Reciprocity Relation between Alternative Gravity Formulas

We compare Newton’s force law of universal gravitation with a corrected simple approach based on Bhandari’s recently presented work, where the gravitation constant G is maintained. A reciprocity relation exists between both alternative gravity formulas with respect to the distances between mass centers. We conclude a one-to-one mapping of the two gravitational formulas. We don’t need Einstein’s construct of spacetime bending by matter.

Two-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of the DC Glow Discharge in the Normal Mode and with Einstein’s Relation of Electron Diffusivity

This paper presents an investigation of a DC glow discharge at low pressure in the normal mode and with Einstein＇s relation of electron diffusivity. Two-dimensional distributions in Cartesian geometry are presented in the stationary state, including electric potential, electron and ion densities, longitudinal and transverse electrics fields as well as electron temperature. Our results are compared with those obtained in existing literature. The model used in this work is based on the first three moments of Boltzmann＇s equation. They serve as the continuity equation, the momentum transfer and the energy equations. The set of equations for charged particles presented in monatomic argon gas are coupled in a self-consistent way with Poisson＇s equation. A parametric study varying the cathode voltage, gas pressure, and secondary electron emission coefficient predicts many of the well-known features of DC discharges.

(Generalized)Green's Relations of GV-Semigroups

Green's relations and generalized Green's relations play a fundamental role in the study of semigroups.GV-semigroups are the generalizations of completely regular semigroups in the range of π-regular semigroups.In this paper,Green's relations and generalized Green's relations on GV-semigroups are considered by the structure of GV-semigroups.D=j and D C D* on GV-semigroups will be proved.

SOME REMARKS ON (L)-GREEN’S RELATIONS AND STRONGLY RPP SEMIGROUPS

In order to study rpp semigroups, in particular, some special cases, several facts on （l）-Green’s relations and strongly rpp semigroups are given as some remarks.

China-US Trade Relations:Win-Win Picture Distorted

At present China-U.S.trade relations are in a state of confusion.Although both countries have gained tremendous benefits from the bilateral trade relationship,some Americans have intentionally distorted some basic facts regarding China-U.S.trade relations. Based on an analysis of some official and nonofficial research reports published in the United States,this article holds that the China-U.S.trade imbalance is the symptom of a bigger issue stemming from the contradiction between the United States as the world's sole superpower and China as an emerging power.Economic globalisation came about due to the needs of western developed countries represented by the United States to boost economic development.Only by seizing the opportunities of economic globalisation, has China gained strong economic growth. Such a development is changing the world political,economic,military and cultural landscape that have been shaped since the post-cold-war era,and has to some extent raised doubt or suspicion on the part of the United States and its western allies.This is a manifestation of how unprepared some people in the United States and other western countries are in the face of China's rapid development and rising status.So,their immediate reaction has been to seek protection for themselves,and try their utmost to prevent China's rapid growth from impacting on the international framework and their vested interests.

A Revised Interpretation of the Thermodynamic Theory Including the Einstein Mass-Energy Relation <i>E</i>= <i>mc</i>²

Thermodynamics being among the most synthetic theories of physics and the mass-energy relation E = mc2 among the most general equations of science, it is somewhat surprising that this latter is not explicitly present in the laws of thermodynamics. Coupling this observation with the conceptual difficulties often felt in learning thermodynamics leads to the idea that both situations may have the same cause. On the basis of these clues, this paper is intended to provide complementary arguments to a hypothesis already presented. It consists of showing the existence of an imperfect compatibility between the conventional formulations of the first and second laws of thermodynamics and suggesting the need of the mass-energy relation to solving the problem.

A GENERAL CONSTITUTIVE RELATION FOR FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH ANALYSIS OF METAL STRUCTURES

Crack growth rate curves are the fundamental material property for metal structures under fatigue loading. Although there are many crack growth rate curves available in the literature, few of them showed the capability to explain various special phenomena observed in tests. A modified constitutive relation recently proposed by McEvily and his co-workers showed very promising capability. This modified constitutive relation is further generalized by (1) introducing an unstable fracture condition; (2) defining a virtual strength to replace the yield stress; and (3) defining an overload and underload parameter. The performances of this general constitutive relation for fatigue crack growth is extensively studied and it is found that this general constitutive relation is able to explain various phenomena observed with particular strong capability on load sequence effect.

Africa's Perspectives on China-Africa Relations and Forum on China-Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)

China is in Africa in a vigorous way,and doing business in several countries like Sudan,Congo DRC,Angola,South Africa,and Nigeria.In the short term,the relationship may appear to be mutually beneficial.This paper seeks to address the issue of Africa's perspectives on China-Africa Relations and the FOCAC and examine the concept of strategic partnerships,determine the state of China-Africa relations,examines FOCAC and draw conclusion as well as recommendation on possible ways and issues for future engageme...

Gravitational Space-Time Quantization for Charged Wormholes and the Diophantine Uncertainty Relation

This research work proceeds from the assumption, which was still considered by Einstein, that the quantization of gravity does not require additional external procedures: quantum phenomena can be a consequence of the properties of the universal gravitational interaction, which maps any physical field upon the space-time geometry. Therefore, an attempt is made in this research work to reduce the quantization of physical fields in GRT to the space-time quantization. Three reasons for quantum phenomena are considered: Partition of space-time into a set of unconnected Novikov’s R- and T-domains impenetrable for light paths;the set is generated by the invariance of Einstein’s equations with respect to dual mappings;The existence of electric charge quanta of wormholes, which geometrically describe elementary particles in GRT. This gives rise to a discrete spectrum of their physical and geometric parameters governed by Diophantine equations. It is shown that the fundamental constants (electric charge, rest masses of an electron and a proton) are interconnected arithmetically;The existence of the so-called Diophantine catastrophe, when fluctuations in the values of physical constants tending to zero lead to fluctuations in the number of electric charges and the number of nucleons at the wormhole throats, which tend to infinity, so that the product of the increments of these numbers by the increment of physical constants forms a relation equivalent to the uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics. This suggests that space-time cannot but fluctuate, and, moreover, its fluctuations are bounded from below, so that all processes become chaotic, and the observables become averaged over this chaos.

Matone's Relation of N = 2 Super Yang-Mills and Spectrum of Toda Chain

In N = 2 super Yang-Mills theory, the Matone＇s relation relates instanton corrections of the prepotential to instanton corrections of scMar field condensation （Trφ2）. This relation has been proved to hold for Omega deformed theories too, using localization method. In this paper, we first give a case study supporting the relation, which does not rely on the localization technique. Especially, we show that the magnetic expansion also satisfies a relation of Matone＇s type. Then we discuss implication of the relation for proposed Nekrasov-Shatashvili scheme. the spectrum of periodic Toda chain, in the context of recentlyproposed Nekrasov-Shatashvili scheme.

Rayleigh reciprocity relations： Applications

Classical reciprocity relations have wide applications in acoustics, from field representation to generalized optical theorem. In this paper we introduce our recent results on the applications and generalization of classical Rayleigh reciprocity relation： higher derivative reciprocity relations as a generalization of the classical one and a theoretical proof on the Green＇s function retrieval from volume noises.

Bush' s China Policy and the Future of Sino-U.S.Relations

The past two years have witnessed great fluctuations ininternational oil prices,and diplomatic efforts,both above andunder the table,by major powers around this issue.The currenttension in the war-threatened Iraq has added more uncertainties to thefuture world oil situation.Will the world oil supply and demand change?What impact would this exert on big powers’ oil strategy choices,geopolitics as well as world economy?What should China do in such asituation?To find the answers to these questions,at the invitation of theeditor of the Contemporary International Relations,seven experts fromChina Institute of Contemporary International Relations gathered to have adiscussion in early February this year.Naturally,they have differentviews over many issues.Still,we hope our readers would find theirdiscussion interesting.Following is the list of participants.

Study on Influence of Farmers' Relational Network on Their Undertaking Process

We elaborate relevant theories of farmers' relational network,including the Differential Model of Association,the Strength of Weak Tie,Strength of Strong Tie and Favor and Face.The farmers' relational network in the Differential Model of Association can be divided into three layers:strong tie,weak tie and irrelative relationship according to Granovetter theory.These three layers have deep influence on opportunity selection during the undertaking,financing and enterprise development.With rational knowledge of these layers,farmers may exploit undertaking resources.On the basis of these,we made detailed analysis on farmers' selection of relations in the opportunity selection,financing and enterprise development stages.

Japan's Military Transformation and Sino-Japanese Military Relations

Military reform, which is led by the U. S. and sweeping its way to the rest of the world, has now become one of the hottest topics in inter- national military arena. Japan makes no exception. The reconstruction of its military forces, which is still in progress, is concentrated on the following two aspects. One is the enlargement of the functions of the Self-Defense Forces (SDF). Participation in overseas operations is in-

Seizing Opportunity to Improve China's Relations with the World

Iraq war reveals two basic features in current international situation. The first feature is disturbance. Terrorism endangering the world is a disturbance, weapons of mass destruction being proliferated over the world is a disturbance, great powers realigning is a disturbance.

Statistical Analysis of the Relation Between Inflation and Unemployment in Democratic States Using Spearman＇s Correlation Coefficient With Application in Albania

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the relation between inflation rate and unemployment rate in contemporary democratic states, using Spearman＇s correlation coefficient. We apply this method in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014. Some results of the study include： （1） The Central Limit Theorem （CLT） is not applicable for the quarterly inflation rate as well as for quarterly unemployment rate in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 at the confidence level of 99.99%. The official data for inflation and unemployment contradict the CLT at a very high confidence level of 99.99%; （2） The inflation process in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 is an unfair game at the confidence level of 99.2%; （3） The unemployment process in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 is an unfair game at the confidence level of 99.99%; （4） The inflation and unemployment in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 are statistically dependent at the 96% confidence level; （5） Spearman＇s correlation coefficient = 0.387 indicates a weak positive correlation between inflation and unemployment in Albania during the specified period; and （6） The official data for inflation and unemployment in Albania during the period from January 2005 to December 2014 are consistent with Friedman＇s hypothesis.

Expectations for Future China-U.S. Relations

The heads of state of China and the U.S. reached a consensus in Osaka at the end of June, agreeing to restart trade negotiations on the basis of equality and mutual respect. The U.S. side stated that it would no longer impose new tariffs on Chinese imports, sending a positive sign of the U.S.-China relationship to the international community. On July 3, the Washington Post published an open letter signed by 100 people from the academic, diplomatic, military, and business circles of the U.S. to President Trump and the U.S. Congress, affirming that the consensus is the intention of the two peoples and is in line with the expectations of the international community. The decline in U.S.- China relations is not in line with U.S. and global interests, and China is not an enemy of the U.S., nor does China pose a threat to U.S. national security.

ON RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MODIFIED-ITERATIVE METHOD AND CHIEN’S PERTURBATION SOLUTION

In this paper, we gave analytical formulas of characteristic relation of circular plate in solving high-order solutions of modified-iterative method, which reduces the calculating quantities of the method. Having deduced the relations between the modified-iterative method and Chien's perturbation solution, we obtained the conclusion that the convergent regions of the two methods are the same.

U.S.-Russian Relations Difficult to Revive

On March 6,2009,Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and U.S.Secretary of State Hillary Clinton pressed together the"reset button"in Geneva,signifying that both sides wanted to thaw their bilateral ties since it hit an all-time low over the Russia-Georgia conflict in August,2008.Although there were some positive signs in improving US-Russian ties,bilateral relations are hard to revive in the near future.