The Approaches to Narrowing Urban-Rural Income Gap——From the Perspective of Rural Social Security

From the situations about the incomes and life quality of the urban and rural residents,the thesis briefly introduces the status quo of the urban-rural income gap and explores the impact of the income gap on social economy:firstly,it hampers economic development;secondly,it is detrimental to the social development.Then the thesis analyzes the role of a sound social security in narrowing urban-rural income gap:at first,it broadens the institutional environment of improving the agricultural efficiency;secondly,it eliminates the uncertainties influencing the farmers' income;thirdly,it improves the farmers' capacity to increase income;at last,it enhances the farmers' consciousness of wealth.Next the thesis inquires into the problems existing in the system of rural social security:the first problem is more obviously fragmented system;the second is inadequate security projects and narrower coverage;the third is an obvious lack of equality in urban and rural security;the fourth is even less sound management system;the last is the lagging of legislation.Afterwards the thesis proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the system of rural social security and narrow urban-rural income gap:firstly,to integrate the social security system in rural areas;secondly,to perfect security projects and enhance the security system;thirdly,to integrate the administrative management of social security;at last,to enforce the legal system.

Sensitivity of Personal Account Accumulated Value of New Rural Social Pension Insurance to Variation of Uncertainties

The personal account of new rural social pension insurance raises funds in the form of individual premium-paying,collectively pooled subsidy and government subsidy.The personal account accumulated value has a decisive influence on the payment level of personal account pension.The personal account accumulated value has a direct or indirect relationship with the income level of farmers,premium-paying level,the insured period,investment return rate of funds and other factors.Analysing the impact of infinitesimal variation of these factors on accumulated value of personal account pension,is of great significance to improving and consolidating personal account,and achieving sustainable development of new rural social pension insurance.

Comparative Analysis on Policy Realization of Old and New Rural Social Endowment Insurance System

Based on the perspective of"political potential"and"incentive mechanism",this paper compares the different effects of the old rural social endowment insurance system and the new rural social endowment insurance system,so as to explain the policy realization degree of the old and new rural social endowment insurance system.According to the analysis,the new rural social endowment insurance system has greatly improved the implementation of policies,the implementation of policies,the overall planning ability between departments,and the enthusiasm of individual farmers to participate in the insurance.Compared with the old rural social endowment insurance system,the policy realization ability of the new rural social endowment insurance system has been significantly enhanced,and the effect of the policy realization has been significantly improved.

Optimization of Actuarial Model for Individual Account of Rural Social Pension Insurance

This paper firstly analyzes different payment methods of individual account and the pension replacement rate under the pension payment method.Results show that it will be more scientific and reasonable for the individual account of new rural social pension insurance to adopt the actuarial model of payment according to proportion of income and periodic prestation at variable amount.The Guiding Opinions on New Rural Social Pension Insurance sets forth individual account should be paid at fixed amount,and the insured voluntarily selects payment level as per criteria set by the State.The monthly calculation and distribution amount of pension is the total amount of individual account divided by139.Therefore,it should start from continuation of policies and make adjustment of payment level in accordance with growth of per capita net income of rural residents.When condition permits,it is expected to realize transition to payment as per income proportion and periodic prestation at variable amount.

Structure and governance model of rural social space quality:A case study of Longxi County in the Loess Hilly Area of China

The rural social space quality is an important indicator to measure the living standard and thinking ideas and so forth of rural residents in a certain region.In this paper,213 administrative villages in Longxi County of the Loess Hilly Area,China are taken as evaluation units to construct the evaluation model of the rural social space quality.This paper deeply analyzed the variation patterns and their formation mechanism of the rural social space quality at a village scale,and proposed a governance model based on the rural social space quality.The results show that:(1)the social space quality levels of individual administrative villages show a gradually decreasing trend from the township seats to outward.The eastern part of Longxi County has a relatively high education level and living standard,and the western part has a relatively high population stability level and income level.(2)The rural social space quality is mainly in a ring structure,supplemented by the interlaced structure.The core area is the towns and their surrounding areas,while the transition area,marginal area,and other areas are expanded around the core area.(3)Social forces and spatial effects jointly shape the variation of the rural social space quality.Social organizations provide a driving force for the allocation of elements,and interweaving with the spatial effects lead to the differences in the social space quality.(4)The governance models of the rural social space quality are constructed based on the principles of retaining the rural“people”,optimizing the rural“land”,and developing the rural“industry”,so as to improve the rural centripetal force,core force,inner thrust,and source power.

Actual Value of Rural Cultural Auditorium Construction from the Perspective of Social Transformation:A Case Study of Wenzhou City

From the perspective of social transformation,this paper analyzed the actual value of the construction of Wenzhou rural cultural auditorium,and it was found that it has important value in promoting the transformation of rural culture,economy,and grassroots governance.The construction of rural cultural auditorium is helpful for improving the present backward status of rural public cultural service supply,and promoting the integration and development of rural culture and urban culture;cultivating new rural economic entities,injecting action force for rural economic transformation and development;providing space guarantee for citizen participation in rural grassroots social governance,and is favorable for enhancing the awareness of public participation in rural grassroots governance.However,in the context of comprehensive rural revitalization,the value of cultural auditorium construction has not yet been fully realized.It is necessary to further enhance its value in rural social transformation from three aspects:auditorium construction,daily activity undertaking,and residents'participation in cultivation.

Human Capital of Family and Social Mobility in Rural Areas-Evidence from China

This research focuses on the impact of family＇s human capital on social mobility in China＇s rural community.Empirical research is conducted based on data from surveying a typical rural community in the past 20 yr.The study indicates that social mobility in rural area is active in the past 20 yr,and the human capital of family,represented by primary labor＇s education level,has played an essential role in mobility of low social class.Meanwhile,socio-economic development and the change of supply and demand in labor market dims the signaling role of degree education,but the impact of occupational training is increasingly remarkable.Therefore,the change from sole degree education to multi-leveled education including occupational education and training is a main way for China＇s rural families in low class to realize social mobility.

Governments′ Path Selection of Promoting Rural Information Development——From the Perspective of Social Capital Theory

In introduction of the connoted meaning of rural information and its important role in the development of modern agriculture in our country and the development of urban and rural areas, the paper analyzes the difficulties in information construction: the first is the inadequate attendance of farmers, the low efficiency of information platform use; the second is the backward construction of information sources, which cannot meet the practical needs of information by farmers; the third is the bad situation of information exchanging. From perspective of social capital, it discusses the roles social capital factors playing in the rural information construction, among which, the information relations between farmers and information are the basis; net attendance is the necessary condition of sustainable development of rural information construction; customs afford management resources in rural information construction. Based on the above materials, the paper puts forward that it is the government who must accelerate the construction of rural information: the first is planting technic net in rural credit systems, accelerating the admission and supporting of farmers to information construction; the second is to strengthen the exchanging abilities among information platforms, upgrading the attendance degrees of farmers in rural information construction; the third is to introduce and make use of the management power of rural customs to complete an information management norm.

Factors that Affect Social Stability of Rural Areas in Ganzi District

Through the sample investigation of Kangding County, Daofu County, Luhuo County and Xiangcheng County in Sichuan Province in 2010 and by combining the quantitative and qualitative methods, various kinds of indexes from the aspects of society, politics, economy and values in Ganzi District are analyzed, as well as the factors that affect the rural social stability of current Ganzi District area. The results show that rural areas of Ganzi District are stable on the whole, but the economic development level is backward; the social security measures are imperfect; disputes among rural residents still exist and most of them are economic disputes; the disputes among ethnics are mainly caused by religious belief; the autonomous situation of partial rural residents are bad and rural residents' evaluation on social justice is low. Therefore, it should establish and perfect relevant prevention and control mechanism.

Study on Rural Ecological Environment Governance in China from the Perspective of Social Capital

At present,the ecological environment in the countryside of China is deteriorating with industrial pollution spreading to the countryside,agricultural pollution on the increase and environment in the residential areas deteriorating. The traditional approach to the ecological problem,which heavily relies on the government or the market,fails to fundamentally address the problem. Instead,as the social capital in the countryside,the relationship network,norms and trust can effectively resolve rural ecological environmental crisis by highlighting the method of"social governance"in ecological environment in the countryside. It is thus suggested that in the governance of rural ecological environment,which is based on the social capital,the management space between the government and the community should be appropriately divided,so that the institutional capital can promote and regulate the social capital,enhance the construction of rural cooperative organizations and increase the input of rural human capital,and promote the coupling between administrative boundary and ecological boundary.

农村社会治理共同体:分析维度、基本问题与实现路径——基于中西部农村治理实践的讨论

在梳理既有学术积累基础上,本研究厘清了农村社会治理共同体的概念内涵,并将其实现机制划分为利益协同机制、权利义务协同机制和情感协同机制三个维度,进而结合中西部农村社会治理实践,阐释了三个维度的实践境遇及其形塑机理。研究发现,无论是共同体蕴含的鲜明实践性,还是治理主体关系形态反映出的深层次问题,均表明农村社会治理共同体构建的关键不是技术治理内部调整以及由此而来的政策供给和制度改革,而是涉及基层治理模式调整的治道议题。结合中国国家治理传统,借助当下财政和体制资源实现农村基层的“再组织化”,以提升村庄社会自主能力、构建多元主体互动的有效实践平台、统一基层政府建设和社会建设、实现经济重新嵌入社会,可作为未来一段时期农村社会治理共同体建设的路径选择。

A study of information exchange through social networks in rural China

This research looks at the characteristics of social networks of rural people in different careers and income conditions.The study also investigates information exchange amongst rural people.The aim of this research is to analyze social networks’implication in the information exchange of rural people in China.Design/methodology/approach:The field work investigation of this study is a questionnaire survey of the egocentric social networks of 660 rural people in China.The characteristics of social networks are revealed through social network analysis(SNA).Findings:Analysis of quantitative date indicates that the social networks of Chinese rural people are small sized,filled with very strong ties and characterized by high-homogeneity.These characteristics limit the exchange of useful and new information.Research limitations:This survey was taken on a small scale of respondents.It did not focus on the information poverty issue,though the results indicate that a strong information divide exists amongst rural people.Practical implications:The social networks of rural people are viewed as their main information exchange channel on the one hand;however on the other hand,they does play a negative role in ameliorating information poverty.Through these social networks,rural people with different educational backgrounds and income levels suffer the information divide.Originality/value:This research focuses on the seven kinds of information which are crucial in rural people’s living and productivity.The connection between the characteristics of social networks and information exchange are revealed.

Christian Faith Rush in Rural Areas and Social Work Intervention

To make the public have rational knowledge of the Christian faith rush in rural areas and guide coordinated development of Christianity with the socialist society, we analyzed reasons and complex influence on rural social development from aspects of society and individual and attraction of Christianity by the Literature Analysis Method. In view of its negative effect, we put forward several countermeasures from the perspective of social work intervention, such as improving farmers' overall qualities, promoting effective implementation of social security system, and correcting believers' understanding of Christianity. Finally, we introduced situation of Christian faith in other countries and reference and directive significance to China.

The Problems in Rural English Teaching and the Optimization Path: A Study Based on the Chinese General Social Survey Data

The new curriculum,new ideas and new requirements concerning English teaching have made the rural English teaching face unprecedented challenges. There are many problems contributing to the poor effect of rural English teaching,such as outdated teaching equipment,unreasonable curriculum design,insufficient teaching staff,asymmetrical teaching content,family education and students' personal problems. Based on the Chinese General Social Survey data,it is found that in terms of English reading,English speaking or English writing,the current English level of China's rural residents is lagging behind. From the average,the reading level of rural residents is better than the speaking and writing level,but the paired T-test results show that there are no significant differences between them,suggesting that under the current system of rural English teaching,the English level of rural residents is constrained to a low level. To improve the rural English teaching in the future,it is necessary to pay close attention to the following aspects: stabilizing the investment in rural education; optimizing the English teaching content; converting the philosophy of education; increasing teacher training; establishing the new linkage system.

Impacts of Social and Demographic Factors on Residents' Subjective Well-being in Rural China

The objective of social development is to construct a harmonious society.In China,the key to a harmonious society is the happiness of more than 900 million farmers living in the rural areas.This study aimed to measure rural residents' subjective well-being(SWB) through the day reconstruction method,as well as to analyze SWB's influencing factors through a variety of statistical methods.The results showed that the average U index was 12.79%,indicating that respondents were unhappy 12.79% of the time.Twenty-seven percent of the population had a U index greater than 0,with the average value being 47%,indicating that these people were unhappy 47% of the time.The study also found that SWB varied according to the characteristics of the respondents.Logistic regression analysis showed that social and demographic factors,including age,education,county,household size,generation number,per capita income,migration status and social networking,which significantly affected rural residents' SWB.The size of the impact varied with the different factors.