Determining Optimal Strategies to Reduce Maternal and Child Mortality in Rural Areas in Western China: an Assessment Using the Lives Saved Tool

China, as a whole, is about to meet the Millennium Development Goals for reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR), but the disparities between rural area and urban area still exists. This study estimated the potential effectiveness of expanding coverage with high impact interventions using the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). It was found that gestational hypertension, antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, neonatal asphyxia, and neonatal childhood pneumonia and diarrhea are still the major killers of mothers and children in rural area in China. It was estimated that 30% of deaths among 0-59 month old children and 25% of maternal deaths in 2008 could be prevented in 2015 if primary health care intervention coverage expanded to a feasible level. The LiST death cause framework, compared to data from the Maternal and Child Mortality Surveillance System, represents 60%-80% of neonatal deaths, 40%-50% of deaths in 1-59 month old children and 40%-60% of maternal deaths in rural areas of western China.

The Compulsory Education in the Underdevelopment Western Rural Region of China

Education plays a dominant role in contemporary society and is debated and contested all over the world.It is also the gateway to the wider world,but educational opportunities are frequently constrained by geographical locality.The rural infrastructure of China,for example,presents major challenges to educators seeking to open this door for the children of rural China.The objective of this research is to identify and analyse educational problems existing in western rural regions in China.

Impacts of formal credit on rural household income:Evidence from deprived areas in western China

Financial support is a crucial part of China's poverty alleviation effort.Thus,it is vital to understand how formal credit impacts income growth in rural households.In 2012,2015,and 2018,a survey was conducted to obtain a panel dataset of 592 rural households from 6 poverty-stricken counties in western China,including counties in Guizhou,Yunnan,and Shaanxi provinces.We use the data to examine the effect of formal credit on rural household income and the mechanism that underlies this effect.We find that formal credit can significantly increase rural households'income in deprived areas in western China.Furthermore,formal credit promotes the reallocation of household labor from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector and changes rural households'decisions about investment-consumption behavior.These are the drivers of changes in the amount and structure of household income.Further analyses show that formal credit may widen income inequality among rural households in western China's deprived areas.The individual characteristics of rural households,such as different levels of material capital,human capital,and social capital,bring about differences in the effects of formal credit on income growth.This study emphasizes that the implementation of formal credit is an essential strategy for poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas,but policymakers should not excessively interfere with the financial market.

Analysis on the Changes of Temperature and Heat Resources in Rural Area of Chaoyang in Western Liaoning

[Objective] The aim was to study the change characteristics of temperature and heat resources in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning. [Method] Based on the data from rural meteorological station in Chaoyang in western Liaoning from 1966 to 2010, the change characteristics of temperature and heat resources in rural area in Chaoyang were analyzed by means of serial correlation and climate tendency method, so as to master its climate situation. [Result] The annual average value of daily average temperature, daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning from 1966 to 2010 showed fluctuation variation, and the annual average value of daily maximum temperature increased most obviously with the climatic tendency of 0.328 ℃/10 a and highest significant level, so it played an important role in temperature increase, next came daily average temperature (0.151 ℃/10 a), while there was no obvious decrease in daily minimum temperature. The average of daily maximum temperature in winter half year increased more obviously than that in summer half year, with the climatic tendency of 0.417 and 0.250 ℃/10 a, respectively; the trend of daily average temperature reached low significant level, and there was no obvious variation in daily minimum temperature. In addition, ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning went up obviously, with the climatic tendency of 42.59 ℃·d/10 a, namely it increased by 192 ℃·d in recent 45 years. [Conclusion] The study could provide climatic reference for the adjustment of agriculture structure and varieties distribution.

Rural vulnerability,migration,and relocation in mountain areas of Western China:An overview of key issues and policy interventions

Western China features a vast area of mountains and high plateaus where millions of people,including diverse ethnic minority groups,have inhabited for generations.Geographically located in the mountainous,remote,and isolated regions,rural communities are prone to natural hazards and thus become vulnerable to impoverishment.To reduce rural vulnerability,many people residing in mountainous villages opted to out-migrate from their original villages and hometowns while some took in-situ adaptation measures.A host of government-sponsored resettlement programs have been carried out to help rural villagers seek alternative livelihoods elsewhere over the past four decades.To achieve a sustainable future for rural communities in mountainous areas of western China,more effective policies and measures need to be developed and enforced.

Analysis of Externality of Rural Labor Force Flow in Central and Western Regions of China and Benefit Compensation

According to the theories of institutional economics and development economics,the positive and negative externality of rural labor force flowing from central and western regions and into eastern regions of China were analyzed,and then it was proposed that it is necessary to positive externality,rather than take"household register"measures to solve the problem simply.

Countermeasures on Elevating Self-development Ability of Western Rural Areas on the Basis of Visual Threshold of Human Capital

The thesis underscores the significant role of human capital in elevating rural self-development ability.The investment of human capital is making great contribution to western rural economic growth,and it plays an irreplaceable role in promoting the socio-economic development prominently.The characteristics of human resources development in western rural areas for the moment are analyzed as follows:the employment structure is simple;the structure of human resources is irrational;the shortage of human resources aggregate is accompanied by the critical phenomenon of idling;the human resources drain badly;there is low input and low output of talents.The thesis also propounds the fundamental approaches in order to elevating self-development ability of western rural areas:we should practise and implement National Medium and Long-term Planning of Talents Development and lay down as soon as possible the detailed matching policies and measures based on the reality of western rural areas;we should develop the education in western rural areas vigorously,and formulate the developmental strategies of bridging "knowledge gap";we should establish sound rural human resources development system,and reinforce the degree of training returning-home migrant workers;we should adjust the structure of human investment timely as needed,and strengthen the degree of human capital investment conspicuously.

The Efficient Ways to Develop English Teaching in Rural Middle School

The thesis aims to find ways to improve rural English teaching in the China,which is marginalized in the Profession of English language teaching.By researching it reaches the conclusion that teacher education is the key to develop rural ELT in China. To educate rural English teachers is a demanding but rewarding job. The author believes that this paper will be of help to the exploration of rural English teacher education in the context of curriculum reform.

中国式现代化背景下西部农村学前教育高质量发展的困境与纾解

西部农村学前教育高质量发展对建设教育强国、推进中国式现代化具有重要意义。理论上,中国式现代化从普惠性教育、整体性思维、内涵式发展、共生型主张、前瞻性布局五个维度为农村学前教育高质量发展指明了方向。实践上,通过对我国西部70所农村幼儿园的大规模调研发现,在中国式现代化进程中,我国学前教育整体取得了跨越式发展,但西部农村学前教育仍面临规模与质量协同的“困顿”、教育资源供给与需求的“错配”、园本课程特色与底色的“迷失”、教师专业发展能动与被动的“纠葛”、教育督导与评估机制的“乏力”等困境。为此,有必要建立“量质并举”的教育质量观,顺应人口变动,合理调控教育资源,坚持乡土特色与课程底色并重,构建以教师为核心的“1+3+N”育人新格局,加强数字化教育质量评估体系建设。

中部六省乡村教师队伍建设政策文本分析

优化乡村教师队伍建设政策对缩小城乡教育差距、推动地区高质量发展具有重要意义。我国中部六省在乡村教师队伍补充、保障和培养等方面有很多共性政策,对提高乡村教师幸福感、留住乡村教师和提升乡村教师教育教学能力等方面发挥了积极作用,但在加大对师范院校和师范类专业的支持力度、加强对师范生乡村教育实习过程监控、提高对非师范专业毕业人员的招聘要求、对“校联体”学校实行整体评价、实行乡村教师“鹊桥工程”、培训内容聚焦留守儿童教育、复式教学等方面还可继续着力。

民国时期师范学校乡村教育课程设置

20世纪二三十年代,为帮助乡村教师候选人了解将要从事的乡村教育工作,乡村师范、高中师范科和部分高校专门开设了“乡村教育”课程。出于训练适合乡村需要的乡村教师的目标,民国时期的乡村教育课程汇总了与乡村社会和乡村教育相关的各方面内容,强调乡村教师候选人应深入乡村进行实践,在课程实施中与农业类课程相辅相成。在当今的乡村教师培养过程中,应重新思考乡村教育课程的性质与定位,探寻开设乡村教育课程的可行性路径;主动适应乡村社会需求,培育乡村教师的特殊素养;积极联系乡村实际,增强课程教学的实践性。

An Exploratory Study of the Application of Modern Distance Learning Resources for Rural Elementary and Middle Schools in Western China:The Case of Three Cities in Gansu Province

Based on a specially adapted questionnaire,research was carried out to explore how resources in modern distance learning were being applied in rural elementary and middle schools in Western China,in order to enhance the usefulness of the allocated resources.One particular distance learning project was used as the subject of the study,and teachers at 22 rural elementary and middle schools in 3 prefecture-level cities in Gansu Province,Western China,acted as the sample group.Analysis of the teachers’questionnaire responses showed that,(1)there is a comparatively high number of modern distance learning resources in use in rural elementary and middle schools in Western China,and they are being effectively used in the classroom to assist in everyday teaching;(2)teachers of rural elementary and middle schools in Western China have the ability to make use of these modern resources,and can obtain them by way of multi-channel inquiry;(3)modern distance learning resources are already becoming important components of everyday teaching resources in Western China;and(4)teachers are generally able to apply these resources well,despite some problems remaining.In the case of problems in application,most teachers are able to find adequate solutions.

The road not taken:sexuality education and its associations with sexual knowledge and attitudes among senior high school students in rural areas of Western China

The poor performance and limited availability of sexuality education programs in rural areas of western China increase the danger of younger cohorts being exposed to sexually transmitted diseases(STDs)and engaging in risky sexual behaviors.A traditionally conservative culture,low levels of economic development and the relative lack of faculty resources all contribute to the weakness of sexuality education efforts.This study uses a sample of 164 boys and 195 girls who were senior high school students aged 15-19 in rural western China in 2017.The study aims to explore sexuality education,and sexual and reproductive behaviors,and to identify associations between sexuality education and sexual knowledge and attitudes among adolescents in rural western China.The results reveal a positive association between courses about reproductive health and lectures about STDs,and sexual knowledge;and a positive association between lectures about STDs and sexual attitudes.Our study also found that access to consulting services provided by governmental organization in the field of family planning and reproductive health helped rural adolescents enhance their sexual knowledge.Making such services available appears to offer a feasible method to develop a comprehensive sexuality education system in western China.The study concludes that an improved school-based sexuality education program strictly implemented as a part of the standard school curriculum is an effective way to increase sexual knowledge and promote de-stigmatized sexual attitudes among adolescents in rural western China.

我国西部农村地区固体燃料燃烧污染物排放因子测定及分布特征

排放因子是估算污染物排放量的重要参数,为获取可靠的、有区域特征的固体燃料排放因子,2018年在我国西部9个省/自治区利用稀释采样系统入户收集了226个固体燃料燃烧样本,获得了薪柴、秸秆和煤在不同类型炉具中燃烧排放CO_(2)、CO、OC、EC、PM_(2.5)的排放因子。结果表明:秸秆类较易燃烧的燃料有较高的OC、EC、PM2.5排放因子,煤有较高的CO_(2)、CO排放因子。炉灶类型对薪柴的OC、PM2.5的排放因子影响稍大,薪柴在炕中燃烧的OC、PM_(2.5)排放因子比在砖灶和铁炉高约2-3.1倍,但秸秆在不同炉具中的排放因子差异较小。受不同区域燃料和炉灶类型以及操作习惯差异的共同影响,排放因子呈现明显的区域性差异,高CO_(2)排放因子分布在以煤为主要燃料的区域,高OC、EC、PM_(2.5)排放因子分布在以生物质为主要燃料的区域,并且CO、OC和PM_(2.5)排放因子的区域分布呈现一定的相关性。

乡村振兴背景下农村集体经济的类型界定与治理效应

治理有效是中国乡村振兴战略实施的核心,以中部地区农村集体经济发展为研究对象,分析集体经济的发展特征、路径与治理效应,建立“集体经济-有效治理”的分析框架。在实施乡村振兴战略的各项举措支持下,中国中部农村集体经济经历了快速发展,形成了具有小规模却相对稳定的兜底型集体经济,这也是一种新型集体经济。兜底型集体经济适应中西部乡村发展的现实,具有促进村庄有效治理的积极效应,具体表现为促进了村级组织稳定运转、维持小微公共品有序供给、为留守农民提供基本公共服务等。提出中国应立足于中西部集体经济发展现实,避免集体经济发展实践中盲目“经营村庄”的实践误区,分类推进集体经济发展,加强村社集体统筹能力建设,以实现村庄有效治理。

教育数字化背景下乡村教师的专业发展参与:影响因素与整合机制——以贵州省某脱贫摘帽县教师为例的扎根分析

建设高质量的乡村教师队伍对发展乡村教育、实施乡村振兴战略具有重要意义。教育数字化转型背景下,基于国家中小学智慧教育平台的专业发展活动为提升乡村教师专业发展水平提供了新的路径。如何有效提升乡村教师在数字化专业发展活动中的参与水平成为了破解当前乡村教育瓶颈问题的关键。研究以贵州省某脱贫摘帽县乡村教师为研究对象,通过半结构化访谈了解乡村教师的专业发展观及其参与数字化专业发展活动的情况。基于扎根理论,构建了教育数字化背景下乡村教师专业发展内外因互动整合的理论模型。该模型表明,数字化专业发展活动影响着乡村教师在成就感、规划感和归属感三个层面的专业发展观,进而影响其在数字化专业发展活动中的参与水平。为了提升乡村教师数字化专业发展活动的参与、激发乡村教师专业发展内生动力,研究结合国家中小学智慧教育平台,从以情养志、以评促改和以群励学三个维度提出了建议。

西部乡村小学教师数字化教学资源现状

数字化教学已成为教育事业发展的必然趋势和常态化教学手段。为进一步提高西部乡村小学教师的数字化教学能力,采用问卷调查方式了解西部乡村小学教师数字化教学资源现状。数据结果显示,多数教师能够合理利用数字化教学资源进行备课和教学,对数字化教学资源持肯定态度。西部乡村小学教师数字化教学资源应用效果较好,能够在一定程度上解决教育资源不均衡问题,但教师授课观念和教师设备使用维度的提升水平相对偏慢。西部乡村小学教师数字化教学资源应用效果在年龄上不存在显著性差异,但教师授课观念维度在年龄上存在显著性差异。

中西部乡村地区家校社协同育人的现实困境与纾解路径——基于37位乡村校长访谈数据的质性分析

随着教育改革的纵深发展,家校社协同育人成为促进我国基础教育高质量发展的应有之义。通过对37位中西部地区乡村校长访谈数据的质性分析发现,中西部乡村地区家校社协同育人的现实困境主要表现在认知困境、师资困境、沟通困境和管理困境四个方面。促进乡村地区家校社协同育人,需要增强家长心理资本,以获得感为取向促进农村家长对家校共育的认同;加强队伍建设,以主题培训为抓手提高乡村教师的家庭教育指导专业素养;优化资源供给,以社区资源整合为手段丰富家庭教育指导内容;强化制度保障,以机制建设为驱动促进家校社三方高效联动。

“双碳”目标下西部农村生活能源消费特征及碳排放分析

运用能源环境理论、多元线性回归分析和主成分分析方法探究西部地区10个省区(市)农户主要生活能源消费特征及碳排放。结果表明:①西部农村生活能源存在明显区域异质性,四川和甘肃生活能源分布特征极明显,贵州、广西和云南生活能源分布特征明显,陕西、青海、重庆、宁夏和新疆生活能源分布特征不明显。②西部农村主要生活能源平均占比排序依次为:太阳能0.29%、沼气0.79%、液化石油气19.95%、煤40.47%、柴草49.16%、电53.24%,使用绿色能源农户占比仅有18.1%,通过发展绿色能源促进“双碳”目标实现任务艰巨。③若西部农村1789万煤用户、4225万柴草用户和1770万煤气、天然气、液化石油气用户转型升级使用绿色能源,每年能节约标准煤约3700万t,减少CO_(2)排放约1亿t。由此可见,生活能源蕴含着巨大碳减排潜力,是不可忽视的“双碳”载体,应进一步加大居民生活能源消费转型升级以此促进“双碳”目标的实现。