Employment and development levels in rural areas of the Russian Federation

The development of agro-industrial complex is important for ensuring national food security and national health.The development of rural areas is subject to the development of agriculture and local infrastructure,as well as the availability of various services.This study selected 15 indicators in 2021 to analyze the employment and development levels in rural areas of 71 regions of the Russian Federation using the analytical grouping method.The results indicated that 20 regions(Group 1)had the highest percentage of rural population(33.10%).The percentage of population engaged in agriculture had the highest value(12.40%)in 31 regions(Group 2).Moreover,20 regions(Group 3)had the highest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget(11.80 USD/person).Increasing the investments in fixed assets carried out from the budget of the municipality can improve the employment level in rural areas.Then,we used cluster analysis to divide 14 regions of the Volga Federal District in the Russian Federation into 3 clusters.Cluster 1 covered Kirov Region and Republic of Mari El;Cluster 2 included Ulyanovsk Region,Saratov Region,Nizhny Novgorod Region,Perm Territory,Orenburg Region,Chuvash Region,and Republic of Mordovia;and Cluster 3 contained Republic of Tatarstan,Samara Region,Udmurtian Republic,Penza Region,and Republic of Bashkortostan.Results indicated that the 2 regions of Cluster 1 need to increase the availability of resources and natural gas and improve the investment attractiveness of rural areas.The 7 regions of Cluster 2 needed to develop infrastructure,public services,and agricultural production.We found the highest employment level in rural areas,the largest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget,the largest residential building area per 10,000 persons,and the largest individual residential building area in the 5 regions of Cluster 3.This study makes it possible to draw up a comprehensive regional development program and proves the need for the development of rural areas,which is especially important for the sustainable development of the Russian Federation.

The impact and heterogeneity analysis of digital financial inclusion on non-farm employment of rural labor

This study examines the effects of digital financial inclusion on non-farm employment of rural labor and the mediating mechanism of innovation and entrepreneurship activity using China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)and the provincial index of digital financial inclusion.Through the empirical test of the Probit model and mediation effect model,we found that:firstly,digital financial inclusion can promote non-farm employment of rural labor,with the level of digitalization having the most significant impact;secondly,by encouraging innovation and entrepreneurial activity,digital financial inclusion can promote non-farm employment of rural labor;thirdly,the driving effect of digital financial inclusion on non-farm employment of rural labor is more pronounced among the unmarried,eastern region,and male labor.Therefore,we should improve the construction of rural digital infrastructure and accelerate the development of inclusive rural finance to promote more diversified non-farm employment options for“disadvantaged groups”;encourage and support innovation at the government level,and create a favorable atmosphere for innovation and entrepreneurship.Simultaneously,farmers’digital literacy and financial knowledge should be improved so that more can adopt and take advantage of digital financial inclusion.

Off-farm employment and poverty alleviation in rural China

Two phenomena in the history of China's economic growth during the last four decades are the increase in the share of offfarm employment and the progress in poverty alleviation in rural China.Although both of them have been well documented in the literature,less is known about the linkage between the two.To better understand the role that off-farm employment has played in poverty alleviation in rural China is critically important not only for China but also for those countries that are trying to reduce poverty.Here,we examine the impact of off-farm employment on poverty alleviation in rural China.Using the data from two nationally representative household panel surveys(China National Rural Survey and China Rural Development Survey),this paper provides supporting evidence that off-farm employment contributes to poverty alleviation in rural China.Specifically,if household participation in off-farm employment increases by 10 percentage points,the likelihood for a nonpoor household to fall into poverty will decrease by 0.88 percentage point whereas the likelihood for a poor household to climb out of poverty will increase by 3.5 percentage points.In a word,off-employment can not only prevent rural residents to fall into poverty but also help those already in poverty climb out of it.

Childcare,Elderly Caring and Off-farm Employment of Rural Couples in China

Based on the representative sample survey data of more than 1 000 farmers in 101 villages of 25 counties of 5 provinces in China,within the framework of family collective decision-making,this paper studied the effects and heterogeneity of childcare and elderly caring on the off-farm employment mode of rural couples. It found that caring the children younger than 3 years old significantly reduces the possibility of offfarm employment of rural couples;conversely,if there is 60-80 years old member in the family,it will significantly increase the possibility of off-farm employment of rural couples or the wives. Caring the children above 12 years old or the elderly older than 80 years old reduces the possibility of off-farm employment of the husbands. Whether there is preschool education service facility in the village has no effect on the off-farm employment of the couples.

Regional rural transformation and its association with household income and poverty incidence in Indonesia in the last two decades

Increasing rural household income and reducing poverty rank among Indonesia’s top development priorities.Promoting rural transformation is one strategic policy framework to achieve these goals.In the last three decades,agricultural production has shifted from low-value food crops to high-value commodities,such as horticulture,estate crops,and livestock.Previous studies have analyzed rural transformation in Indonesia at the national level,but information on the magnitudes of impact across regions remains scarce.This study aims to analyze the changes in rural transformation at a regional level in the past two decades.The research utilizes secondary data from Statistics Indonesia(BPS),covering 34 provinces from 2000 to 2020,analyzed using descriptive and panel data regression analyses.The results show an increasing trend in the share of high-value agriculture(RT_(1))and rural non-farm employment(RT_(2)).Both RT_(1)and RT_(2)are positively associated with the growth of rural household income and a lower poverty rate.However,the speed of structural transformation(ST),RT_(1),RT_(2),rural income growth,and poverty reduction vary across regions.This research implies that improving rural income and reducing poverty should be done by integrating policies,i.e.,promoting highvalue agriculture and expanding rural non-farm employment.Particular attention should also be given to provinces with slow growth in ST,RT_(1),RT_(2),and rural household income.

Analysis of the Impacts of Nongovernmental Economy on Nonagricultural Employment Growth in China

The importance of solving the employment problems by nongovernmental economy in China has aroused the concern of many scholars widely. However, few literatures could be found to deal with the impacts on nonagricultural employment growth in China by nongovernmental economy from several levels such as the whole nation, urban and rural. Based on the research accessed on the relationships between nongovernmental economy and em-ployment, the impacts of the development of nongovernmental economy on non-agricultural employment growth in China are emphasized in this paper. Taking time series data of non-agricultural employment in China’s different economy types in 1992–2005 as study objects, by establishing econometric re-gression models, some meaningful points are found as follows, the impacts of nongovernmental economy on the nonagricultural employment in either national or urban-rural level are rather sig-nificant although their impacts’ degrees are different. Based on the research findings above, some countermeasures are proposed to accelerate the nongovernmental economic development and im-prove its ability to absorb nonagricultural employment.

Rural transformation,income growth,and poverty reduction by region in China in the past four decades

China has experienced rapid rural transformation in the past four decades.Accompanying the rapid transformation is a significant rise in rural household income and a substantial fall in rural poverty.This paper examines the evolutions of and the relationships between rural transformation(high-value agriculture and rural non-farm employment)and its outcomes(per capita rural income and rural poverty incidence)using provincial-level data.The results show that 31 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities have undergone significant rural transformation,but the level and speed of rural transformation differed considerably.Moreover,an increased level of rural transformation is often associated with higher per capita rural income and reduced rural poverty incidence.Notably,a category of provincial rural transformation based on high-value agriculture and rural non-farm employment is also analyzed.We further discuss the likely impacts of institutions,policies,and investments(IPIs)on rural transformation and conclude with policy implications.

Does labor off-farm employment inevitably lead to land rent out?Evidence from China

The focus of land economics is on how to decrease the misallocation of resources to achieve an optimal allocation of resources. Both the theories of new economics of labor migration(NELM) and the conclusions of empirical studies reveal that land resources will inevitably be reallocated(e.g., rented out) if the resources of family labor are reallocated(e.g., off-farm employment). However, this study reveals that off-farm employment does not inevitably lead to land rent out. More precisely, this study uses survey data on 8031 peasant households from 27 provinces in China and explores the relationship between off-farm employment and land rent out by describing spatial features and through empirical analysis(e.g., IV-Probit model and IV-Tobit model). The results show the following: 1) There is an indirect relationship between off-farm employment and land rent out regarding spatial area aggregation, i.e., regions with a higher ratio of off-farm employment also have a lower area of land rent out. 2) Off-farm employment is significantly positively correlated with the behavior of land rent out, but its square is significantly negatively correlated with the behavior, i.e., there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between off-farm employment and the behavior of land rent out, with the turning point being 55.55% offfarm employment. 3) Off-farm employment is significantly positively correlated with the area of land rent out, but its square is significantly negatively correlated with the area, i.e., there is an inverted Ushaped relationship between off-farm employment and the area of land rent out, with the turning point being 56.22% off-farm employment. This study helps explain why China has a high ratio of off-farm employment but a lower rate of land rent out.

Employment should top crisis agenda

The global financial crisis has taken a toll on China’s economy and employment.Due to shrinking exports,jobs have been slashed and difficulties have arisen in export-oriented manufacturing,labor-intensive industries and small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)in China’s coastal regions.In this context,employment should be our policy target, and counter-shock and counter-cyclical policies should be integrated.

生态产品价值实现与城乡融合发展——基于城乡融合发展试验区的实证研究

生态产品价值实现对于巩固和拓展脱贫攻坚成果和实现乡村全面振兴,推动城乡融合发展具有重要意义。本文以2013—2020年城乡融合发展试验区77个区县为研究对象,构建评价体系并结合熵值法衡量城乡融合发展水平,明确生态产品价值实现流程,在此基础上,考察生态产品价值实现对城乡融合发展的影响效应及作用机制。研究发现,生态产品价值实现能显著促进城乡融合发展,在克服可能存在的内生性问题后,生态产品价值实现对城乡融合发展的影响效应仍然稳健;生态产品价值实现对城乡各系统层面融合也具有明显的促进作用;生态产品价值实现对城乡融合发展的影响主要基于环境效应和就业效应两个方面发挥作用;异质性分析发现,生态产品价值实现对东部和中部板块城乡融合发展均有正向促进作用,但是西部板块生态产品价值实现对城乡融合发展的促进作用并不显著。

数字乡村建设与农民工就业质量提升

数字乡村建设一方面通过新业态新模式创造出更多更高质量的就业岗位,另一方面通过拓宽信息渠道促进农民工人力资本和社会资本积累,增强农民工在就业市场上的竞争力和议价能力,因而可以赋能农民工高质量就业。将2018年的县域数字乡村指数数据与中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据进行匹配,从客观和主观两个维度综合评价农民工的就业质量,检验数字乡村建设对农民工就业质量的影响,结果表明:数字乡村建设显著提高了农民工就业质量,该结论在内生性处理和一系列稳健性检验中依然成立;数字乡村建设具有显著的信息改善效应,可以通过拓宽信息渠道、促进人岗匹配、增强社会信任等路径来提高农民工的就业质量;数字乡村建设对女性农民工、在婚农民工、中青年农民工、学历较高的农民工和已接入互联网的农民工具有更显著的就业质量提升作用。因此,应加快推进数字乡村建设,充分发挥其各种积极效应,并有效缩小城乡间和农村地区内部的数字鸿沟,促进数字乡村协调发展。

“双碳”目标下农户兼业与农村生活能源消费转型

促进农村生活能源消费转型对于我国能源消费结构优化以及“双碳”目标实现具有重要意义。基于2022年实地调研数据,实证分析农户兼业对农村生活能源消费转型的影响效应及作用机制。结果表明,农户兼业对农村生活能源消费转型有显著促进作用,推动农村能源消费结构逐渐由以生物质能源为主向以商品能源为主转变。进一步机制分析显示,农户兼业通过提升家庭收入及优化收入结构、土地资本挤出、人力资本挤出和生态自觉性提升促进农村生活能源消费转型。此外,农户兼业促进农村生活能源消费转型存在代际、兼业地区和行业差异。因此,提出进一步破除城乡资源流动壁垒,完善农民工省外流动机制;加强生态文明建设,大力培育农户生态自觉性;推动乡村产业升级,促进农民收入量、质提升的对策建议。

高校毕业生农村就业的现实困境及应对策略研究

面对近年来严峻的就业形势,高校毕业生到农村就业成为推动高校拓展多元化就业渠道的重要途径。尽管国家对高校毕业生到农村就业出台了一系列鼓励政策和支持措施,但实施效果并不理想,出现“引不进”“用不好”“留不住”的问题,其主要原因是由于高校毕业生职业的价值偏差、到农村就业信心不强、国家政策激励和高校教育引导存在偏差等因素影响。文章分析了高校毕业生到农村就业的重要意义及其不愿到农村就业的原因,并对引导毕业生到农村就业分别从政策支持体系、高校教育、社会氛围及自我教育等方面提出了建议。

转移就业对农户生计脆弱性的影响——基于新疆县域数据的证据

降低农户生计脆弱性是实现乡村振兴的基础和前提,转移就业是降低农户生计脆弱性的重要手段。基于新疆农户微观数据,使用双重差分倾向得分匹配法(PSM-DID)实证检验转移就业政策对农户生计脆弱性的影响。结果表明:转移就业可以显著降低农户生计脆弱性。这一结论在采用更改标准线及更改匹配方法两种方式进行稳健性检验后仍然稳健。异质性检验表明,转移就业政策对南疆地区农户生计脆弱性的削弱作用更强,对生计脆弱性水平越高的农户作用效果越强。在进一步的影响机制检验中发现,转移就业可以通过提高农户技能水平和拓宽农户社会网络关系降低农户生计脆弱性。当前是脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴进行有效衔接时期,依据分析结果提出了相关政策建议。

县域乡村数字化发展对农村劳动力供给的影响

本文基于2018—2020年中国县域数字乡村指数、中国家庭追踪调查和CEIC经济数据库,利用固定效应模型考察了县域乡村数字化发展对农村劳动力供给的影响,并基于劳动力供给数量与劳动力供给时间的双重视角,深入剖析了乡村数字化发展的劳动要素配置效应。研究发现,第一,县域乡村数字化显著提高了农村劳动力供给数量。乡村数字化发展增加了农村劳动力在工作地点和工作场所等方面选择的灵活性,且有效提高了农村剩余劳动力兼业的概率,从而增加了劳动力供给数量。第二,乡村数字化发展显著增加了农村劳动力的劳动供给时长,且主要在“工作—闲暇”时间上进行了重新配置,即通过减少休闲时间来增加非农就业时间。第三,异质性分析发现,乡村数字化对女性、“新生代”和低技能农村劳动者的劳动供给时长影响更大。本文的研究发现为实现共同富裕与数字乡村建设的协同发展提供了参考。

回不去的家乡:数字经济发展、就业质量与农民工返乡意愿

立足于乡村振兴亟需乡村人才队伍建设的现实需要,结合当前大力推进数字经济建设的背景,利用2016—2018年全国流动人口动态监测数据(CMDS)以及各地级市数字经济相关指数构成的面板数据,探究务工地数字经济发展对农民工返乡意愿的影响,经验证据支持理论分析的结论,即数字经济对农民工返乡意愿有显著的抑制作用。这一结论在经过一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。机制检验结果表明,就业质量在数字经济对农民工返乡意愿的影响中起到关键的中介作用,并且个体年龄和城市政府治理能力在其中分别发挥了负向和正向调节作用。异质性分析发现,数字经济对年轻一代、务工地位于东部地区和市内流动的农民工群体返乡意愿的抑制作用更为明显。为促进数字经济健康发展,积极引导高素质农民工返乡,为乡村振兴提供人才助力,要采取以下政策措施:完善数字基础设施建设,优化乡村产业发展环境;推动农民工可持续发展,构建农民工返乡分流机制;充分发挥数字经济红利,提高城乡劳动者就业质量。

数字乡村建设背景下广西大学生返乡助力乡村振兴路径研究

大学生返乡就业创业能够促进乡村振兴发展,改善当今毕业生就业难现状。该文分析数字化战略下广西大学生返乡数字化就业对乡村振兴的重要意义,剖析大学生进行数字化就业的主要困难,并为之提出可行的具体对策,旨在助力大学生在数字化背景下返乡促进数字化乡村的建设。

宗族文化对农村女性非农就业的影响

基于中国家庭追踪调查数据,从微观层面研究宗族文化对农村女性非农就业的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,宗族文化强度越大和宗族多样性越高都显著不利于农村女性参与非农就业。异质性分析结果表明,宗族文化对未婚女性非农就业无显著影响,对已婚女性非农就业存在显著负向影响,对生育阶段女性的影响显著强于非生育阶段女性。此外,宗族文化的影响存在地区差异,南方地区的宗族文化显著降低农村女性的非农就业概率,而北方地区的宗族文化无显著影响。在作用机制方面,证明了宗族文化通过影响生育行为、教育投资以及家庭分工进而制约农村女性参与非农就业。还进一步探究了宗族文化是否影响农村女性非农就业地点。结果显示,宗族文化虽然不利于农村女性非农就业,但对于已实现非农就业的女性而言,宗族文化有利于其跨县就业和跨省就业。促进农村女性非农就业是一个长期的、循序渐进的过程,需要在文化方面进行积极引导,不断完善农村社会保障体系,充分发挥非正式制度的积极作用。

回流能够提升农民工就业质量吗——来自中国流动人口动态监测调查的证据

提高就业质量是助力农民工实现“市民梦、安居梦、乐业梦”的现实基础。基于中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,论证回流对农民工就业质量的影响。研究发现:回流显著提高农民工就业质量,主要表现为提升农民工薪酬福利与职业层级;回流通过积累社会资本与加深社会融入,提高农民工就业质量;回流对老一代、男性、低技能和西部地区农民工就业质量的影响较为显著。

新型农村集体经济发展对劳动力回流的影响:“安居”与“乐业”

基于中国劳动力动态调查数据库(CLDS)2016年和2018年两期面板数据,利用双向固定效应模型和工具变量法,分析新型农村集体经济发展对劳动力回流的影响及其作用机理。结果表明:新型农村集体经济发展对劳动力回流具有显著正向影响;在进行替换变量、控制遗漏变量及测量误差等检验后,研究结论依然保持不变。机制分析表明,新型农村集体经济发展主要通过改善和优化农村人居环境与就业环境来促进劳动力回流。同时,新型农村集体经济发展吸引的回流劳动力具有年龄大、学历低的特征。此外,农村劳动力回流后更倾向于非农就业。因此,建议进一步推动新型农村集体经济高质量发展,为外出劳动力回流后的“安居”和“乐业”创造更为有利的环境和基础,进而更好地吸引高素质劳动力适度回流,推进乡村全面振兴。