Reproductive Health Service Utilization and Social Determinants among Married Female Rural-to-urban Migrants in Two Metropolises,China

Reproductive health（RH） education and services of female migrants in China have become an important health issue.This research aimed to investigate the RH knowledge and utilization among married female migrants,and to explore the influencing factors from the perspectives of population and sociology.We conducted a cross-section survey in Shenzhen and Wuhan,China,using the purposive sampling method.A total of 1021 rural-to-urban married migrants were recruited,with 997 valid survey results obtained.A face-to-face structured questionnaire survey was used,with primary focus on knowledge of fertility,contraception,family planning policy and sexual transmitted diseases/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome（STD/AIDs）,and RH service utilization.The results showed that the RH service utilization（38.0%） was at a low level in married migrants and the accessibility of RH service was poor.Females who migrated to（OR=0.32） Wuhan obtained fewer RH consultations than those in Shenzhen.The workers with high school education received additional RH consultations and checkup services than those with other background education,apart from the white collar workers who received extra RH consultations and checkup services than the blue collar workers（P〈0.05）.We can draw a conclusion that the utilization of RH services in married female migrants remains at a low level in China.RH service utilization can be improved via the relevant health departments by enhancing the responsibility of maternal and health care in the community health service center.

Length of stay in urban areas of circular migrants from the mountainous areas in China

Currently, there is limited literature dealing with the length of stay of circular migrants in urban areas （LSCMU）, although many studies have discussed the phenomenon of migration and the determinants of migration. This study attempts to fill that gap using survey data from the mountainous areas of Chongqing, Southwest China. From a comparative perspective, this study divided workers into two groups （a young group aged between 16 and 35 years and an old group aged between 36 and 65 years）. The average LSCMU values for the young and old groups were 225 days and ~74 days, respectively. Two multi-regression models were used to estimate the determinants of LSCMU in the two groups. The results showed that LSCMU was closely related to individual factors in both groups, including gender, age and job training. Family and community factors, including household size, arable land per capita and the distance from market, had much weaker effects on the dependent variable, especially in the older group. It was noticeable that job training had significant positive effects on LSCMU in both groups; these findings have special implications for the urbanization process in China.

How does Street Vending Economy Help Rural to Urban Migrants Integrate into Cities?

Street vending is a form of informal economy.The main participants of street vending economy consist of exploited workers,rural-urban migrants who are in low level of socioeconomic households,common workers,and some individual households.Most of the studies and articles have explored how to regulate the street vending economy and how to facilitate the relationship between vendors and city authorities,but the important constitute of street vending economies,rural migrants,has received little attention from scholars and there is little research about it.What role does street vending economy play in the lives of this segment of this population which itself faces a number of challenges in migrating and integrating into the city?We have found out that street vending functions as a platform which helps these people to better integrate into the cities.Through desktop research and case studies,this paper explores how street vending economy helps rural to urban migrants integrate into the city from four perspectives:identity integration,integrating in economic level,integrating in social level,and females'empowerment.

“New-style” Urban Plans to Protect Rights of Migrants

The State Council, or China＇s cabinet, has called for a middle to long-term plan to pro- mote new-style urbanization, enabling more migrant workers and their families to settle in cities.

China's next giant:Urbanized migrants as new consumers

By examining the urbanization process underway in China, this paper predicts potential consumption expansion andits sustainability in the next decade and beyond.In years past, China’s urbanization pattern has transformed fromsemi-inclusive to inclusive, embodied in the better inclusion of migrant workers and their families under the umbrellaof public services and changes in household registration (hukou) identity.This trend is expected to create a giant newconsumer group in 10 years; 2020 is the target year the Chinese leadership has set for achieving a better-off society.Inthis paper we examine this by summarizing existing research.

Construction Strategies of Social Security System for Wan-jiang Urban Belt's Migrant Workers

Theoretical debate and practice exploration on social security of migrant workers were introduced.The political direction and security layer on social security for migrant workers in Wan-jiang urban belt were analyzed:the first layer is to implement wage payment guarantee and employment injury insurance;the second layer is to emphasize serious disease insurance and endowment insurance;the third layer is unemployed insurance and social assistance.The primary strategy of building a social security system for migrant workers in Wan-jiang urban belt was put up:wage payment guarantee system that is united in certain regions should be promoted;employment injury insurance system that is undertaken by enterprises should be built;a social health care system for serious diseases should be set up;multi-layers endowment insurance system for migrant workers should be created;vocational training and training in how to start a business should be built as well as the unemployment insurance system;social assistant system based on the basic cost of living allowances should be set up.

Problems of Rural Migrant Workers and Policies in the New Period of Urbanization

The huge migration of rural workers has new characteristics such as the bad order, high degree of concentration, low level of collective action, marginality in social status, unfair treatment, difficult integration of the new generation, and the new return trend of rural migrants, which causes ‘urban diseases’ in China. Countermeasures should be taken to develop medium-sized and small cities, integrate the labor market of the city and countryside, provide necessary public services, social security and vocational training, guide the rural migrant workers to return rationally, and help the new generation live in harmony with urban residents.

How Urban Public Service Affects the Well-Being of Migrant Workers:An Empirical Analysis Based on the Theoretical Perspective of Social Comparison Theory

Government city management is facing higher requirements with the development of the number of migrant workers.Therefore,improving their subjective well-being is a significant practical problem that the government must consider in public governance.This research discusses the influence of public service satisfaction on the well-being of urban migrant workers from the perspective of social comparison theory and the role of the sense of social equity and social conflict in the process of this influence.Using the structural equation modeling and moderated mediating mechanism analysis,the results show that:(1)the satisfaction of social and economic public service significantly and positively affects subjective well-being.(2)The sense of social equity completely mediated the influence of the satisfaction of public social service on well-being and partly mediated the influence of the satisfaction of public financial service on well-being.(3)The sense of social equity and conflict have a moderated mediating effect for social and economic public service satisfaction on well-being.Finally,the article concludes with some suggestions to improve the well-being of migrant workers based on the conclusion of the study.

New-generation Migrant Workers' Urban Adaptation: A Case Study of Jianggan District in Hangzhou City

New-generation migrant workers are the " elite" among migrant workers,and whether they can really adapt to the city is one of the real problems to be urgently solved during China's new urbanization,related to the success of new urbanization construction. From the perspective of livelihood capital,this paper uses the measuring indicators in line with the new-generation migrant workers' livelihood characteristics,to analyze the typical characteristics and causes of new-generation migrant workers' urban adaptation in Jianggan District of Hangzhou City based on field survey data. In the study,it is found that the new-generation migrant workers' urban adaptation characteristics are focused on life adaptation,work adaptation and cultural adaptation,but the adaptation in the three areas is not good and there is a big room for improvement.

Analysis of Public Goods Supply of New Generation Migrant Workers' Urban and Rural Double Marginalization

Status quo of urban and rural public goods supply in China is analyzed.Firstly,public goods supply in rural areas is inadequate,for example,inadequate supply of agricultural infrastructure,lack of expenditure in agricultural science and technology,problems of rural drinking water safety,problems of rural roads and transportation,low levels of health care,weak rural public culture,short supply of farmers' education.Secondly,the system and level of urban public goods provision can't meet migrant workers' demand,for example,less migrant workers are employed by the governments' direction;migrant workers are isolated by urban housing project and these workers have difficulty in receiving city social security.One reason of new generation migrant workers facing the double marginalization of rural and urban crisis is that urban and rural public goods supply are different in particular the inadequate supply of public goods in rural areas.Three countermeasures are put forward in order to relieve new generation migrant workers' double marginalization of urban and rural,which include increasing financial input in rural areas in order to achieve equalization of urban and rural public goods,perfecting the preferential agricultural policy to increase rural public goods supply,making urban public goods supply as a guide to promote the new generation migrant workers into the city.

Employment and income of rural migrants in cities

This paper gives a detailed examination of the overall conditions,poverty and income of rural migrants over recent years,using results of the survey on rural migrants from 69,000 rural households and more than 7,100 administrative villages in 31 provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions,conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics(NBS)in 2004,as well as questionnaires in the four cities of Guangzhou,Beijing,Nanjing and Lanzhou conducted by our task force in 2007,together with on-site research in places like Guangzhou,Bozhou and Xi’an.This paper presents a comprehensive delineation of the conditions and problems facing rural migrants and sets out policy recommendations.

The Social Assistance of Migrant Workers and the Urban Minimum Living Security System

The surplus rural labors transferring to the city is an inevitable trend in the economic development of the reform and opening up. The household register system has made urban migrant workers free from the social security system and drift on the brink of city. Social assistance system concerning their interests is few. This article starts with the current situation of rural migrant workers in social assistance system, states the necessity and feasibility for bringing the migrant workers into the urban minimum living security system and according to the characteristics of the migrant workers on the reasonable classification, finally talks about existing obstacles and countermeasures of the migrant workers joining into the urban low income system. I believe that with the continuous reform of the registered permanent household register system, the continuous development of urbanization, the basic life of migrant worker will be guaranteed.

Study on the Rual Migrant Workers＇ Willingness to Have Urban Hukou and the Choice of Urbanization Path of China in Recent Years

Based on the empirically analysis of the data from a nationwide survey in 2010 in China, the study found. （1） The overwhelming majority of rural migrant workers in China were not willing to convert their rural household registration （nongye hukou） to an urban or non-rural registration Orei nong hukou）. If they were required to return the rural land contract rights as precondition, only lOper cent were willing to be urban citizens. （2） For the small proportion of migrant workers who were willing to convert their rural household registration to urban household registration, ＇obtaining access to better education and more opportunities for the continuation of education for their children＇ is the major incentive. （3） The primary reason for retaining a rural hukou, on the other hand, is to keep their rural contract land. （4） Finally, there is no significant difference between the rural migrant workers who were born before 1980 and those after 1980, in term of the attitude toward converting rural hukou to urban hukou. The policy recommendations drew from the findings are as follows： 1） In order to promote the urbanization process, the government should choose the path of ＇urbanization based on the long term residence in the towns and cities＇ instead of the path of ＂urbanization based on household registration ＇. 2） The rural migrant workers should be converted into urban citizens without being forced to give up their contact land. 3） The government should give equal weight in policy making to the migrant workers born before 1980 and those born after 1980. Therefore, the policy emphasis of deepening the urbanization of China should focus on the ＇equalization of the resource allocation of the public services and social welfare＂ while the characteristics of the separation of the household registration system should not be strengthened any longer.

Research on the Development Trend of Urbanization of Rural Migrant Workers from the Perspectives of Health and Life Stress

In this paper, we conduct research on the development trend of urbanization of the rural migrant workers from the perspectives of health and life stress. According to the theory of modern sociological about community, the migrant worker and city people’s relations belongs to typical in community’s relations with the outside community, among them not only isolates and repels psychologically mutually, but also has the direct conflicts of interest. This not only causes the migrant worker to suffer the prejudice and discrimination of city people, is hard to be a part of the city life, but also causes repellency urban institutional arrangements to disintegrate to a certain extent difficultly while the migrant worker is hard to enter in the urban system. Under this basis, this paper proposes the health and life stress assisted development trend of urbanization of the rural migrant workers basic research, the idea is new and innovative, in the later time we will apply it more.

An Empirical Study of the Influence of Migrant Workers' Individual Decisions concerning "Change from Rural Residents to Urban Residents" in Chongqing City

This paper,from the city integration perspective,analyzes the main beneficiaries who benefit from the household registration system reform,and studies the influence of individual decisions about the transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture. Based on it,this paper makes an empirical research by using the survey data about migrant workers in Chongqing. The research findings are as follows:( i) The urban employment,the living condition and the rural connection have a significant impact on migrant workers' transfer decision;( ii) If the value of those factors( such as the working stability,the family income,the urban house condition and the urban social security) is higher,then the migrant workers who have no economic interest in rural areas are better able to integrate into the urban areas,therefore the inclination to transfer the household registration from agriculture to non-agriculture will be much stronger. It is proposed that we should do some significant things,such as enhancing the investment of security housing,bringing the migrant workers into the city housing accumulation fund system and giving them prior allocation right,perfecting land elastic exit mechanism,creating a harmonious employment environment,which are important strategies promoting migrant workers to integrate into the urban areas and affecting their individual decision about transferring from agriculture to nonagriculture.

Factors Influencing Migrant Workers' Urban Labor Patterns: Willing Working Time in Urban Areas as the Mediator

China is witnessing a very complicated economic development environment.Migrant workers'working patterns will directly affect their income level and the realization of many economic and social development goals.This paper collects relevant data from three places:Shanghai,Lanzhou and Chengdu for empirical research whose results show that determinants of migrant worker's willing working time in urban areas mainly include the“income-consumption difference”,“urban-rural consumption difference”and their“urban income and expenditure uncertainty”.These factors directly affect their effective working time in the city,and determine their choice of choosing corresponding work patterns.From the significant differences of these factors,we can see that migrant workers in China is still struggling to solve their material needs under the pressure of livelihood,and less attention is paid to their spiritual needs and the pursuit of quality of life.

农民工市民化影响城乡融合发展的理论阐释与实证分析

将农民工市民化与城乡融合发展纳入统一分析框架,在构建城乡融合发展进程评价指标体系和计算农民工城市融入工资测算农民工市民化程度的基础上,基于2009—2021年省级面板数据,构建双向固定效应模型,实证检验农民工市民化对城乡融合发展的影响。研究发现:推进农民工市民化能够显著促进城乡融合发展;分区域看,农民工市民化对城乡融合发展的促进作用在中西部地区更加明显;通过加快农业现代化、加快农村现代化、促进基本公共服务均等化以及提高新型城镇化质量等作用渠道推进农民工市民化促进城乡融合发展。

新型城镇化背景下心理健康对农民工城市融入的影响

提升农民工心理健康水平和促进农民工城市融入是推进新型城镇化的应有之义。文章基于2427份农民工微观调查数据,构建系统全面的指标,利用因子分析、OLS回归、分位数回归方法,研究心理健康对农民工城市融入的影响。结果发现,积极向上的心理状态能够有效地促进农民工城市融入,消极负面的心理状态不利于农民工的城市融入。在不同的分位点,心理健康对城市融入的影响有较大差异。此外,年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、父母随迁状况、家庭中在外一起务工人数等控制变量对农民工的城市融入产生显著影响。在研究结论基础上,提出在促进农民工融入城市过程中,相关部门应当关注、重视农民工心理健康问题,采取保障措施、改善其心理健康状况;针对不同融入度的农民工,差异化制定提升心理健康水平措施,帮助农民工更好地融入城市。

城乡融合发展进程中跨县搬迁社区运行逻辑及反思——基于社区行动主体性视角

跨县搬迁社区秩序重建是一个涉及主体、空间、要素和制度的动态复杂过程。本研究以云南省昭通市J安置区为例,基于社区行动主体性理论视角,构建“主体-空间-要素-制度”四位一体分析框架,考察跨县搬迁社区的运行逻辑。“断根”阶段的行动目标是“断穷根”,此阶段社区行动更多指向迁出地传统行动机制延续及再生产;“融入”阶段的行动目标是“能融入”,此阶段社区行动主要包括就业生计、社区治理、社会适应、民族融合行动等。现实经验看,安置区内多元行动主体因受多种因素影响,一方面延续传统生计的行动逻辑,另一方面“融入”行动重塑也面临就业生计重塑难、社区治理重塑难、社会适应重塑难和民族融合重塑难四重困境,由此使跨县搬迁社区运行呈现“搬迁未断根”与“安置难融入”共存的实践特征。破解上述困境必须从衔接新型城镇化和城乡融合发展战略出发,一方面聚焦大型搬迁安置区的现实问题,健全以属地为主、迁出地为辅的协同工作机制,完善县域公共服务,避免安置区陷入社会化“孤岛”;另一方面重塑共同体意识,健全安置区自治体系,强化搬迁群众内生动力,提前谋划过渡期结束后的社会融合议题,切实规避“扶而不退”的负面效应。

基于Fairlie分解的流动人口灾难性医疗支出的城乡差异及影响因素分析

目的:分析流动人口灾难性医疗支出的城乡差异及影响因素,为促进城乡流动人口健康公平提供建议参考。方法:基于2018年全国流动人口动态监测调查,运用卡方检验探究城乡流动人口特征分布差异,利用基于logistic回归的Fairlie分解法分析流动人口灾难性医疗支出的城乡差异及影响因素。结果:流动人口灾难性医疗支出发生率为24.25%,其中城镇发生率显著低于农村(P<0.05);Fairlie分解显示流动人口灾难性医疗支出的城乡差异中特征效应占95.53%,系数效应占4.47%,收入水平、健康状况、婚姻情况、医保报销情况及是否接受健康教育对该差异产生作用(P<0.05)。结论:农村流动人口的灾难性医疗支出风险高于城镇,收入水平和健康状况差异起主要作用。应加强农村流动人口的健康教育与劳动保障,提高城乡健康公平性,通过改进医保报销机制缩小流动人口灾难性医疗支出的城乡差异。