The effects of social security expenditure on reducing income inequality and rural poverty in China

Social security has,as one of its primary aims,the provision of financial support to those deemed to be poor or facing the threat of poverty.Based on China's national statistical data covering social insurance,social assistance,and social welfare between the period 1978–2018,this paper evaluates the effect of social security expenditure in reducing income inequality and rural poverty with cointegration analysis.It was found that there is a positive correlation between social security expenditure and the income gap of urban and rural residents in the long run,but the effect is very limited;nearly 99%of the changes of the urban–rural income gap come from its own contributions.Further research also shows that the elasticity of rural poverty incidence to social security expenditure is–0.2255,which indicates social security expenditure helps reduce rural absolute poverty.Based on these findings,the policy implications can be that much social security expenditure and a more equitable social security system should be encouraged.It will become one of the major anti-poverty strategies after 2020 in China when we win the battle against absolute poverty.

The Approaches to Narrowing Urban-Rural Income Gap——From the Perspective of Rural Social Security

From the situations about the incomes and life quality of the urban and rural residents,the thesis briefly introduces the status quo of the urban-rural income gap and explores the impact of the income gap on social economy:firstly,it hampers economic development;secondly,it is detrimental to the social development.Then the thesis analyzes the role of a sound social security in narrowing urban-rural income gap:at first,it broadens the institutional environment of improving the agricultural efficiency;secondly,it eliminates the uncertainties influencing the farmers' income;thirdly,it improves the farmers' capacity to increase income;at last,it enhances the farmers' consciousness of wealth.Next the thesis inquires into the problems existing in the system of rural social security:the first problem is more obviously fragmented system;the second is inadequate security projects and narrower coverage;the third is an obvious lack of equality in urban and rural security;the fourth is even less sound management system;the last is the lagging of legislation.Afterwards the thesis proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the system of rural social security and narrow urban-rural income gap:firstly,to integrate the social security system in rural areas;secondly,to perfect security projects and enhance the security system;thirdly,to integrate the administrative management of social security;at last,to enforce the legal system.

Human Security, Poverty Pattern and Social Order in Igbo Rural Communities of Contemporary Nigeria

The Igbo have their homeland in seven states of Nigeria mainly Imo, Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Delta and Rivers. They are receptible to new ideas and adapt easily to change. The ramifications of human insecurity, poverty, social disorder, poor coherence and poor integration appear to haunt them and the gravity is felt more in the rural communities. The factors are traceable to many pathetic issues. The pathological consequences do affect Igbo stability and navigation in the Nigerian socio-economic environment. The causality constitutes the physical, human, natural, financial and social assets. It is recommended, among others, that the people should return to core values and norms, stick to their own noble identities, have a framework for tackling insecurity and hunger, target the youth in poverty reduction measures and tackle the herdsmen menace. Equally, the abused philosophies used to support dangerous and strange behavior should be tackled.

Improvement Of Rural Social Security System and the Service Government Construction

The establishment and improvement of the social system is an important indicator of a nation political cultures and social development, and is the basic guarantee of social harmony. In recent years, our urban social security system is maturing, but rural social security system is almost a blank, affecting the economic and political development, and the progress of the farmers, and restricting the process of service government construction.Service government is a new model of government, which orients the purpose of fundamental interests for the whole people. The rural and the farmers are the focus of our country, and the improvement of rural social security system is the key point for solving the problems. Therefore, it is really important to deal with the relationship between the improvement of rural social security system and the service government construction.In my essay, based on the analysis of the theory of rural social security system and the service government, I will put forward the ideas of the improvement of rural social security system and the service government construction.

The development and prospects of China's old-age security system

On the basis of a description of the framework of China＇s urban and rural old-age security system and major security policies, this study examines the operation of the old-age security system currently in effect. From the point of view of setting up a system that would cover both urban and rural areas, we can see problems with the current system, including a development imbalance between urban and rural social security, wide gaps between different groups, the absence, fragmentation and artificial segmentation of the social security system, blurred government responsibility, etc. The paper goes on to propose establishing an old-age subsidy for urban and rural residents without income security, improving basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees in urban areas, reforming the superannuation schemes of government organizations and public institutions, and setting up rural oldage insurance.

Factors associated with financial support in old age for young and middle-aged rural residents in China

This study examined the factors associated with financial support in old age from three primary mechanisms-personal savings,family support,and social insurance-to explore the implications for the future development of China's rural social welfare system.Cross-sectional surveys of 1392 young and middle-aged rural residents were conducted in July and August2012.The results showed that while social insurance was increasingly acceptable,personal savings and family support still had fundamental value.Combining the three mechanisms,the rural old-age welfare system presented nontraditional features.China's new rural endowment insurance is discussed as a means to address the need for financial support among the rural aging population.

Rural Residents＇ Life Insurance for the Disabled

At present, the social security problems of the disabled in most rural areas are more prominent. There is a big gap between their social security needs and the system and policies. It is an important task for the rural disabled to help the disabled to get rid of poverty and to solve their food and clothing. It is an important task to build a new socialist countryside and build a well-offsociety in an all-round way. It needs to be more effectively solved in the system construction of social security and social services. This paper, taking the rural of Shuyang County of Jiangsu Province as the research object, analyzes the situation and demand of the social security of the disabled in China, points out its existing problems and outs forward some countermeasures and suggestions.

A Study on the Problem of Providing for the Aged in Rural Areas under the Background of Weakening the Family Support Function

However, with the development of economy and the aging of the population, this kind of old-age model is facing many problems, and the family pension function is weakened gradually. Therefore, based on this, the old-age pension system is still in the family. The situation of China＇s rural old-age security research has important practical significance.

乡村振兴助力农村养老:现实驱动、作用机理与实现路径

党的二十大提出要全面推进乡村振兴。助力农村养老既是乡村振兴的重要任务,也是农村养老的压力使然。当前,农村面临着人口快速老龄化、家庭养老功能弱化、留守与空巢老人现象严重、养老保障体系不完善等现实问题,在乡村振兴的过程中,需要大力推进农村养老保障体系建设。乡村振兴的举措、目标、原理与农村养老保障体系建设的举措、目标、原理具有内在一致性,推进乡村振兴的过程,也是加强农村养老保障体系建设的过程。应该大力推进乡村产业振兴,为农村养老奠定坚实的经济基础;推进乡村人才振兴,为农村养老提供人才支撑;推进乡村文化振兴,营造良好的农村养老氛围;推进乡村生态振兴,为农村老年人创造舒适的生活环境;推进乡村组织振兴,为农村养老提供坚强的组织保障。

社会保障参与有助于农村土地流转吗?——基于劳动力转移的中介效应

随着我国城乡社会保障制度逐步完善,农民对土地的依赖得到缓解,农村劳动力非农就业比例提高,农村土地流转供给不断增加。基于中国家庭追踪调查2012—2018年数据,构建了双重固定效应模型,旨在考察社会保障参与对农村土地流转的影响,同时分析了劳动力转移的中介效应。研究结果表明:参与新型农村养老保险对农村土地转出具有显著影响;参与新型农村合作医疗保险对于农村土地转出的影响并不显著,但是显著抑制农村土地转入;劳动力转移在新型农村养老保险对农村土地转出的影响中发挥着中介作用,在新型农村合作医疗对农村土地流转影响中发挥的中介效应不明显。

数字乡村对农业强国的影响机制与政策启示

聚焦农业问题、如何成为农业强国已经成为时代问题,数字乡村建设是助力实现农业强国的有效途径。基于2011-2020年26个省的面板数据,分析了数字乡村建设对农业强国的影响,研究发现:数字乡村建设有利于推进农业强国建设,农村社会保障水平的完善和农村生活水平的提升能够强化数字乡村建设对农业强国的促进作用。因此建议应当多路径提升数字乡村建设水平,建立横向和纵向的协调机制,使得社会保障资源更加有针对性地支持数字化农业发展,加速中国从农业大国向农业强国的转变。

数字经济助推乡村振兴——兼论民生与技术视角的门槛效应

数字经济作为推动经济高质量发展的重要引擎,为中国乡村振兴建设注入强大的驱动力。文章基于2011—2022年中国30个省市区面板数据,利用熵权法对中国省域乡村振兴发展水平进行测量与对比分析,实证检验数字经济对乡村振兴发展的影响。结果表明:近年来中国整体及不同区域的乡村振兴发展水平呈现上升趋势,但东、中、西部之间的差距在扩大。数字经济不仅能够直接推动中国的乡村振兴发展,还能通过促进产业结构升级助推乡村振兴;异质性表明,数字经济对乡村振兴发展的赋能作用呈现出“中部>西部>东部”“南方>北方”的区域性特点。进一步门槛效应分析表明,当社会保障投入程度、农业机械化水平、科技创新水平等民生和技术指标超过特定阈值后,数字经济对中国乡村振兴发展的边际效应将会扩大。因此要积极促进区域乡村振兴水平协调发展,强化数字乡村建设,健全乡村产业体系,加大对乡村地区民生、农业生产、技术水平的投入,以此更好发挥数字经济对乡村振兴的助推作用。

新型职业农民社会保障权实现路径探析

新型职业农民队伍是全面实现乡村振兴战略的重要人才基础。加强新型职业农民各项权利的法治化保障,有利于人才队伍建设,促进新型职业农民社会保障权的完满实现,具有深厚的理论意义和现实需求。当前,新型职业农民社会保障权在法律实现这一层面上面临着权利内涵阐释不足、老龄化压力使权利实现难度增加、社会保障权权利供给的法律制度不完善等困境。推动社会保障权内涵阐释与认知转型,优化新型职业农民培育与配套医疗服务体系,完善社会保障权的权利供给法律制度,是推动新型职业农民社会保障权实现的有效路径。

走出灵活就业社保困境的路径选择

灵活就业是诸多劳动者实现就业、获得收入的重要途径之一,其产生的时间虽然远远早于固定就业,但在当代中国则是改革开放之后伴随着几亿农民进城务工而蓬勃发展起来的。正因为如此,在我国社保体系中灵活就业一直是相对薄弱的环节。本文在分析了我国灵活就业产生发展的特殊历史背景的基础上,揭示了灵活就业社保所面临的困境,提出了构建适应新型就业形态社保体系的政策建议,其中包括对风险进行分类管理,搭建并夯实多元主体共同参与的多层次社会保障制度体系,创新社会保险征缴和经办制度。

共责异构:农村养老服务的有效模式

以人口老龄化和乡村振兴的双重战略为背景,基于全国78名村党组织书记的一手访谈资料,采用定性比较分析方法,探讨不同主体在农村养老服务中的作用和效果。区别于既有理论,我国农村养老体系呈现主体分层、对象分类、方法分段的“共责异构”特征。组态结果显示:(1)邻里互助是唯一的单因素必要条件,市场机制基本缺失;(2)政府兜底是互助型养老的前提,党建引领的组织化社会力量起到补足作用;(3)居家养老的主要逻辑是共同体互助而不完全是家庭反哺,机构养老的逻辑是政府主导资源协同。在新时代新征程,农村养老体系改革要立足中华民族优秀传统文化和制度优势,实现有中心的多元协同。

乡村振兴背景下大学生返乡意愿提升的组态路径探索

乡村振兴,人才是关键。研究大学生乡村振兴投身意愿的影响因素与提升路径对推动乡村振兴事业持续发展具有重要意义。基于计划行为理论和行为激励理论,通过社会网络分析法和文本挖掘法提取影响大学生乡村振兴投身意愿的关键因素,并以山西省高校大学生为调查对象,通过模糊集定性比较分析方法对影响因素进行组态分析并对组态解开展典型案例分析,以探究提升大学生乡村振兴投身意愿的差异化驱动路径。研究发现:(1)任一影响因素都不能单独作为提升大学生乡村振兴投身意愿的必要条件,大学生乡村振兴投身意愿是多种要素协作的结果;(2)提升大学生乡村振兴投身意愿共存在四种组态路径,分别是“多元协同驱动型”路径、“认知—经验双驱动型”路径、“双重环境型”路径和“保障型”路径;(3)乡村振兴认知、成长环境和社会保障是提升大学生乡村振兴投身意愿的重要条件。

政府社会保障和就业支出对城乡收入差距的影响:机制与证据

城乡二元结构是制约城乡一体化发展的一大障碍,而政府社会保障和就业支出是促进城乡融合发展、畅通城乡要素流动和缩小城乡差距的重要政策工具。文章基于2003—2018年中国地级市面板数据,系统分析社会保障和就业支出对城乡居民收入分配的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明:社会保障和就业支出的增加有利于促进城乡劳动力流动,提高城镇化水平,进而缩小城乡居民收入差距。今后应进一步优化社会保障和就业支出结构以及相关政策,增强城乡居民参保意识,健全农业转移人口市民化长效机制,提升社会保障和就业支出的有效性、及时性,更好地推动城乡融合发展。

共同富裕目标下社会保障城乡融合信息系统的建设与展望——基于巴西统一登记系统的分析

党的二十大报告对中国新发展阶段的社会保障制度提出了新的要求,即由托底型保障向发展型保障转变以提升人的可持续发展能力。有条件现金转移支付通过条件约束在缓解当期贫困的同时能够有效提升人的可持续发展能力,以“人”或“家庭”为单元的方式能够更好地推进城乡融合协调发展,是一种可资中国借鉴的社会保障工具。巴西是世界上执行有条件现金转移支付项目覆盖范围最广的国家,项目依托统一登记系统,在目标识别、审核批准、情况回访等方面具有鲜明特色。本研究对巴西统一登记系统的发展历程、实施流程、组织管理等方面进行梳理归纳。在此基础上,分析其成功原因,在中国社会保障制度变革的背景下提出相关政策建议,为破除中国社会保障工作城乡壁垒提出一种新思考,为缩小城乡差距提出一种新思路,助力推进社会保障城乡一体化发展,丰富实现全体人民共同富裕实践体系。

乡村振兴战略中的农村残疾人公共服务:现实困境与调适策略

新时代我国农村残疾人事业发生了深刻变化。在我国总人口规模达到峰顶,乡村人口规模持续下降的过程中,农村公共服务的规模效应持续衰减,脆弱性问题日渐突出,成为乡村振兴战略面临的最严重、最突出、最尖锐的挑战。农村残疾人占总人口的比例不断攀高,重度残疾人占农村残疾人的比例高达一半,农村残疾人的老龄化程度更是远高于平均水平,残疾人家庭规模持续小型化导致最为重要的家庭照护资源不断减少。因此,在乡村振兴战略实施过程中,需要抓住农村产业发展的机遇,扩展农村残疾人就业,全面完善农村残疾人的社会保障体系,建立以家庭为本的农村残疾人照顾体系,提升家庭、社区与基层残疾人组织服务能力,这也将是农村残疾人公共服务的重点。

社会保障与农村居民消费提振——基于CGSS数据的实证分析

消费是未来国内大循环发展的主要潜力。在揭示社会保障影响农村居民消费的传导机理的基础上,基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)相关数据,采用分位数回归方法,检验了社会保障影响农村居民消费的数量关系。研究发现:社会保障对农村居民消费具有促进作用,但总体上作用不强,且其对中低消费层次农村居民的消费影响更大。分不同的社会保障项目来看,医疗保险对农村居民消费的影响并不明显,而养老保险对农村居民消费则有显著的正向影响。且相比于低消费层次的农村居民,养老保险对中高消费层次居民的消费促进作用更大。基于以上结论,提高农村居民对社会保障的满意度,扩大农村养老保险的覆盖率并根据经济社会发展情况建立养老金的动态调整机制以及加快推进农村基本医疗保险制度改革等是提振农村居民消费的有效途径。