Analysis of Distribution of Public Toilets within Walking Range around Communities of the Elderly under the Model of Community Home-based Care for the Elderly: A Case Study of Changxindian, Fengtai District, Beijing

In recent years,under the influence of multiple factors such as traditional ideas and living economic conditions,the aging population in China continues to increase.Most of the elderly are more inclined to aged at home,and the first places for elderly activities are communities and the surrounding environment,which greatly affects the convenience of life and happiness of the elderly.In this paper,Changxindian area in Fengtai District of Beijing was as the research object,and detailed calculation and analysis were carried out by using POI data and arcGIS software.The relative location of residential areas and surrounding public toilets was explored,and the best location of public toilets in the daily walking area under the model of community home-based care for the elderly was further studied.

Research Progress on the Home-based Healthcare Plan for the Elderly with Chronic Diseases

Objective:To develop a home-based care plan for the elderly person with chronic diseases based on the status of their home-based care needs and relevant literature.Methods:The clinical data consisted of 132 patients who were 60-year-old or older with chronic diseases from June 2019 to May 2020 were selected and categorized into control and treatment groups of 66 patients each.For the experimental group,a care team for chronically ill elderly receiving regular post-treatment bome-based care.Meanwhile,a general clinical care team for chronically ill elderly receiving regular treatment for the control group.The effectiveness of these two healthcare models was evaluated and analyzed.Results:Results showed that satisfaction and effectiveness of home-based care among the elderly with chronic diseases were statistically better(P<0.05)than those in the usual care group.Conclusion:Providing home-based care services to elderly patients with chronic illnesses helps them to improve their chronic disease condition,patients are more receptive to home care,and patients have higher rates of recovery and treatment satisfaction.

Reform and Reconstruction of the Rural Elderly Care Service System in the New Era

With decades of hard work,socialism with Chinese characteristics has crossed the threshold into a new era.The transformation of the principal contradiction in the new era has imposed new and higher requirements on the rural elderly care service system.However,the current service system based on welfare-multiplex and urban community environment is often difficult to operate in the rural areas of central and western China.And the urban home care service for the aged is inappropriate to the rural reality;community service for the aged faces difficulties in practice;institution care for the aged develops slowly;the synergy among different elderly care service models is poor.Through observing the rural areas of central and western China in the field for a long time,this paper proposes to build the rural elderly care service system based on family supporting,supported by community mutual assistance care,supplemented by institution care for the aged,combined with medical care,and localized with diversified forms for targeted groups according to different realities.And the system should follow the fundamental guidance of development-oriented family policy,adhere to the governance mode of multiple subjects with one core and respect rural reality,which could provide a feasible way for the reform and reconstruction of the rural elderly care service system.

Dilemma and Path for Rural Mutual Aid Elderly Care Model in Underdeveloped Areas——A Case Study of Dazhou City in Sichuan Province

Rural mutual aid elderly care,as an emerging elderly care model,has become an exploration and attempt to rebuild rural communities in the process of rural social transformation.At present,in the vast underdeveloped rural areas,the rural mutual aid elderly care model is faced with such problems as imperfect policies and regulations,insufficient funds,single service items,lack of professional services,and limited functions of civil organizations.It is necessary to strengthen the formulation and improvement of laws and regulations,and to ensure the stable source of funds,enhance the level of specialization,and give full play to the functions of social organizations in the rural mutual aid elderly care model,so as to promote the sustainable development of the rural mutual aid elderly care model.

Childcare,Elderly Caring and Off-farm Employment of Rural Couples in China

Based on the representative sample survey data of more than 1 000 farmers in 101 villages of 25 counties of 5 provinces in China,within the framework of family collective decision-making,this paper studied the effects and heterogeneity of childcare and elderly caring on the off-farm employment mode of rural couples. It found that caring the children younger than 3 years old significantly reduces the possibility of offfarm employment of rural couples;conversely,if there is 60-80 years old member in the family,it will significantly increase the possibility of off-farm employment of rural couples or the wives. Caring the children above 12 years old or the elderly older than 80 years old reduces the possibility of off-farm employment of the husbands. Whether there is preschool education service facility in the village has no effect on the off-farm employment of the couples.

Significant Differences in Elderly Health between Urban and Rural Communities: A Literature Review

This study aimed to examine measures pertaining to elderly health in urban versus rural settings, and to identify differences in the health of elderly people living in urban and rural communities through a literature review. An electronic literature search was performed using PubMed for English articles published in peer-reviewed journals up to August 2018, with the following search terms: “urban”, “rural”, “comparison of community”, “elderly health”, and “comparison of community health”. A total of 35 articles were extracted for a critical full-text review, and six articles that met the inclusion criteria were subjected to analysis. Measures related to elderly health in urban and rural communities were classified into the following three categories: functional abilities, health, and health perception. Five of the six articles described functional abilities (e.g., social function) and health (e.g., mental health, depression) as categories with significant differences in elderly health between urban and rural communities. The results suggest that elderly health measures related to social function and mental health or depression are more important outcome measures of effective person-centered integrated community care systems from the perspective of community characteristics. As there were only a few articles reporting on elderly health according to differences in environment between urban and rural communities, further investigation is globally warranted.

农村康养产业发展的理论阐释、多元实践与政策协同

农村康养产业作为一种新兴业态,是秉承新发展理念,在乡村舒适性资源利用、后生产主义乡村价值兴起、农村产业融合驱动、城乡地域共同体功能再造、康养政策引领与市场开发的共同作用下发展起来的。在实践中,通过对自然资源、文化资源、中医药资源和森林资源的开发,与乡村旅游、文化体验、休闲度假、景观游赏等相融合,发展出田园康养、文化康养、医疗康养和森林康养等新型形态,在一定程度上满足了老年群体多样化的养老需求,建立了互益性城乡交流渠道,推动了乡村产业振兴和社区建设。但目前其发展的体制机制尚不成熟,存在统筹规划力度不足、业态短板比较突出、专业康养人才匮乏、数字化技术融入较低等问题。文章建议从主体、资本、人才、技术的角度构建政策协同的路径,加强顶层设计、突出康养特色、创新职业培训、推进科技创新,实现农村康养产业的可持续和高质量发展。同时,围绕农村康养产业发展,还应加强对城乡互益性养老服务机制的研究,探讨建立衔接有序、功能互补的城乡养老服务网络的可能路径。

乡村振兴背景下农村旅居康养的发展逻辑、限制与展望

农村退休迁移一度是西方多学科重点关注的研究话题,其兴起主要源自乡村生活价值重估、消费功能兴起以及老年人提高晚年生活质量的要求,但在国内学术界一直缺乏相应关注。伴随中国进入到城市化高速发展、乡村全面振兴的新发展阶段,珠三角、长三角等一些地方已开始出现与国外退休迁移相似的农村旅居康养动向。结合实地调查发现,相较于西方农村退休迁移的发展背景,国内农村旅居康养的产生是市场开发、政策引导、乡村建设和个体诉求共同作用的结果。鉴于国内农村旅居康养还存在全年段康养开发不足、医疗卫生基础薄弱、配套服务设施不完善、专业服务水平不高等问题,建议围绕城乡养老服务需求形成整合性框架,促进康养与旅游融合发展,引导乡村舒适驱动型发展,开展城乡互益性养老交流,建立城乡养老服务联合体,以实现城乡共建共享共富。

农村彩礼存在“后端”代际剥削吗?——基于代际互动视角的实证分析

着眼于儿子婚后的代际支持行为,利用CHARLS数据从长期互惠视角实证研究了农村彩礼的“后端”代际剥削现象。研究发现,结婚时获得更多父母彩礼帮助的儿子并没有给予父母更多的经济支持,但彩礼支出显著提高了儿子在婚后与父母见面的频率。我国农村彩礼存在后端代际经济剥削,不存在后端代际情感剥削。该现象无论是在“父子两代自立”还是“子女赡养父母”阶段都成立。此外,农村彩礼后端代际剥削存在距离效应,即与“既分又离”的亲子居住模式相比,“分而不离”居住模式下彩礼后端代际剥削更加严重。以上结论从代际互动视角为彩礼代际剥削增添了新的经验证据。

乡村治理现代化视域下农村互助养老的路径探要

在传统养老模式效果减弱的背景下,基于传统村庄熟人网络,以农村地缘为核心的新型就地化互助养老模式应运而生,成为破解传统养老现实问题,推进乡村养老良性治理,提升乡村治理体系与治理能力现代化的重要途径之一。在乡村治理现代化视域下,对干部领导型、机构帮扶型、精英带动型、代际储蓄型这四种典型的互助养老实践案例进行分析,挖掘其呈现出的个性问题,并对这些个性问题进行归纳总结,发现农村互助养老存在集体价值共识羸弱、信任合作基础缺位、多元主体参与空间受限、服务供给与需求失衡、数字信息智慧养老滞后等共性问题。面对这些难题,可以从党建引领、多元参与、供需平衡、数字赋能这四个角度入手,不断优化农村互助养老的实践路径,促进农村养老保障的高质量发展。

农村互助养老的历史演进、实践模式与发展走向

农村互助养老作为一种极具本土化色彩和社区重建思想的新型就地养老方式,对于推进农村社区建设和文化建设具有重要意义。从纵向时间维度对唐朝的农社、宋代的义庄、清朝的太监庙和姑婆屋、"大跃进"时期的福利生产养老组织等互助养老雏形进行了梳理,并从横向空间维度对当代涌现的政府主导、民间支持和精英带动3种互助养老类型及适应性问题进行了分析。在此基础上,从立足互助传统、整合社区资源、拓展互助范围、创新互助形式4个层面,提出了促进互助养老从"民间互助"向"规范互助"、从"一元互助"向"多元互助"、从"老老互助"向"代际互助"、从"志愿互助"向"储蓄互助"转变的发展思路。

我国失能老人长期照料现状及影响因素——基于城乡差异的视角

利用2011-2012年中国健康长寿调查数据(CLHLS),实证分析了影响我国失能老人长期照料模式选择的因素。结果表明,90%以上的失能老人主要依靠家庭照料,社会化照料形式较少。总体上看,失能老人的家庭人均收入、社区起居照料服务的供给对其选择社会化照料具有正向影响。从城乡差异看,教育程度及社区照料服务的供给状况对农村失能老人照料模式的选择有正向影响,但在城市中并不显著;儿子数与女儿数对其照料模式的选择也有显著差异。因此,政府应加大农村社区照料服务建设,并对经济状况差、失能严重的老人提供财政补贴。

城乡失能老人社区居家照护服务的差异及对策

随着人口老龄化进程的加快,我国失能老人比例不断攀升。城乡失能老人社区居家照护服务发展不协调。在调查的基础上通过对比分析,发现城乡在社区居家照护服务方式、主体、内容以及基础条件等方面均存在较大差异,总体来看城市较之农村有明显优势。应从加大健康教育培训力度和政府照护资金投入、缩小城乡照护服务内容差距等方面统筹推进城乡失能老人社区居家照护服务体系建设,推动社会公共养老服务均等化,改善失能老人的生活质量。

中国农村老年人长期照护意愿及其影响因素——基于上海、湖北两地的对比分析

通过对上海和湖北两地农村老年人长期照护意愿的抽样调查,得到如下结论:(1)家庭照顾仍是农村老年人养老的主体性方式,但以非亲属为照顾方式的长期照护体系逐渐纳入农村视野。(2)不同型地区老年人长期照护意愿呈现梯次变化,由发达地区向发展中地区逐渐减弱。(3)发达地区更愿意选择直接支付方式获得长期照护服务,发展中地区愿意"以服务换取服务"。(4)农村老年人养老意愿是多因素共同作用的结果,文化程度越低、从事有收入的劳动、家庭收入越少、已婚且和老伴同居者越愿意接受家庭照顾;而拥有养老保险和医疗保险者愿意接受专人上门照顾,也更愿意进养老院或护理院。

村域社会资本与农村互助养老实现——基于农村老人养老服务供给意愿视角的分析

互助养老能否实现很大程度上取决于农村老人拥有的养老服务供给意愿。本研究基于对全国11省31村农村老人的抽样调查数据,展示了农村老人养老服务供给意愿的特征,并运用多元线性回归模型,从村域社会资本切入,分析了村域网络、村域互惠、村域信任以及村域规范对农村老人养老服务供给意愿的影响。研究发现:在服务内容上,农村老人更愿意为他人提供精神慰藉服务,然后是生活照料服务,最后是医疗护理服务;在服务对象上,农村老人养老服务的供给意愿符合由近及远的“差序格局”特征。村域社会资本对农村老人养老服务供给意愿的影响是多维的,村域网络中的正式网络显著正向影响农村老人养老服务的供给意愿,但非正式网络的影响则不显著;村域信任中的人际信任显著正向影响农村老人养老服务的供给意愿,而制度信任的影响则不显著;村域互惠与村域规范均显著正向影响农村老人养老服务的供给意愿。研究还发现,村域社会资本对农村老人养老服务供给意愿的影响存在服务内容和服务对象的差异,同时还存在群体分异。

老年人日常照料角色介入的差序格局研究

老年人日常照料是老年人养老的核心问题之一。运用"2006年中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查"数据对老年人日常照料角色介入的差序格局进行研究。从宏观上看,传统的差序格局仍然存在,但随着社会存在的变化差序格局随之变化,且由于家庭养老人力资源的急剧下降,这种格局存在进一步被打破的趋势。可以预见,处于差序格局最边缘的社会圈层将成为未来老年人照料的重要力量。对老年人日常照料差序格局的城乡化差异作了比较。

社会转型期农村养老的主体模式:社会保险抑或家庭保障

20世纪80年代以来,制度性社会养老保险成为构建中国农村养老体系的核心议题,但20多年来的农村社会养老保险改革目前尚未实现预期目标。社会转型期农村家庭结构的变迁对家庭养老功能带来双重影响,表现出结构性特征。与社会养老相比,家庭养老的低成本、精准化等特征使其在经济扶持、生活照料、精神慰藉方面仍具优势。在目前甚至较长期的社会转型期,家庭养老应当成为我国农村养老的主体模式。构建政府支持的家庭支持计划对于稳定、拓展家庭养老功能不可或缺,而社会养老保险值得长期建立。

农村老年人健康知识知晓现状及影响因素分析

目的:探讨山东省农村老年人的健康知识知晓率和影响因素,为针对性地开展老年人健康教育工作提供理论依据。方法:分层随机抽样方法调查了山东省青岛、烟台、济南、潍坊、临沂、聊城六地市的60岁及以上农村老年人451例,采取面对面的访谈形式了解老年人健康知识现状并分析其影响因素。结果:农村老年人的健康知识知晓率较低;单因素分析结果显示:性别、年龄、文化程度、经济收入等因素影响农村老年人健康知识知晓率。多因素分析结果显示:文化程度、对子女帮助、日常生活能力和处世表现4个因素有统计学意义。结论:各卫生管理部门和老年卫生工作者应充分利用各种途径加强农村老年人的健康教育工作,积极宣传卫生保健知识,提高老年人的健康水平。

合作社融入农村养老供给的逻辑、模式与效应

近年来,一种新型的养老模式——合作社养老开始在国内各地流行。那么,合作社能否融入农村养老供给以及合作社融入农村养老供给的逻辑和机制是什么?其有哪些运作模式以及实践中会出现哪些问题?通过实地调查,结合案例对这些问题展开了深入分析。从生成逻辑上看,合作社融入农村养老供给符合其本质规定的价值伦理,也符合其逐利的工具理性,并在一定程度上沿袭了合作社服务社会的历史传统。在具体实践中,合作社融入农村养老供给在实现其经济效益的同时,也产生了很大的社会效益,并呈现出物质资源输出型、照料资源输出型和精神资源输出型三种运作形态,但在服务水平、利益联结、盈利能力和发展目标方面还存在一些问题。对此,提出了四个方面的改进建议,即提高养老服务水平,积极引导老人入社养老;盘活农村闲置资源,完善利益联结机制;探索开放经营模式,提高养老项目盈利能力;完善相关政策法规,为合作社融入农村养老供给提供制度保障。

山东省农村老年人健康知识知晓现状调查与分析

目的了解山东省农村老年人健康知识知晓现状并探讨相关的影响因素,为针对性地开展老年人健康教育工作提供理论依据。方法分层随机抽样方法调查了山东省青岛、烟台、济南、潍坊、临沂、聊城6地市60岁及以上的农村老年人451例,采取面对面的访谈形式对老年人健康知识状况进行现场调查,用构成比和知晓率等指标对资料进行统计描述,应用四格表x2检验、R×C表x2检验及进一步两两比较的x2分割法对性别、年龄、文化程度等因素的影响作用进行统计推断。结果农村老年人的健康知识知晓率较低;女性、高龄、低文化程度老年人的健康知识知晓现状较差。结论各卫生管理部门和老年卫生工作者应充分利用各种途径加强农村老年人的健康教育工作,积极宣传卫生保健知识,不断提高其疾病预防和控制的生活技能,更有效地保障老年人的健康。