Energy-saving Technology of Vent in Passive Solar Wall of Rural House of Severe Cold Region

This paper aims at solving the problems of low thermal collection rate,inconvenient maintenance,hindering indoor using during the application of passive solar technologies in rural houses in severe cold region.All these defects prevent the passive solar houses' further development. This paper chooses trombe wall,which has higher thermal efficiency of the passive solar house,as research object. The traditional vent is improved into a new type of ventilation device. This improvement overcomes the shortcoming,which traditional vent loses huge heat,and simplifies the construction of vent. Comparing with traditional trombe wall,the energy saving rate is 15. 69%.

Study on Energy Conservation of External Wall Structure of Rural Houses in Cold Area

According to the status of the northern rural architecture analysis, the prevalence of high energy consumption, low comfort features, it is essential to design energy-efficient buildings in rural areas. Article research and analyze the layout of rural buildings, a variety of energy-saving technologies and building design measures development and utilization of new energy sources and other issues that can make rural buildings to save energy and improve the environmental quality of living of farmers. It also put forward some reasonable suggestions for carrying out residential building energy efficiency in cold areas.

External wall structure of green rural houses in Daqing, China, based on life cycle and ecological footprint theories

Daqing is situated in one of the severely cold resions of China. The livin8 environment in this region is extremely poor because of the harsh climate and the backward economy. The external wall is an important component of the external envelope of buildings, and it greatly contributes to the indoor thermal environment. By taking the external wall as the research object, this study summarizes the characteristics of the external wall structure and analyzes the common materials used in existing rural residences. Specifically, we combine life cycle theory and ecological footprint （EF） theory and introduce the green external wall structure, as well as its application in practice, in accordance with the local ecosystem. Results show that anecotosical residence offers a better environment and greater economic benefits than a traditional residence. The annual energy consumption, C02 consumption, and EF of the ecological residence in this study are lower than those of the traditional residence by 69.61%, 17.5 t, and 99.47%, respectively.

Rural houses with appropriate strategies in northwest China:a practice of ecological houses in Ningxia Province

The severe problem of rural vernacular houses in northwest china is low thermal comfortableness with high consumption of energy in winter.Under such circumstance,the appropriate technologies that create comfortable living environment under the inclement local weather by low cost should be encouraged.In Ningxia Province,Jianfuqiao village,the ecological technologies are presented.By comparing with traditional buildings,the testing and thermal environment analysis verified the effectiveness of the passive used solar technologies.

Application of the ground cooling system for rural houses air conditioning in northeastern China

This study developed an appropriate ground cooling system that can be used for indoor cooling during summers in rural houses in northeastern China.To apply this system,a traditional rural house was selected and a heat exchanger was designed(PE pipe,32 m in length),manufactured,and installed according to the cooling load(2206 kJ/h)of one room of the experimental house.According to the experiment,the temperature of Room 1 equipped with the cooling system was 3℃ lower than that of Room 2 without the ground cooling system during the same time period.The temperature reduction effect of this system was confirmed through this study.When the ground cooling system was used in rural houses in Northeast China,it was found that a burial depth of 1.5-2.0 m for the ground heat exchanger is appropriate for considering workability and frost line.The use of the ground cooling system for indoor cooling during summers for rural houses in the northeastern region of China would reduce not only environmental pollution and the use of fossil fuels but also ease farmers off a certain amount of financial burden.

Design on rural eco-house in cold areas of Northern China

Many kinds of factors that influence rural housing construction in Northern China are analyzed systematically and the connections between them are weighed from ecology and sustainable angles, so that an optimized green house can be built. At the same time, the energy efficient envelope structure and the method of choosing insulation material in the cost of unit thermal resistance are proposed. Integrated quality evaluation by computer shows that thermal comfort in the house would be improved remarkably for the value of PPD drops from 35%-40% to 15%, the rate of saving energy is 51.73%, much higher than the third goal of saving energy in China, and the comprehensive ecological benefit achieves good effect so as to promote the sustainable development of rural housing and community in cold areas of Northern China.

Dwelling Houses In Rural

People who canafford it have theirbeams and pillarscarved and painted,and have the upper part ofinner walls painted withthree colorful stripes andlower part with yellow oriight green color. On thewall are paintings,such asHarmony and Longevity.The corridor walls behindthe front gate are pastedwith portraits showing peo-ple subduing tigers and theGod of Wealth driving anelephant.

Dwelling Houses IN RURAL TIBET(Ⅰ)

Atotal of 28house founda-tions werefound in theKarub Ruins in Qamdo.They take the shape of acircle,half underground.They are dwelling housesbuilt as early as some 5,000years ago when Tibet wasexperiencing the New StoneAge.

Field survey of indoor thermal comfort in rural housing of northern China in heating season

This paper introduces a field measurement of an indoor thermal environment in rural housing in suburban Beijing from December 2008 to March 2009.The indoor environment parameters such as air temperature,mean radiant temperature（MRT）,airflow velocity and relative humidity are measured.A questionnaire survey of the occupants＇ thermal sensations in these surveyed houses is conducted and their daily activities and clothing conditions are recorded.The results show that the thermal neutral temperature of rural housing is 18.4 ℃,and the lower limit of acceptable temperature range can be extended to 10.9 ℃.The comfortable indoor temperature is affected by the occupants＇ clothing and lifestyle.Therefore,the indoor temperature standards of space heating for suburban housing cannot be simply duplicated from that for urban housing.Compared with occupants in suburban Beijing,it is found that the occupants in rural Hunan province feel colder at the same operative temperature due to the high relative humidity in Hunan province.

Establishment of Rural Housing Land Standard in China

On the basis of rural household survey in 12 provinces of China in 2005,this research built an econometrical model to find the area standard for rural housing land.This standard is expected to facilitate rural housing land administration,efficient and intensive housing land use and policy making.This research concludes:1) according to the household survey data,the average area for rural housing land in China is about 235.26 m 2,and the rural housing land mainly includes unused land(42.89%) and house construction land(37.76%) with the average floor-area ratio of 0.42;2) the indexes in the standard concern the factors such as location,landform,house form,household population and cultivated land area per farmer,which all have significant effects on rural housing land use;3) the reasonable area for rural housing land may be 150 m 2 in average before 2020,and the referential standards in different provinces are 120 m 2,130 m 2,140m 2,150 m 2,160 m 2,170 m 2,190 m 2,200 m 2,210 m 2,220 m 2,230 m 2 and 250 m 2 respectively;and 4) if there are less than two persons or more than five persons in a family,these standards need to be decreased or increased by 7%.When the cultivated land area per farmer is lower than the provincial average,the standards have to reduce by 3.5%.

Analysis on the Layout of Villages and Towns and the Characteristics of Residential Buildings from the Perspective of Rural Revitalization in Liaoning Province

Rural houses in Liaoning Province have a long history and distinctive regional characteristics.Rural houses are designed in combination with family agricultural production habits to meet their production and living functions,and the building materials are mostly local materials.With the full implementation of the rural revitalization strategy,the countryside of Liaoning Province has become the main battlefield for rural revitalization.Based on a large number of field investigations,the layout of villages and towns and residential buildings in Liaoning Province were analyzed from three levels of villages,courtyard forms to residential functions,aiming to provide a basic theoretical reference for the renovation and renewal of rural residential buildings in Liaoning Province.

China＇s Urbanization Drive and Its Consequences： The Jimo Case

One million Chinese villages have disappeared in the three decades since the beginning of China＇s rural reform, one third of the total. As a result of this urbanization, China can no longer produce enough grain for itself. In 2012, China imported 80 million tons of grain, which is about 12% of its total grain need. Now the new Chinese Government inaugurated in 2013 has stepped up its push for more urbanization. Many more rural villages throughout China have been dismantled or will be dismantled at a crazy pace. China＇s environmental degradation will surely further deteriorate. This paper is a case study about urbanization and its social, economic, and environmental consequences in China.

Analysis of Some Building Damage Phenomena in the Wenchuan Earthquake

The MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake caused a great deal of damage and collapse to engineering structures. Survey of disaster and engineering damage was made in detail by the authors and other researchers in the extreme earthquake disaster area. The paper makes an overview of the earthquake disaster status and damage phenomena which include brick-concrete buildings, frame structures, brick-wood structures, and timber frame residential buildings. Furthermore, the causes of the disaster and building damage phenomena are briefly discussed. In addition, some typical damage phenomena are specialized. According to the phenomena mentioned above, some feasible seismic measures are suggested for the development of buildings in future.

Study on the challenge and influence of the built thermal environment on elderly health in rural areas:Evidence from Shandong,China

Elderly health is increasingly recognized as a worldwide challenge with the continuous social aging trend.This study aimed to investigate the thermal conditions of the elderly in rural areas of Shandong,China.The thermal sensation and physiological response performances of elderly participants were examined in their own houses.Results show a clear seasonal pattern in cardiovascular disease mortality,cold stress increases the cardiovascular disease risk.The coal-based stoves serve as the main source of home heating and their limited coverage of the room area gave rise to poor quality of thermal comfort.The analysis of skin temperature for those under 65 and above did not reveal any significant difference in response to different indoor temperatures.The regression results confirm that a colder home leads to a rising value of the elderly’s systolic blood pressure,rising by more than 1 mmHg for every 1℃decrease in indoor temperature and thus posing a greater risk of cardiovascular diseases.The systolic blood pressure value of older subjects rise more when they are exposed to decreasing indoor temperatures,possibly due to an age-related decline in their ability to maintain stability of blood pressure.It is noteworthy that the average blood velocity of older subjects reduces less in response to decreasing indoor temperatures,indicating a weakened capacity to resist cold stress and its associated high risk of hypertension.This investigation provides evidence in favor of improving the thermal environment of the elderly and reducing their risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Study on Energy-saving Technology and Design Optimization of Facade in Cold and Severe Cold Area

This article take cold regions of nlral residential building envelope as the research object, suitability technical theory as the theoretical basis, we evaluation of rural residential energy envelope because China＇s rural areas is chmacterized by large regional differences and to find a solution for the envelope. It could be considered as the useful reference for retrofit design of similar projects.

Residents’ Preferences for Rural Housing Disaster Insurance Attributes in Central and Western Tibet

Understanding the heterogeneous preferences of individuals for disaster insurance attributes is critical for product improvement and policy design.In an era of global environmental change,the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a hotspot of natural hazards.Improving the capability of rural housing disaster insurance to foster local residents’disaster resilience is of great signifcance but remains under addressed.We used a discrete choice experiment approach to provide the frst estimates of rural residents’preferences for rural housing disaster insurance attributes in central and western Tibet.We estimated residents’preferences and willingness-to-pay for the sum insured,subsidy rate,insured object,and perils covered.The potential impacts of increasing the sum insured,expanding the insured object,and lowering subsidy rates were evaluated.Our results suggest that residents prefer products with a high sum insured,high subsidy rate,and a complete list of insured objects.Residents who have experienced specifc hazards tend to prefer the corresponding perils covered.Females and residents who have a closer social network are more likely to purchase insurance.Product improvement and policy simulation results suggest that,while lowering the subsidy rate,increasing the sum insured and expanding the insured object could promote participation and improve residents’welfare.Our results could improve the understanding of the preferences of households in remote regions and support policy implementations.

The coupling characteristics and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China

Land use transition refers to the changes in land use morphology （both dominant morphology and recessive morphology） of a certain region over a certain period of time driven by socio-economic change and innovation, and it usually corresponds to the transition of socio-economic development phase. In China, farmland and rural housing land are the two major sources of land use transition. This paper analyzes the spatio-temporal coupling characteristics of farmland and rural housing land transition in China, using high-resolution Landsat TM （Thematic Mapper） data in 2000 and 2008, and the data from the Ministry of Land and Resources of China. The outcomes indicated that： （1） during 2000-2008, the correlation coefficient of farmland vs. rural housing land change is -0.921, and it shows that the change pattern of farmland and rural housing land is uncoordinated; （2） the result of Spearman rank correlation analysis shows that rural housing land change has played a major role in the mutual transformation of farmland and rural housing land; and （3） it shows a high-degree spatial coupling between farmland and rural housing land change in southeast China during 2000-2008. In general, farmland and rural housing land transition in China is driven by socio-economic, bio-physical and managerial three-dimensional driving factors through the interactions among rural population, farmland and rural housing land. However, the spatio-temporal coupling phenomenon and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China are largely due to the ＂dual-track＂ structure of rural-urban development.

Estimation of rural housing structure and its vulnerability in China

The damage of dwelling houses constitutes the primary cause of casualties and asset loss in seismic disasters that occurred in Chinese rural areas. The structure of houses is crucial for assessing the vulnerability of rural houses. However, at present, available data on rural housing structure are incomplete and their spatial scales are inconsistent. This paper estimated the amount and ratio of rural houses in five structures, namely ＇wood＇, ＇brick＇, ＇mixed＇, ＇reinforced concrete＇, and ＇other＇, for 2380 counties across China. With the percent- age sampling census data in 2005, four accuracy levels were specified. Then, a set of down-scaling models were established, where the impact of climate, economic development level and ethnic minority cultural factors on rural housing structure, as well as the spatial autocorrelation of neighboring spatial units were considered. Based on the estimation results, a database of county-level rural housing structure was established, based on which the vul- nerability of rural houses in different areas was clarified.

Architectural typology of rural housing in Jaen,Peru

Jaén is one of the most important cities in the northern highlands of Peru due to its strategic location,commerce,and agricultural activities.Jaén has more than 185 thousand inhabitants,of which 48%live in rural areas,representing approximately 31 thousand rural housing.This research aims to determine the types of rural housing in Jaen,showing the possible variations and architectural manifestations due to the territorial and cultural characteristics.A field observation sheet has been used to study the rural dwellings of populated centres previously classified by altitudinal regions.The results show six architectural types of rural housing classified into two groups:"rural-residential housing"and"rural-agricultural housing"'These architectural types are generally located near water sources,within agricultural plots,and on hillsides.The architectural program is characterised by agricultural activity and family composition,which has grown over time.The most commonly used construction systems are"pirca"and"quincha"',using natural materials such as"ichu"and adobe.There is also evidence of cultural traditions rooted in the construction,such as"cambio de fuerzas""paracaico",and"minga".Therefore,the relevance of Jaen's rural housing is its geographical reading of the territory through the architectural and cultural legacy of these buildings.