Economic and Social Impact Assessment of Chronic Diseases Among the Low-Income Population in Southern Punjab,Pakistan

Introduction:Chronic diseases are becoming more prevalent worldwide.The effects of chronic illnesses are disastrous not only for the diagnosed person but also for their entire family.This study explores chronic diseases’social and economic impact on low-income families.The study aims to determine the economic and social implications of various chronic diseases and the loss of income due to these conditions among low-income individuals in Southern Punjab,Pakistan.Methodology:A sample of 424 patients was selected from different areas of Southern Punjab.Data were collected using a questionnaire that included questions about economic status,self-reported health status,social status,management strategies,and health insurance,among other factors.Results:The mean monthly income of the respondents was found to be 57,097.6 Pakistani rupee(PKR),and the mean monthly expenses for treatment were 8,256.1 PKR.The loss of income was calculated at 15%.Additionally,62%of patients spent more than 10%of their monthly income on managing their disease.Approximately 85%of the respondents reported that chronic diseases affected their social life.Furthermore,80%of patients lacked health insurance.Conclusion:Chronic diseases impose significant economic and social burdens on patients and their families in Southern Punjab.To reduce the burden of chronic diseases,the government should enhance healthcare services in this region and provide health insurance to low-income families.

Are Personal Exemptions Succeeded to Protect Low-Income Families in Egypt From the Negative Effects of COVID-19?

This paper attempts to investigate the negative effects of the spread of COVID-19 on low-income families in Egypt.Coronavirus spread is measured by"Coronavirus cases"and"Coronavirus deaths"on a daily basis.Besides,it is measured by both"new Coronavirus cases"and"new deaths from Coronavirus",in relation to the population of Egypt.The Egyptian government is taking some measures to reduce the negative effects of COVID-19,including increasing personal exemptions by amending some provisions of the Egyptian Income Tax Law promulgated by Law No.91 of 2005 to protect low-income families.Of the negative effects of COVID-19,it is one of the most important tax policies to achieve social justice in distributing the tax burden,according to income levels,in a manner that achieves justice and equality.We find that Personal exemptions did not succeed in achieving tax justice by easing the tax burden on the low-income people in society.

Children Education Investment of Rural Families in Hechuan District of Chongqing Municipality

Taking 20 relative poor families in Hechuan District of Chongqing Municipality as survey samples,taking 275 households of rural families selected by stratified sampling method as research objects,and taking family education investment behavior of this rural area as research content,this paper studied current situations of rural family education investment behavior in Hechuan District,difference in investment behavior and related influence factors. It is intended to provide references for family education investment of rural areas in Hechuan District and even Chongqing Municipality,and promote development of rural education undertaking in China.

Cross-sectional population based study examining the impact of children with asthma on US rural families

Introduction: Approximately 7.1 million US children have asthma. The burden of asthma is disproportionate with ruralUSpopulations experiencing a higher prevalence of the disease. Rural populations experience additional disparities regarding health care access, job availability, and daily living resources. Hence, the family impact of having a child with asthma may be influenced by geographic locale. This impact could be a result of health insurance tied to employment, out of pocket costs, and health care provider availability. Few studies have assessed the impact a child’s asthma has on a family. This study sought to answer the question: What is the impact of children with asthma on US rural families? Methods: Multivariate techniques were performed to examine a single year of data from two connected population-based datasets, the 2007-2008 National Survey of Children’s Health and the 2009-2010 Children with Special Health Care Needs Survey. Children with current asthma defined the study population for both datasets. A logistic regression model was performed for each database. The dependent variable for the first model was child in family currently has asthma, for the second it was rural children with current asthma. Results: The first logistic regression model confirmed that rural children were more likely to have asthma than non-rural children. The second logistic regression model yielded that rural families with a child diagnosed with asthma had greater odds of: not having health insurance, having a parent who stopped working, avoided a job change, or experienced financial problems because of the child’s health. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that rural families experience a disproportionate financial hardship as a result of their child’s asthma. Pharmacist intervention in asthma care in rural areas has the potential to decrease the financial burden for a family while also improving a child’s health.

Urban-rural Unification of Standard of Special Subsidy for Families Practicing Family Planning

According to news from the website of National Health and Family Planning Commission（NHFPC）on April 17,Ministry of Finance and NHFPC recently issued Opinions on Further Improving the Input Mechanism in Family Planning,

The Impact of Urban and Rural Education Gap on Student Achievement Differences

With our country’s social development,the gap between urban and rural education has become increasingly obvious,especially the difference in student achievement.This study aims to explore the impact of the urban-rural education gap on student achievement.The study adopts a quantitative analysis method to collect and analyze the academic performance,learning resources,and social resources of urban and rural students.The results show that the unbalanced distribution of educational resources in urban and rural areas is the key factor leading to the gap in students’achievement.For example,urban education resources are abundant while rural education resources are relatively scarce.At the same time,the difference in social environment and family economic status also have a significant impact on student achievement.The differences between urban and rural areas,particularly in terms of family economic conditions and their ability to invest in education,further widen the gap between urban and rural education.The results of this study can provide a reference for reducing the gap between urban and rural education and improving the academic performance of rural students.A fair education policy is essential to narrow the gap between urban and rural education resources distribution,so as to improve the equality of education in society.

Factors Associated with Unmet Need for Family Planning among Couples Living in Urban and Rural Areas of Guinea in 2019

Introduction: Unmet need for family planning (UNFP) is defined as women with unmet needs who want to stop or delay childbearing but are not using any method of contraception. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with unmet needs for family planning among couples living in rural and urban areas of Guinea in 2019. Methodology: This was a prospective, analytical cross-sectional, multicenter study of a six-month period from August 1, 2018 to January 31, 2019, focusing on couples with unmet needs for family planning. Result: Among 189 couples interviewed, 567 had UNFP (33.3%), the reasons for not using modern contraceptive methods were desire for pregnancy (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.74, 4.31), husband’s refusal (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.81), spousal attitude (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.130, 30), birth spacing (AOR = 2.10% to 95%: 1.16, 3.82), difficulty with a new pregnancy (AOR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.74), and spousal attitude (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.30). Conclusion: The involvement of spouses, especially in rural communities, would help achieve family planning objectives and reduce unmet needs for family planning.

年龄视角下家庭结构转变对农村老人代际支持的影响

本文采用“安徽省农村老年人生活福利状况”2001-2018年7期专项追踪调查数据,聚焦年龄效应构建个体增长模型,深入探究年龄视角下家庭结构转变对农村老人代际支持的动态影响。结果表明,代际支持策略随家庭结构而异,同时该策略会因老人年龄调节而有所调整。其中,随年龄调节,“变为独居”老人会为子女提供更多经济支持;“一直二代及以上同住”老人与其子女间情感亲密越差;“变为二代及以上同住”老人逐渐获得更多日常照料;“一直隔代同住”与“变为隔代同住”老人会得到子女更高水平经济支持,并减少照料支持提供。结果揭示了在老龄化与城市化并行推进的背景下,家庭养老在农村的主体地位仍牢固,巩固家庭养老的主体地位对缓解农村社会养老压力意义深远;揭示了社会应重视不同家庭结构老人的群体异质性,提倡老人接受符合其养老期待的差异化社会养老服务;揭示了孝道观念深刻根植于子女内心并不断驱使其改进代际支持策略,通过两代人的不同支持行为,利用各自优势实现需求互补,这对促进家庭代际和谐至关重要。

农村扩中群体的家庭财务报表识别机制研究:基于浙江共同富裕先行示范区的实践探索

基于家庭财务报表构建扩中群体识别机制对提高财政支持政策的精准性、加快实现共同富裕具有重要意义。在厘清浙江省现有扩中群体识别机制构建取得的进展与存在的不足的基础上,梳理农业经营主体家庭财务报表的编制探索、应用进展及对扩中群体识别的启示,进而提出基于家庭财务报表改进扩中群体识别指标的思路和完善识别机制的建议。分析表明,现有实践从财产、社保、职业、收入等维度构建相对富裕群体的识别指标体系并运用排除法锁定扩中群体有其合理性和推广价值,但还面临标准设置权威性与精准性欠佳、指标选取不足、缺乏动态修正机制等挑战。浙江省农业融资担保有限公司探索编制了农业经营主体家庭财务报表,对完善扩中群体识别机制产生有益启发。基于家庭财务报表识别扩中群体存在关键收入与支出数据缺乏、资产价值评估标准难统一、线下数据采集质量不高、数据动态更新与共享机制滞后等不足。鉴于此,从排除法指标调整、修正类指标补充和直接类指标拣选3个方面提出改进扩中群体识别的可能思路,并从完善农村家庭财务报表设计、改进家庭结构画像和经济画像规则、强化数字化支撑、完善配套支撑机制等方面提出政策建议。

农村社会养老保险对农户多维相对贫困的影响研究

农村社会养老保险对于提升家庭内生发展能力,缓解农户多维相对贫困具有重要意义。基于可行能力理论构建多维相对贫困指数,利用2014—2018年三期中国家庭追踪调查数据库,探究农村社会养老保险对农户多维相对贫困的政策效果及作用机制。结果表明,农村社会养老保险能够通过促进老年人操持家务、隔代照顾和促进青年劳动力外出就业缓解家庭多维相对贫困状况。按照农村社会养老保险的边际效果特征,农户群体可被划分为有效型、抑制型与无效型三种,且在样本期间内抑制型农户减少,无效型农户增多。另外,农村社会养老保险仅对于多维相对贫困程度较高的农户有显著的作用效果,且农村社会养老保险能够阻断返贫以及抑制长期性贫困。因此,为有效缓解农户多维贫困,应推动农村产业发展并加强对农村劳动力的技能培训,完善农村社会养老保险制度的运作模式和提升养老金待遇水平,以及构建多元化农村社会保障制度。

乡村振兴背景下农村家庭教育指导服务需求、困境与实现路径研究——基于甘肃省农村家庭教育指导服务的实证调研

研究基于甘肃省农村家庭教育指导服务的实证调查,深入分析了乡村振兴背景下农村家庭教育指导服务的现实需求、发展困境与实现路径。调查结果显示,新时代农村家庭重视并需要家庭教育指导服务,希望获得内容全面且多元、形式灵活能满足个性化需要的家庭教育指导服务。当前农村家庭教育指导服务面临指导内容不全、指导形式单一、指导者能力不足、管理机制不健全,难以满足农村家庭教育指导服务需求的发展困境。研究进一步提出了乡村振兴背景下农村家庭教育指导服务的实现路径,从而提升农村家庭教育质量,助力乡村振兴战略发展。

农村养老的模式选择与影响因素研究

老龄化已成为全球共同面临的难题,而中国步入老龄化的速度不断加快,农村养老的解决方案更是迫在眉睫。基于河南省洛阳市孟津区4镇6村202份调查问卷,采用二元Logistic回归模型,从基本特征、经济特征、心理特征、社会支持特征4个维度15个指标构建农村养老模式选择模型。研究表明:基本特征中,受教育程度、性别、年龄、婚姻、居住情况、子女个数、家庭收入来源、月收入和稳定性对养老模式选择有一定影响;心理特征中担心无人照顾会对机构养老和互助养老产生影响;社会支持特征中社会养老保险补贴满意度会对社区居家养老产生影响。在家庭养老模式中,性别、年龄会对模式选择产生显著的正向影响,受教育程度、居住情况则产生显著的负向影响。在机构养老模式中,性别、年龄、受教育程度、婚姻、家庭收入来源、家庭月收入对模式选择有显著的正向影响,而害怕被遗弃和对社会养老保险补贴满意度有显著的负向影响。在社区养老模式中,受教育程度、居住情况、子女个数、日托、担心无人照顾以及对社会养老保险补贴满意度对模式的选择有显著的正向影响,而家庭收入来源、年龄和收入来源的稳定性则有显著的负向影响。在互助养老模式中,性别、婚姻、居住情况、担心无人照顾具有显著的正向影响,社会养老保险补贴满意度具有显著的负向影响。

凡是过去,皆为序曲:企业家农村成长经历与家族控制权偏好

企业家成长经历会对企业家个人及企业行为产生重要影响。本文基于烙印理论,着重考察了企业家农村成长经历对其家族控制权偏好的影响,并以2002~2014年全国民营企业抽样调查数据为样本进行了实证检验。研究发现:(1)具有农村成长经历的企业家对企业有更强的家族控制权偏好。(2)企业家的高等教育经历和体制内工作经历会显著削弱农村成长经历与家族控制权偏好之间的正向关系。(3)企业家农村成长经历与家族控制权偏好之间的正向关系在市场经济体制确立前创办的企业和产权保护情况较差地区的企业中更显著。(4)企业家农村成长经历对家族所有权偏好影响较大,对家族管理权偏好的影响相对较小。本文为中国民营企业家偏好家族化控制的动因研究提供了新的解构逻辑,也进一步丰富了烙印理论的研究。

鱼跃龙门的期望与现实:农村家庭高等教育需求的实践逻辑

加强高等教育需求研究是办好人民满意教育的基础环节之一。当前农村家庭高等教育需求依然十分强烈,但其背后隐藏着一种循序的、动态的、矛盾的发展过程。农村家庭高等教育需求的生成与运作遵循着“认同度-意愿-行动”的基本逻辑,高等教育认知水平与特性、高等教育意愿的强度、高等教育行动的积极程度构成了农村家庭高等教育需求的现实图景。在农村社会、经济、文化、教育等社会化因素与农村家庭内部资源、子女期望等个体化因素的交互作用下,农村家庭的高等教育决策呈现出认知上理性与非理性并存、意愿上调试能力偏弱、行动上抑制性较强等特征,这使得农村家庭的高等教育需求呈现出认知、意愿与行动的悖论。

城乡居民养老保险对家庭双代经济流动的影响——基于中国健康与养老追踪调查数据

利用“中国健康与养老追踪调查”(CHARLS)数据,通过构建多元线性模型,实证分析城乡居民养老保险对家庭内部亲子代经济流动的影响。结果发现,“经济面向”的城乡居民养老保险挤出了子代向亲代提供的经济支持,但对亲代的经济“逆反哺”并无显著影响;双代婚姻状况、受教育水平和亲代家庭资产均正向显著影响家庭代际经济的双向流动;子女之间存在“攀比效应”和“示范效应”;子代家庭收入正向影响向上代际经济支持。因此,老年人养老水平的提高需要从国家、社会和家庭层面共同着力:国家提高城乡居民养老保险的保障水平,鼓励老年人隔代照料孙子女;市场进一步完善养老服务;家庭发挥情感保障作用,关照独子女失能老人。

农村教师家庭教育指导服务能力提升体系构建--基于团队研修模式的探索性研究

农村地区家长对家庭教育的指导服务需求,主要通过学校获取,教师则是二者之间的联结桥梁。调查发现农村教师的家庭教育指导服务能力不能切合家长需求,缺乏系统的继续教育培训提升农村教师家庭教育指导服务能力。有鉴于此,基于团队研修模式,搭建四方合力服务机制体系、“三三”课程体系、“三四循环”团队研修体系、“种子”推广体系以及由“互联网+”资源共享平台构成的农村教师家庭教育指导服务能力提升的继续教育体系,可以为农村教师提供系统的教育培训。

“乡村振兴教育”抑或“教育振兴乡村”:基于甘肃省舟曲县的个案研究

教育与乡村振兴的辩证关系可以从学校教育、社区教育、家庭教育三个维度展开论述。研究通过对甘肃省甘南藏族自治州舟曲县三个村庄、两所学校、县政府与镇政府进行实地调研、收集资料并分析发现,乡村振兴通过制度建设、资源整合、文化空间开发等路径促进了乡村教育的发展,但是乡村学校教育、乡村社区教育与乡村家庭教育在推动乡村振兴方面仍面临诸多困境与挑战。总体来看,高质量教育体系建设是实现乡村振兴的前提与保障,应引导和支持教育从产业振兴、人才振兴、文化振兴、组织振兴与生态振兴等五个维度共同发力,从而实现“以教育引领乡村振兴”。

乡村振兴“家”之四重奏

中华文明总体上属于农耕文明,农耕文明造就了乡土社会,乡土社会建构了社稷国家,这也成为中华民族传统的家园遗产。家园遗产包含着四种“家”的层次结构,即以小农经济为主导的家庭,以宗族为纽带的扩大家族,以自然生态为背景的村落家园,以及以民族为主导性认同的国家,形成了一种特殊的复合性“家”的共同体。中国当下正在实施乡村振兴战略,如何在保护、继承的基础上,演奏好“家”的四部和声,是关乎到乡村振兴能否取得成功的重要因素。

宗族文化对农村女性非农就业的影响

基于中国家庭追踪调查数据,从微观层面研究宗族文化对农村女性非农就业的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,宗族文化强度越大和宗族多样性越高都显著不利于农村女性参与非农就业。异质性分析结果表明,宗族文化对未婚女性非农就业无显著影响,对已婚女性非农就业存在显著负向影响,对生育阶段女性的影响显著强于非生育阶段女性。此外,宗族文化的影响存在地区差异,南方地区的宗族文化显著降低农村女性的非农就业概率,而北方地区的宗族文化无显著影响。在作用机制方面,证明了宗族文化通过影响生育行为、教育投资以及家庭分工进而制约农村女性参与非农就业。还进一步探究了宗族文化是否影响农村女性非农就业地点。结果显示,宗族文化虽然不利于农村女性非农就业,但对于已实现非农就业的女性而言,宗族文化有利于其跨县就业和跨省就业。促进农村女性非农就业是一个长期的、循序渐进的过程,需要在文化方面进行积极引导,不断完善农村社会保障体系,充分发挥非正式制度的积极作用。

农村家庭教育研究的现状、热点及前瞻

农村家庭教育是以家庭教育的实施场域命名的教育形态,并日益成为攸关农村群众对美好生活向往与追求的公共事务。农村家庭教育既是家庭教育的一个特殊形态,又是开展家庭教育研究的一个重要领域。在分析农村家庭教育研究现状的基础上,梳理了农村家庭教育研究领域的热点问题:农村发展与家庭教育内在逻辑关联,农村特殊群体家庭教育,农村家庭教育投资,农村家校社协同育人,农村家庭教育的问题与对策。展望未来,应关注农村家庭结构类型的新变化,发掘农村家庭教育的特有问题,厘清农村家庭教育投资和农村家庭投资教育的研究边界。