Farming is still an important sector in rural economic development of West Virginia where 44% of the population lives in rural areas and 24% of the land is used for farming. While income earnings, education and employ...Farming is still an important sector in rural economic development of West Virginia where 44% of the population lives in rural areas and 24% of the land is used for farming. While income earnings, education and employment rates are low in rural areas, poverty rates and unemployment are high compared to the urban areas. Thus, in the context of rural development farming is a potential major economic sector where 42% of the people＇s primary occupation is reported as farming. The objective of this study is to identify and estimate the potential impacts of farm employment in rural economic growth of West Virginia. Data from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S Census Bureau for the period of 1993 to 2008 are used for the empirical analysis. A model derived from the three simultaneous equations of Duncan is used for analysis. Three-Stage Least Squares （3SLS） method using the statistical package of STATA is used for estimation. The results concerning simultaneous relationships with population density growth, per capita income growth, and farm employment growth reveal significant importance of farming in rural economic development of West Virginia. Furthermore, the results indicate the positive impacts of population density, number of people with farming as principal occupation, and crop production on rural farming sector.展开更多
Zakat as a source of development funding encourages well functioning of local organizations and social capital formation. Zakat management conducted by an organization with a set of norms promotes the development of l...Zakat as a source of development funding encourages well functioning of local organizations and social capital formation. Zakat management conducted by an organization with a set of norms promotes the development of local community organizations＇ function for the rural economic development activities. A case study was conducted in the Village of Patila, South Sulawesi Province. The community in this village successfully managed the selfsupporting development of social and agriculture infrastructures. Data collected were the activities of local organization of the board members of the mosque and educational development foundations, farmer group, and collective stall group. The results showed that a community truth on the mosque and educational development foundations was formed by the social infrastructure development of mosque and schools through the effectiveness of the zakat payment by rules （norms）. Both development foundations could function well through the network with villagers who migrate to other island as a potential zakat payer. Strengthening the social development organization supported the development of collective stall and pump farming system. The process of social and economic development in the Village of Patila as well as social capital formation encouraged people to carry out selfsupport development activities.展开更多
New Zealand government’s Rural Broadband Initiative(RBI)aims to invest 400 million New Zealand dollar to provide 99%of New Zealanders with access to 50 Mbps peak broadband speed,with the remaining 1%at 10 Mbps by 202...New Zealand government’s Rural Broadband Initiative(RBI)aims to invest 400 million New Zealand dollar to provide 99%of New Zealanders with access to 50 Mbps peak broadband speed,with the remaining 1%at 10 Mbps by 2025.By 2017,stage 1 of the RBI has been completed,and research is needed to find out the level of usage,proficiency,and productivity achieved by then.Therefore,a survey was carried out to learn whether the rural residents and their communities are making good use of the new fast broadband connection.The survey collected data from 217 rural residents from North Island,and the results indicate that about half of the interview respondents are satisfied with the new broadband speed and the reliability which is offered by RBI stage 1.However,there is about 28%of the respondents disagreed with them.The majority of the Internet uses for rural residents are information searching,reading news,online entertainment,and online banking.Besides that,only a small proportion of respondents know how to utilize the Internet in their work/business and benefit/profit from it,e.g.,using cloud technology capabilities and online marketing campaigns,etc.by then.Therefore,we argue that information and communications technologies(ICT)adoption is not only the availability of the infrastructure but also the beneficial outcomes of Internet availability.In other words,Internet skills in-depth training and education need to catch up with the infrastructure deployment,which is useful to fuel the digital productivity and inclusion for booming rural economies.The survey data-driven findings presented in this paper could serve as a reference to inform government policymakers and those who wish to create,invest,and take actions to speed up the economic and social growth of rural communities in Aotearoa New Zealand through the Internet while shifting from the Internet speed and traffic volume-driven to a more effective Internet connectivity and value-added driven rural economy.展开更多
文摘Farming is still an important sector in rural economic development of West Virginia where 44% of the population lives in rural areas and 24% of the land is used for farming. While income earnings, education and employment rates are low in rural areas, poverty rates and unemployment are high compared to the urban areas. Thus, in the context of rural development farming is a potential major economic sector where 42% of the people＇s primary occupation is reported as farming. The objective of this study is to identify and estimate the potential impacts of farm employment in rural economic growth of West Virginia. Data from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S Census Bureau for the period of 1993 to 2008 are used for the empirical analysis. A model derived from the three simultaneous equations of Duncan is used for analysis. Three-Stage Least Squares （3SLS） method using the statistical package of STATA is used for estimation. The results concerning simultaneous relationships with population density growth, per capita income growth, and farm employment growth reveal significant importance of farming in rural economic development of West Virginia. Furthermore, the results indicate the positive impacts of population density, number of people with farming as principal occupation, and crop production on rural farming sector.
文摘Zakat as a source of development funding encourages well functioning of local organizations and social capital formation. Zakat management conducted by an organization with a set of norms promotes the development of local community organizations＇ function for the rural economic development activities. A case study was conducted in the Village of Patila, South Sulawesi Province. The community in this village successfully managed the selfsupporting development of social and agriculture infrastructures. Data collected were the activities of local organization of the board members of the mosque and educational development foundations, farmer group, and collective stall group. The results showed that a community truth on the mosque and educational development foundations was formed by the social infrastructure development of mosque and schools through the effectiveness of the zakat payment by rules （norms）. Both development foundations could function well through the network with villagers who migrate to other island as a potential zakat payer. Strengthening the social development organization supported the development of collective stall and pump farming system. The process of social and economic development in the Village of Patila as well as social capital formation encouraged people to carry out selfsupport development activities.
基金funded by InternetNZ and the original survey report[18]was released by InternetNZ on their official home page.
文摘New Zealand government’s Rural Broadband Initiative(RBI)aims to invest 400 million New Zealand dollar to provide 99%of New Zealanders with access to 50 Mbps peak broadband speed,with the remaining 1%at 10 Mbps by 2025.By 2017,stage 1 of the RBI has been completed,and research is needed to find out the level of usage,proficiency,and productivity achieved by then.Therefore,a survey was carried out to learn whether the rural residents and their communities are making good use of the new fast broadband connection.The survey collected data from 217 rural residents from North Island,and the results indicate that about half of the interview respondents are satisfied with the new broadband speed and the reliability which is offered by RBI stage 1.However,there is about 28%of the respondents disagreed with them.The majority of the Internet uses for rural residents are information searching,reading news,online entertainment,and online banking.Besides that,only a small proportion of respondents know how to utilize the Internet in their work/business and benefit/profit from it,e.g.,using cloud technology capabilities and online marketing campaigns,etc.by then.Therefore,we argue that information and communications technologies(ICT)adoption is not only the availability of the infrastructure but also the beneficial outcomes of Internet availability.In other words,Internet skills in-depth training and education need to catch up with the infrastructure deployment,which is useful to fuel the digital productivity and inclusion for booming rural economies.The survey data-driven findings presented in this paper could serve as a reference to inform government policymakers and those who wish to create,invest,and take actions to speed up the economic and social growth of rural communities in Aotearoa New Zealand through the Internet while shifting from the Internet speed and traffic volume-driven to a more effective Internet connectivity and value-added driven rural economy.
