Research on the Circulation Problems of Contractual Management Right of Rural Land

Based on the judicial explanation of the contractual management right of land, the thesis elaborates the definition of main body of contractual management right of rural land; right of possession, use right, usufruct of contractual management right of land; autonomy of production and operation; disposition of the products; expropriation and occupation compensation authority of contractual land respectively, in order to demonstrate the connotation of land contractual management. The thesis also analyzes perspicaciously the phenomenon of non-agricultural-use land and proclaiming phenomenon of contractual management right of land. We should establish normalized rural land property rights register system to perfect contractual management right of land. Proclaiming of agriculture land right also should adopt registration effectiveness so as to guarantee the legality of transference of agricultural land to non-agricultural land in terms of system. We should perfect rural land circulation in terms of normalizing land circulation laws and normalizing contractual farmers fees: in terms of the movable agricultural land right, we should further perfect the types and content of circulation and lessen non-legal form restrictions of circulation; in terms of contractual fees, we should normalize contractual fees of land in order to preclude the contradiction between the contractees and contractors arising from blank space of laws.

Disputes over Circulation of Rural Land Contractual Management Right and Control Countermeasures

On the basis of current situations of disputes over rural land contractual management right,this paper analyzes causes of disputes from four aspects. It states that controlling disputes,regulating and strengthening land circulation in accordance with laws are core works of new socialist countryside construction and rural reform. Finally,it presents five control countermeasures,including improving laws and regulations on circulation of rural land contractual management right,strengthening popularization and guidance of relevant laws and regulations,government departments administering in accordance with laws,stressing management of land contractual management right circulation contract,and establishing and perfecting land circulation intermediaries to realize market-oriented circulation.

Contract System for Circulation of the Right to Rural Land Contractual Management

From the perspective of civil subject theory,law of value,comparative law and history of laws,the thesis expounds that the contract on the transfer of the contractual right of rural lands is in nature a civil contract instead of an administrative one.Then it explores the defects in the contract from the viewpoint of legal value goal,contract law and legal sociology,that is,the relevant provisions in Rural Land Contract Law and Explanations of Supreme People's Court about the Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting go against the principle of free contracting and run counter to the legal value goal of justice,so they do not achieve good implementing effect.Finally,the thesis demonstrates and makes some practical legislative proposals to perfect the contract system for circulation of the right to operate constructed rural lands,aiming at improving the circulation rate through perfecting the contract of the right to rural land contractual management,solving the disputes in rural lands circulation and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the farmers.

The Innovation and Plights of Farmland Property Rights System Reform in Chongqing Municipality

Based on the background of national urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area and the introduction of the profiles of research region and the data obtained by on-the-spot interview survey,the innovative models of farmland property rights system reform in Chongqing are introduced by applying participatory rural appraisal methods and examples. The innovative models cover buying shares of contract management rights,transforming from farmers to townspeople and mortgaging contract management rights. The plights exist in the reform are analyzed,among which the plights of buying shares of contract management rights are introduced from the following five aspects:the conflict with the present land contract laws,the possible new round of massive scale land loses,the confounded functions of government and enterprise caused by risk transference and the difficulties of handling assets when the contract management rights expired. Besides,the plights of the transforming from rural residents to urban residents are analyzed from four aspects,which include the particularity of reform,high financial pressure,emergence of interbedded people and difficulties of payoff of village-based companies. From the facets of limited mortgage area,risks of reimbursing the loan,legal risks of mortgage. The results show that the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights reveals the capital value of land and the model is of theoretical and practical significance in law and economics. However,the social security system is not perfect,so the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights can not be expanded. In addition,the participation of more famers and the expansion of enterprises are limited as well. The land comprehensive reform model of transforming from rural residents to urban residents is of positive significance to the comprehensive exploration of farmland property system reform,but this kind of model should be supported by strong economy. The stock purchasing model of contractual management rights is of significance to perfect the contractual management rights,but it conflicts with the existing laws and financial systems.

农地二轮延包实施进路——基于贵州省XF县的调查研究

第二轮土地承包到期后农地顺利延包是促进乡村振兴之根本。当前我国第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年面临“有人无地种,有地无人种”与“保持农户承包地稳定”的现行政策相矛盾、无地少地农民以及“两头占”“两头空”“外嫁女”等特殊群体的利益处理这两大突出问题,制定具体农地延包方案迫在眉睫。基于贵州省XF县“第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年”试点的调研发现,二轮延包中存在着确权收尾工作难完成、延包主体资格难认定、土地细碎化难处理、延包协议难签订等困境。解决这些困境的实践逻辑为建立登记颁证机制、农户自愿有偿退出承包和未承包地管理机制、缺地少地农户承包地调整机制、矛盾纠纷化解机制、农地承包经营权长效管理机制。具体而言,农地二轮延包的实施路径包括:完成土地确权工作;化解延包矛盾纠纷;承包地退出、收回与管理;数字化赋能农地承包经营权长效管理;政府组织成立专班予以落实。

乡村振兴背景下农村土地承包经营权流转现状及存在问题

随着城镇化不断发展,部分农村人口转移到城镇中居住和生活,农业生产机械化、规模化与家庭承包责任制之间的矛盾越来越突出,农村土地及其流转的相关问题成为解决“三农”问题的根本之一。该文通过调查农村土地承包经营权流转情况,发现流转过程中存在流转方式单一、流转制度不完善、流转效率较低等问题,探索有效的农村保障体系,促进土地承包经营权流转,以期为乡村振兴的有效实施提供参考。

农地“三权分置”政策立法得失及其法理思考

农地“三权分置”制度是继土地承包改革以来我国农地制度的第二次重大变革契机。但从法律的规范分析角度看,以2018年《中华人民共和国农村土地承包法》修改为标志的制度改革成果乏善可陈,此次修法未能全面达成农地“三权分置”政策所设定的目标。其核心问题是土地经营权可转让、可抵押的始定目标未能实现。而此制度效果的实证研究也支持上述结论。造成农地“三权分置”立法困局的原因主要包括农地“三权分置”制度的核心目标出现变化且多目标之间具有紧张关系、农地“三权分置”政策与法律的范式转换障碍及现行农地制度的功能超载问题。尽管存在上述问题,但农地“三权分置”制度本身具有合价值性和合规律性,应继续保持对农地“三权分置”制度的研究,并通过创造性改造实现农地“三权分置”制度的初心。

论农村承包经营户债务承担规则之适用——《民法典》第五十六条释疑

《民法通则》确定,农村承包经营户之债务承担由“经营者”负责,它突破了投资人风险自负的原则,确立了承包人、投资人和利益享受人均应担责的规则,资格符合中国农村家庭承包经营的特点。但随着集体经济组织成员被普遍授予土地承包经营权,以及几十年来农村家庭财产关系的巨变,原来认定承包地“经营者”的标准失去了适用环境。《民法典》及时提出了以“事实上的经营者”承担经营责任的规则,而“事实上的经营者”须具备以下条件:是集体经济组织成员,是自家承包地主要劳务投入者;或者是流转土地经营权的决策者。但家庭成员中的被赡养、被抚养者,一般不对农户承包经营债务承担责任。

基于ArcGIS Engine的农田调查数据快速处理系统设计与实现

为实现农村土地承包经营权农田数据日常维护更新,快速处理农田外业调查数据,形成符合要求的数据库,本文基于ArcGIS Engine平台,使用C#语言,针对农村土地承包经营权数据日常维护更新的需求,结合Arcpy模块设计并实现了农田调查数据的构面、属性挂接、存储、成图等一系列调查数据快速处理系统,并选择外业实地采集的地块数据为例,经过验证,该方法能快速处理农村土地承包经营权日常更新数据,确实提高了生产效率。

农村土地承包经营权可抵押性及其约束条件分析——以湖北与江苏的试点为例

研究目的:辨明农村土地承包经营权可抵押的约束条件,为农地抵押试点提供可靠的理论依据和可行的政策建议。研究方法:基于湖北天门和江苏新沂的典型案例,从经济条件、职能分工、试点政策与进展等方面对两地试点进行比较研究。研究结果:农村土地承包经营权可抵押性受到法律因素和经济因素的共同制约;在相同的法律制度下,其可抵押性更多地由农业生产水平、土地流转市场、农村社会保障水平等经济条件决定。研究结论:试点应选择在经济发展水平较高、农业生产水平较高、土地流转市场相对完善的地区开展,相关法律政策也应在此类地区有选择地放开。

土地承包经营权抵押范围的再探索

改革开放三十多年后,随着社会的发展与变化,已凸显出现行法律对土地承包经营权的可抵押范围限制并不合理。由于农村的社会结构与实际需求改变,土地的社会保障功能日渐弱化;通过法律的设计,土地承包经营权抵押权的实现得与耕地面积的增减不发生直接关系。考虑到我国各区域间的重大经济差异等原因,法律应有条件地放宽得抵押融资的土地承包经营权范围,以解决农民的实际需要。

土地承包经营权流转内涵界定研究

目前,理论上和实践中对土地承包经营权流转内涵重要理论问题学界尚未达成共识,存在以"保留(土地)承包权、转移土地经营权(土地使用权)"、"转移(或者让渡)部分或者全部土地承包经营权","土地承包经营权的变动"等为实质内容或依据界定土地承包经营权流转内涵的不同观点,其内容差异大,且都存在明显不足。统一采用法定的"土地承包经营权流转"名称是界定其内涵的关键。依据土地承包经营权流转包括物权性质土地承包经营权让渡型流转和物权性质土地承包经营权保留型流转这一客观事实,应以"移转(或者转移)物权性质土地承包经营权或者物权性质土地承包经营权中的部分权能"为实质内容界定土地承包经营权流转内涵。

东北粮食主产区农户主导型农村土地流转价格影响因素

分析各因素对农村土地流转价格的影响方向与作用强度可为确定土地承包经营权流转价格提供依据。该文以黑龙江省农村固定观察点14个村的转入方农户为样本,采用相关性分析和多元线性回归方法分别确定单因素与多因素对流转价格的影响,并对比分析各因素对高于均价组和低于均价组中流转价格的影响差异。结果表明:1)单因素对流转价格的影响分析中,耕地粮食产量对流转价格产生显著正向影响,是影响流转价格最重要的因素;2)多因素对流转价格的影响分析中,耕地粮食产量、村域经济发达程度、县域交通通达性、户主年龄对流转价格产生显著正向影响,县域人均GDP、与市中心距离对流转价格产生显著负向影响;3)对比各因素对高于均价组和低于均价组的影响,发现交通通达性、与市中心距离对高于均价组流转价格的影响方向与总样本一致,这些因素对低于均价组流转价格的影响方向与总样本相反。需明确耕地信息、了解地区经济与交通情况,为确定土地流转价格、完善农村土地流转市场创造条件。

城镇化进程中农户土地退出意愿影响因素分析

随着城镇化进程的不断加快,鼓励农户退出土地承包经营权以提高土地资源的利用效率成为解决土地资源短缺的关键途径。为了分析农户土地承包经营权退出意愿的影响因素,利用陕西省关中地区579户农户调研数据,运用结构方程模型,对农户土地退出意愿的影响因素及影响方向进行了研究。研究结果表明:农户家庭特征中的人均收入、离最近县城的距离、家庭总收入、户主文化程度,农户生产特征中的农业收入、耕地经营面积、劳动力数量,农户意识特征中的农户产权意识、农户行为意识、农户福利意识、农户技能意识,对农户的退地意愿产生显著影响。研究结果表明农户土地承包经营权退出意愿是受到多因素综合影响的,并且各影响因素之间也存在一定的共变关系。对农户土地退出意愿的影响因素进行分析可以为制定合理的土地退出政策和机制提供意见参考。

农村土地承包经营权要素编码规则研究

建立统一的农村土地承包经营权要素编码规则是开展农村土地承包信息化建设的基础性工作。从农村土地承包经营权的主体、客体和内容出发,将发包方、承包方、承包地块、承包合同、农村土地承包经营权证和农村土地承包经营权证登记簿作为编码对象;基于农村土地承包经营权各要素之间的相互关系,将承包地块和承包方纳入到发包方下进行统一编码,承包合同、经营权证和登记簿编码一致,并且与承包方编码关联;以行政区划编码为基础,提出了各编码要素的代码结构、编码方法和赋码规则。研究对提高农业行政主管部门办事效率和促进农村土地承包信息化建设具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。

土地承包经营权转让刍议

土地承包经营权在物权效力方面存在先天不足,其流转问题也存在二难悖论。对于土地承包经营权流转,应该以发展的眼光审视和解读问题,破除种种不合理的限制,使承包经营权由死水一潭变成汩汩活水。在配套制度方面,土地征收制度需要进一步严格化,土地调整制度应当废止。

农村土地经营权流转价值评估:综述与展望

土地价值问题一直是经济理论界争论的焦点问题之一。农村土地经营权要顺畅流转,必须评估出土地的真正价值,健全价格机制。通过对我国农村土地经营权流转价值评估研究相关文献进行系统的梳理,从农村土地经营权流转价值的内涵、流转定价的现状与存在的问题、评价方法与评价模型等方面对现阶段研究的主要特征作了归纳与述评,并展望了未来的研究方向及趋势。

农地承包经营权权利属性的跨越与流转障碍的克服——以民法用益物权向经济法权利的跨越为路径

农地承包经营权权利属性的跨越是克服农地承包经营权流转法律障碍的有效路径。只有正确认识农地承包经营权中的个人利益和社会公共利益及其相互之间的冲突,使农地承包经营权的权利属性在传承民法用益物权的基础上跨向经济法权利,并以经济法社会本位、平衡协调的思维,将农地承包经营权入股与融资担保在民法物权改革思路中对交换价值的支配转换到对使用价值的支配,才能有效克服农地承包经营权入股与融资担保的法律障碍。

湖北省农村土地承包经营权流转的现状和特征分析

鼓励农村土地依法自愿有偿流转是我国改革开放以来一贯的农村政策。进入新世纪以来,《农村土地承包法》、《物权法》以及十七届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》等一系列法律法规及政策的出台,进一步完善了农村土地的承包经营权,有利于加快农村土地的流转。文章就湖北省农村土地承包经营权的流转情况进行了调查研究,总结了新世纪以来农地流转出现的新问题,并从农地流转市场的供求角度分析了阻碍流转的因素,最后就加快农地流转进行了探讨。