Ethnicity is a carrier of language and culture.Spatial distribution of ethnic diversity is fundamental for identifying and reconstructing the migration patterns and evolution histories of cultures and languages.Utiliz...Ethnicity is a carrier of language and culture.Spatial distribution of ethnic diversity is fundamental for identifying and reconstructing the migration patterns and evolution histories of cultures and languages.Utilizing the Chinese 4th National Census (1990) data,we investigated the specific time geographical patterns of population and diversity of Chinese ethnicminorities.As anticipated,results show that Chineseminorities are chiefly concentrated in dis-tant plateaus and mountains in the southwest,northwest and northeast of China.Further,population density centers of the 10 majorminorities are rather scattered,alternatively dominating at different parts of the country.This study pro-vides a first comprehensive quantitative test on a prevailing notion of 'six plates and three corridors' on the empirical clustering patterns of Chinese ethnicminorities.There are more consistent evidences supporting this notion in the north of China,with the central and southern regions showing more complex patterns,potentially transformed by processes such as migration,fragmentation,and percolation.The results of this study suggest that a geographical ap-proach can provide heuristic and complementary information for better understanding of historical social processes.展开更多
The amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） technology was used to analyze the genetic diversities in four natural populations of Manila clam （ Ruditapes philippinarum）, distributed in four sea areas of Chin...The amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） technology was used to analyze the genetic diversities in four natural populations of Manila clam （ Ruditapes philippinarum）, distributed in four sea areas of China, i.e. , the Bohai Sea, the Huanghai Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. Two hundred and sixty-four AFLP loci were analysed in 195 individuals and revealed high levels of genetic diversity. The percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 92.13% to 96.06% and the Shannon＇ s information index was from 0.256 8 to 0. 275 6. By analyzing molecular variance （ AMOVA）, it was found that there were high levels of genetic differentiation between populations of Qingdao and the other three sea areas. Cluster analysis by Nei＇ s pairwise distances grouped specimens by geographical origin, except the population of Qingdao. A conclusion can be drawn that there are high genetic diversities in the four natural populations of Manila clam in China and some distinct differences existed among and between the four populations. The results also indicated that human cultivation activities will have great influence on the genetic structure of the population of Qingdao.展开更多
Amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） analysis was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of four wild geographical populations of Japanese flounder （Paralichthys olivaceus）. A total of 775 loci （58.32% o...Amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） analysis was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of four wild geographical populations of Japanese flounder （Paralichthys olivaceus）. A total of 775 loci （58.32% of which was polymorphic） in the range between 100 and 1 300 base pairs were detected from 110 individuals using seven primer combinations. The percentage of polymorphic loci detected by single primer combination for each population was calculated, ranging from 19.59% to 53.33%. Genetic similarities within and among the populations were calculated from the binary matrices of presence - absence. Phylogenetic tree of four populations was constructed by using the UPGMA method using PHYLIP Version 3.5. According to intrapopulation genetic similarities, CW population displayed the highest genetic diversity value and KY population had the lowest genetic diversity value. The distance between CW and CF populations was the farthest, which was possibly resulted from the farthest distance of Weihai of Shandong and Fujian of China compared with the geographical distance between other locations of populations. The subpopulation differentiation value （G.,） is 0. 356 5, showing a certain extent of differentiation among the four geographical populations. AFLP technology was confirmed to be an effective tool to assess within- and among-population genetic diversity of Japanese flounder. The present survey provided significant insights for research in the Japanese flounder breeding program.展开更多
A set of representative 146 adzuki (Vigna angular is var. angularis, and var. nipponensis) germplasm from 6 Asian countries traditionally for adzuki bean production, together with an out group standard rice bean (Vign...A set of representative 146 adzuki (Vigna angular is var. angularis, and var. nipponensis) germplasm from 6 Asian countries traditionally for adzuki bean production, together with an out group standard rice bean (Vigna umbellata), were analyzed by AFLP methodology using 12 informative primer pairs. 313 unambiguous polymorphic bands were created. According to the dendrogram by cluster analysis based on AFLP banding, 143 of the accessions were distinct and revealed enough genetic diversity for identification and classification of accessions within Vigna angularis. A neighbor joining tree was generated using newly developed Innan's nucleotide diversity estimate from the AFLP data. From analysis, 7 distinct evolutionary groups, named as "Chinese cultivated", "Japanese cultivated", "Japanese complex-Korean cultivated", "Chinese wild", "China Taiwan wild", "Nepal-Bhutan cultivated" and "Hymalayan wild", were detected. Nucleotide diversity with geographical distribution of each group is discussed, regarding the evolutionary relationships between wild and cultivated adzuki beans. The preliminary results indicated that cultivated adzuki bean should be domesticated from at least 4 progenitors in at least 3 geographical origins.展开更多
以酸枣〔Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu ex H.F.Chow.〕19个种源地的211份样本为研究对象,对其表型性状(包括13个质量性状和29个数量性状)进行观测和变异分析,并采用巢式方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析研究数量性状的变异来...以酸枣〔Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu ex H.F.Chow.〕19个种源地的211份样本为研究对象,对其表型性状(包括13个质量性状和29个数量性状)进行观测和变异分析,并采用巢式方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析研究数量性状的变异来源、与地理气候因子的关系及能够反映酸枣表型特征的主要数量性状。结果表明:酸枣质量性状的变异系数和Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分别为11.44%~55.21%和0.34~1.65;数量性状的变异系数和Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分别为4.57%~85.46%和0.24~2.09,极值比为1.67~14.06。陕西佳县、内蒙古元宝山和河北复兴种源的数量性状变异程度较高,辽宁喀左、陕西延川和河北赞皇种源的数量性状多样性丰富。酸枣数量性状种源间和种源内的方差分量比例均值分别为69.86%和14.88%,表型分化系数均值为0.82。叶长、叶形指数、可食率等12个数量性状与地理气候因子存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关性。主成分分析结果表明:前9个主成分的累计贡献率为79.74%,叶形指数、叶柄长度、叶柄宽度等17个数量性状可作为评价酸枣种质资源的表型性状。基于数量性状可将19个种源分为4个类群,类群Ⅰ主要特征为叶片小、果实和果核小、出核率高;类群Ⅱ主要特征为果实和果核大、可食率高;类群Ⅲ主要特征为叶片长、枣吊长、枣吊叶片数多;类群Ⅳ主要特征为二次枝长、直刺和弯刺短。综合上述研究结果,酸枣表型多样性丰富,种源间和种源内存在不同程度的变异,种源间变异是主要变异来源,不同种源酸枣可用于选育不同表型性状酸枣品种。展开更多
以广西贵港覃塘、梧州苍梧、南宁宾阳、桂林雁山和桂林平乐的野生水松〔Glyptostrobus pensilis(Staunton ex D.Don)K.Koch〕为研究对象,采用方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析、综合评价及聚类分析等方法对5个分布地水松球果、种子和...以广西贵港覃塘、梧州苍梧、南宁宾阳、桂林雁山和桂林平乐的野生水松〔Glyptostrobus pensilis(Staunton ex D.Don)K.Koch〕为研究对象,采用方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析、综合评价及聚类分析等方法对5个分布地水松球果、种子和叶的表型性状进行分析。结果表明:南宁宾阳水松的果长、果宽、单果鲜质量、单果出籽率、种子宽、种子厚、种翅宽、种子大小、种子千粒质量和叶形指数最大;桂林雁山水松的果长、果宽、单果鲜质量、单果籽粒数、果形指数、单果出籽率、种子长、种子宽、种子厚、种翅长、种翅宽、种形指数、种子大小和种翅长宽比最小,而其叶长、叶宽和叶面积最大。方差分析结果表明:分布地间球果、种子和叶的表型性状差异达到极显著水平(p<0.01)。供试表型性状的分布地间变异系数为7.43%~69.03%,其中,叶表型性状的分布地间变异系数均值最大(38.20%)。绝大多数表型性状间的相关性显著(p<0.05)或极显著,其中,果长、单果鲜质量、种子长、种翅长、种翅宽、种子大小和叶宽与其他表型性状显著或极显著相关,可作为水松优良种质筛选的重要指标。总体来看,球果和种子表型性状与经度、纬度、海拔、年均降水量和年均空气相对湿度呈显著或极显著负相关,与年均温呈极显著正相关;叶表型性状与经度、纬度、海拔、年均降水量和年均空气相对湿度呈极显著正相关,与年均温呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果表明:前3个主成分的累计贡献率为95.890%,表明这3个主成分能够反映水松表型性状的绝大部分信息。从不同分布地水松表型性状的综合得分看,南宁宾阳最高(1.854)、贵港覃塘次之(1.187)、桂林雁山最低(-3.128)。聚类分析结果显示:贵港覃塘、梧州苍梧和南宁宾阳为一组,桂林雁山和桂林平乐分别单独为一组。综上所述,广西5个分布地野生水松的表型多样性较为丰富,尤其是叶表型性状;比较而言,南宁宾阳和贵港覃塘的水松表型性状较好,可作为广西水松优良单株筛选和良种选育的材料。经度、纬度、海拔、年均温、年均降水量和年均空气相对湿度是影响广西水松表型性状变化的重要地理-气候因子。展开更多
第四纪气候波动以及地理和环境隔离深刻地影响了现代植物的遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局。该研究采用分子谱系地理学的研究方法对药用植物半夏19个居群共212个个体的3个叶绿体片段psb K-psb I、atp F-atp H和trn L-F进行分析,探...第四纪气候波动以及地理和环境隔离深刻地影响了现代植物的遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局。该研究采用分子谱系地理学的研究方法对药用植物半夏19个居群共212个个体的3个叶绿体片段psb K-psb I、atp F-atp H和trn L-F进行分析,探究半夏的遗传多样性、遗传结构、地理分布格局模式及成因,并探讨其居群历史动态。结果表明:(1)半夏总单倍型多样性H d为0.882,总核苷酸多样性π为1.23×10-3,在物种水平上表现出较高的遗传多样性。(2)分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,半夏遗传变异主要发生在居群间,显著的遗传分化(F ST=0.909,P<0.001)和较低的种群内遗传多样性(H S=0.134);种群间遗传分化系数N ST=0.913>G ST=0.855(0.01<P<0.05),表明叶绿体单倍型具有明显的谱系地理结构。(3)中性检验结果显示,Tajima s D值、Fu and Li s D值以及Fu and Li s F值均为不显著正值,Fu s Fs值为不显著负值且失配分析曲线呈双峰,表明半夏居群整体没有经历过扩张事件。(4)单倍型地理分布显示,西南地区和中-东部地区具有单倍型多样性较高,并存在特有单倍型,故推测第四纪冰期时在这两个区域存在冰期避难所。总之,通过3个叶绿体基因对不同区域半夏的分析,阐明了其遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局,为半夏优良种源的分子筛选和保护提出了科学的建议和保护策略。展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30870432)
文摘Ethnicity is a carrier of language and culture.Spatial distribution of ethnic diversity is fundamental for identifying and reconstructing the migration patterns and evolution histories of cultures and languages.Utilizing the Chinese 4th National Census (1990) data,we investigated the specific time geographical patterns of population and diversity of Chinese ethnicminorities.As anticipated,results show that Chineseminorities are chiefly concentrated in dis-tant plateaus and mountains in the southwest,northwest and northeast of China.Further,population density centers of the 10 majorminorities are rather scattered,alternatively dominating at different parts of the country.This study pro-vides a first comprehensive quantitative test on a prevailing notion of 'six plates and three corridors' on the empirical clustering patterns of Chinese ethnicminorities.There are more consistent evidences supporting this notion in the north of China,with the central and southern regions showing more complex patterns,potentially transformed by processes such as migration,fragmentation,and percolation.The results of this study suggest that a geographical ap-proach can provide heuristic and complementary information for better understanding of historical social processes.
文摘The amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） technology was used to analyze the genetic diversities in four natural populations of Manila clam （ Ruditapes philippinarum）, distributed in four sea areas of China, i.e. , the Bohai Sea, the Huanghai Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. Two hundred and sixty-four AFLP loci were analysed in 195 individuals and revealed high levels of genetic diversity. The percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 92.13% to 96.06% and the Shannon＇ s information index was from 0.256 8 to 0. 275 6. By analyzing molecular variance （ AMOVA）, it was found that there were high levels of genetic differentiation between populations of Qingdao and the other three sea areas. Cluster analysis by Nei＇ s pairwise distances grouped specimens by geographical origin, except the population of Qingdao. A conclusion can be drawn that there are high genetic diversities in the four natural populations of Manila clam in China and some distinct differences existed among and between the four populations. The results also indicated that human cultivation activities will have great influence on the genetic structure of the population of Qingdao.
文摘Amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） analysis was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of four wild geographical populations of Japanese flounder （Paralichthys olivaceus）. A total of 775 loci （58.32% of which was polymorphic） in the range between 100 and 1 300 base pairs were detected from 110 individuals using seven primer combinations. The percentage of polymorphic loci detected by single primer combination for each population was calculated, ranging from 19.59% to 53.33%. Genetic similarities within and among the populations were calculated from the binary matrices of presence - absence. Phylogenetic tree of four populations was constructed by using the UPGMA method using PHYLIP Version 3.5. According to intrapopulation genetic similarities, CW population displayed the highest genetic diversity value and KY population had the lowest genetic diversity value. The distance between CW and CF populations was the farthest, which was possibly resulted from the farthest distance of Weihai of Shandong and Fujian of China compared with the geographical distance between other locations of populations. The subpopulation differentiation value （G.,） is 0. 356 5, showing a certain extent of differentiation among the four geographical populations. AFLP technology was confirmed to be an effective tool to assess within- and among-population genetic diversity of Japanese flounder. The present survey provided significant insights for research in the Japanese flounder breeding program.
文摘A set of representative 146 adzuki (Vigna angular is var. angularis, and var. nipponensis) germplasm from 6 Asian countries traditionally for adzuki bean production, together with an out group standard rice bean (Vigna umbellata), were analyzed by AFLP methodology using 12 informative primer pairs. 313 unambiguous polymorphic bands were created. According to the dendrogram by cluster analysis based on AFLP banding, 143 of the accessions were distinct and revealed enough genetic diversity for identification and classification of accessions within Vigna angularis. A neighbor joining tree was generated using newly developed Innan's nucleotide diversity estimate from the AFLP data. From analysis, 7 distinct evolutionary groups, named as "Chinese cultivated", "Japanese cultivated", "Japanese complex-Korean cultivated", "Chinese wild", "China Taiwan wild", "Nepal-Bhutan cultivated" and "Hymalayan wild", were detected. Nucleotide diversity with geographical distribution of each group is discussed, regarding the evolutionary relationships between wild and cultivated adzuki beans. The preliminary results indicated that cultivated adzuki bean should be domesticated from at least 4 progenitors in at least 3 geographical origins.
文摘以酸枣〔Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu ex H.F.Chow.〕19个种源地的211份样本为研究对象,对其表型性状(包括13个质量性状和29个数量性状)进行观测和变异分析,并采用巢式方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析研究数量性状的变异来源、与地理气候因子的关系及能够反映酸枣表型特征的主要数量性状。结果表明:酸枣质量性状的变异系数和Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分别为11.44%~55.21%和0.34~1.65;数量性状的变异系数和Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分别为4.57%~85.46%和0.24~2.09,极值比为1.67~14.06。陕西佳县、内蒙古元宝山和河北复兴种源的数量性状变异程度较高,辽宁喀左、陕西延川和河北赞皇种源的数量性状多样性丰富。酸枣数量性状种源间和种源内的方差分量比例均值分别为69.86%和14.88%,表型分化系数均值为0.82。叶长、叶形指数、可食率等12个数量性状与地理气候因子存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关性。主成分分析结果表明:前9个主成分的累计贡献率为79.74%,叶形指数、叶柄长度、叶柄宽度等17个数量性状可作为评价酸枣种质资源的表型性状。基于数量性状可将19个种源分为4个类群,类群Ⅰ主要特征为叶片小、果实和果核小、出核率高;类群Ⅱ主要特征为果实和果核大、可食率高;类群Ⅲ主要特征为叶片长、枣吊长、枣吊叶片数多;类群Ⅳ主要特征为二次枝长、直刺和弯刺短。综合上述研究结果,酸枣表型多样性丰富,种源间和种源内存在不同程度的变异,种源间变异是主要变异来源,不同种源酸枣可用于选育不同表型性状酸枣品种。
文摘以广西贵港覃塘、梧州苍梧、南宁宾阳、桂林雁山和桂林平乐的野生水松〔Glyptostrobus pensilis(Staunton ex D.Don)K.Koch〕为研究对象,采用方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析、综合评价及聚类分析等方法对5个分布地水松球果、种子和叶的表型性状进行分析。结果表明:南宁宾阳水松的果长、果宽、单果鲜质量、单果出籽率、种子宽、种子厚、种翅宽、种子大小、种子千粒质量和叶形指数最大;桂林雁山水松的果长、果宽、单果鲜质量、单果籽粒数、果形指数、单果出籽率、种子长、种子宽、种子厚、种翅长、种翅宽、种形指数、种子大小和种翅长宽比最小,而其叶长、叶宽和叶面积最大。方差分析结果表明:分布地间球果、种子和叶的表型性状差异达到极显著水平(p<0.01)。供试表型性状的分布地间变异系数为7.43%~69.03%,其中,叶表型性状的分布地间变异系数均值最大(38.20%)。绝大多数表型性状间的相关性显著(p<0.05)或极显著,其中,果长、单果鲜质量、种子长、种翅长、种翅宽、种子大小和叶宽与其他表型性状显著或极显著相关,可作为水松优良种质筛选的重要指标。总体来看,球果和种子表型性状与经度、纬度、海拔、年均降水量和年均空气相对湿度呈显著或极显著负相关,与年均温呈极显著正相关;叶表型性状与经度、纬度、海拔、年均降水量和年均空气相对湿度呈极显著正相关,与年均温呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果表明:前3个主成分的累计贡献率为95.890%,表明这3个主成分能够反映水松表型性状的绝大部分信息。从不同分布地水松表型性状的综合得分看,南宁宾阳最高(1.854)、贵港覃塘次之(1.187)、桂林雁山最低(-3.128)。聚类分析结果显示:贵港覃塘、梧州苍梧和南宁宾阳为一组,桂林雁山和桂林平乐分别单独为一组。综上所述,广西5个分布地野生水松的表型多样性较为丰富,尤其是叶表型性状;比较而言,南宁宾阳和贵港覃塘的水松表型性状较好,可作为广西水松优良单株筛选和良种选育的材料。经度、纬度、海拔、年均温、年均降水量和年均空气相对湿度是影响广西水松表型性状变化的重要地理-气候因子。
文摘第四纪气候波动以及地理和环境隔离深刻地影响了现代植物的遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局。该研究采用分子谱系地理学的研究方法对药用植物半夏19个居群共212个个体的3个叶绿体片段psb K-psb I、atp F-atp H和trn L-F进行分析,探究半夏的遗传多样性、遗传结构、地理分布格局模式及成因,并探讨其居群历史动态。结果表明:(1)半夏总单倍型多样性H d为0.882,总核苷酸多样性π为1.23×10-3,在物种水平上表现出较高的遗传多样性。(2)分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,半夏遗传变异主要发生在居群间,显著的遗传分化(F ST=0.909,P<0.001)和较低的种群内遗传多样性(H S=0.134);种群间遗传分化系数N ST=0.913>G ST=0.855(0.01<P<0.05),表明叶绿体单倍型具有明显的谱系地理结构。(3)中性检验结果显示,Tajima s D值、Fu and Li s D值以及Fu and Li s F值均为不显著正值,Fu s Fs值为不显著负值且失配分析曲线呈双峰,表明半夏居群整体没有经历过扩张事件。(4)单倍型地理分布显示,西南地区和中-东部地区具有单倍型多样性较高,并存在特有单倍型,故推测第四纪冰期时在这两个区域存在冰期避难所。总之,通过3个叶绿体基因对不同区域半夏的分析,阐明了其遗传多样性、遗传结构和地理分布格局,为半夏优良种源的分子筛选和保护提出了科学的建议和保护策略。
