2.25; western： 5.69）, MMR （central： 1.94; western： 3.31）, and prevalence of infectious diseases （central： 1.62; western： 3.58）. The community infrastructure and health outcomes of the western and central rural regions of China have been improved markedly during the first decade of the 21st century. However, health dis- parities still exist across the three regions. National efforts to increase per capita income, community empowerment and mobilization, community infrastructure, capacity of rural health facilities, and health literacy would be effective policy options to attain health equity.