Hydrous Ruthenium Oxide with High Rate Pseudo-Capacitance Prepared by a New Sol-Gel Process

A kind of ruthenium oxide with smaller particles and higher porosity was prepared by a sol-gel process with RuCl3·xH2O and NaHCO3 solution. Several details concerning this new material, including crystal structure, particle size as functions of the temperature, and electrochemical properties were also reported. The optimal annealing temperature was 210 ℃ and the powder annealed at this temperature had a rate capacitance of 541 F/g. In addition, the rate capacitance of the composite electrode reached 802 F/g after 10% carbon black was added, much higher than any previously reported value. High energy density supercapacitors were built with the newly discovered electrode material. Energy densities as high as 67 J/g were obtained based on the RuO2·xH2O alone. By introducing the highly porous carbon black into the electrode, energy densities great than 100 J/g could be achieved. The power density of the capacitor was enhanced significantly.

Dissolved oxygen sensor based on sol-gel matrix doped with tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium dichloride

To establish a immobilization method of oxygen sensitive dye, a dissolved oxygen sensor based on a sol-gel matrix doped with ruthenium complex ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) as the oxygen-sensitive material is reported. The results indicate that the I0 /I100 value of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+-doped in tetraethylorthosilane (TEOS) composite films are estimated to be 10.6, where I0 and I100 correspond to the detected fluorescence intensities in pure nitrogen saturated water and pure oxygen saturated water, respectively. Also, the Stern-Volmer plot shows a very good linearity at low dissolved oxygen concentrations. The response time of the composite films is 5 s upon switching from nitrogen saturated water to oxygen saturated water and 10 s from oxygen saturated water to nitrogen saturated water. The dissolved oxygen sensors based on the ruthenium complex/TEOS composite films exhibit greater sensitivity, stability and faster response time as compared to the existing ones. Furthermore, the thin films possess greatly minimized dye leaching effect.

Comparison of the morphology and structure of W03 nanomaterials synthesized by a sol-gel method followed by calcination^or hydrothermal treatment

Tungsten （VI） oxide （WO3） nanomaterials were synthesized by a sol-gel method using WC16 and C2HsOH as precursors followed by calcination or hydrothermal treatment. X-Ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and high resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX） were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the materials. There were significant differences between the WO3 materials that were calcinated and those that were subjected to a hydrothermal process. The XRD results revealed that calcination temperatures of 300℃and 400℃ gave hexagonal structures and temperatures of 500℃ and 600℃ gave monoclinic structures. The SEM images showed that an increase in calcination temperature led to a decrease in the WO3 powder particle size. The TEM analysis showed that several nanoparticles agglomerated to form bigger clusters. The hydrothermal process produced hexagonal structures for holding times of 12, 16, and 20 h and monoclinic structures for a holding time of 24 h. The SEM results showed transparent rectangular panicles which according to the TEM results originated from the aggregation of several nanotubes.

WO3 nanomaterials synthesized via a sol-gel method and calcination for use as a CO gas sensor

Carbon monoxide is a poisonous and hazardous gas and sensitive sensor devices are needed to prevent humans from being poisoned by this gas. A CO gas sensor has been prepared from WO3 synthesized by a sol-gel method. The sensor chip was prepared by a spin-coating technique which deposited a thin film of WO3 on an alumina substrate. The chip samples were then calcined at 300, 400, 500 or 600 ℃ for 1 h. The sensitivities of the different sensor chips for CO gas were determined by comparing the changes in electrical resistance in the absence and presence of 50 ppm of CO gas at 200 ℃. The WO3 calcined at 500 ℃ had the highest sensitivity. The sensitivity of this sensor was also measured at CO concentrations of 100 ppm and 200 ppm and at operating temperatures of 30 and 100℃. Thermogravimetric analysis of the WO3 calcined at 500 ℃ indicated that this sample had the highest gas adsorption capacity. This preliminary research has shown that WO3 can serve as a CO gas sensor and that is should be further explored and developed.

Anticorrosion of WO₃-Modified TiO₂Thin Film Prepared by Peroxo Sol-Gel Method

The aim of this study was to develop a method to prepare WO3-TiO2 film which has high anticorrosion property when it was coated on type 304 stainless steel. A series of WO3-modified TiO2 sols were synthesized by peroxo-sol gel method using TiCl4 and Na2WO4 as the starting materials. TiCl4 was converted to Ti(OH)4 gel. H2O2 and Na2WO4 were added in Ti(OH)4 solution and heated at 95°C. The WO3-TiO2 sol was transparent, in neutral (pH^7) solution, stable suspension without surfactant, nano-crystallite and no annealing is needed after coating, and very stable for 2 years in stock. WO3-TiO2 sol was formed with anatase crystalline structure. These sols were characterized by XRD, TEM, and XPS. The sol was used to coat on stainless steel 304 by dip-coating. The WO3-TiO2 was anatase in structure as characterized by X-ray diffraction. There were no WO3 XRD peaks in the WO3-TiO2 sols, indicating that WO3 particles were very small, possibly incorporating into TiO2 structure, providing the amount of WO3 was very small. The TiO2 particles were rhombus shape. WO3-TiO2 had smaller size area than pure TiO2. The SEM results showed that the film coated on the glass substrate was very uniform. All films were nonporous and dense films. Its hardness reached 2 H after drying at 100°C, and reached 5 H after annealing at 400°C. The WO3-TiO2 film coated on 304 stainless steel had better anticorrosion capability than the unmodified TiO2 film under UV light illumination. The optimum weight ratio of TiO2: WO3 was 100:4.

磷掺杂调控碳纳米管负载的Ru促进碱性析氢

电解水制氢是一种高效清洁的产氢方式,但开发高效稳定的催化剂用于电解水仍面临很大挑战。本文通过磷掺杂策略调节负载于碳纳米管的钌纳米颗粒的电子结构,实现高效促进碱性析氢。经过对反应条件的优化,所得Ru-P@CNT(300)(CNT=碳纳米管)催化剂具有最优的碱性析氢反应(HER)催化活性,其达到电流密度10 mA·cm^(-2)时仅需要38 mV的过电位。同时随着电流密度的逐渐增大,Ru-P@CNT(300)展现出了优于商用Pt/C的活性,说明随着电流的增大,其具有高于商用Pt/C的催化潜能。同时,该催化剂还表现出良好的催化稳定性。当Ru-P@CNT(300)用于碱性海水析氢中时,其表现出的活性与在纯1 mol/L KOH中几乎一致,没有出现明显衰退,10 mA·cm^(-2)处的过电位仅为39 mV,而且在海水中依然保持良好的稳定性。

The effect of calcination temperature on the capacitive properties of WO3-based electrochemical capacitors synthesized via a sol-gel method

Electrochemical capacitor （EC） is a promising energy storage device which can be hybridized with other energy conversion or energy storage devices. One type of ECs is pseudocapacitor made of metal oxides. WO3 is an inexpensive semiconductor metal oxide which has many applications. However the application of WO3 as an EC material was rarely reported. Therefore in this research EC was prepared from WO3 nanomaterial synthesized by a sol-gel process. The WO3 gel was spin-coated on graphite substrates and calcined at various temperatures of 300~C, 400℃, 500℃ and 600℃ for 1 h. Cyclic voltammetry （CV） measurements were used to observe the capacitive property of the WO3 samples. SEM, XRD, FTIR and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） analyses were used to characterize the material structures. WO3 calcined at 400~C was proved to have the highest capacitance of 233.63 Fo g^-1 （1869 mFo cm-2） at a scan rate of 2 mVo s-1 in 1 mol/L H2SO4 between potentials -0.4 and 0.4 V vs. SCE. Moreover it also showed the most symmetric CV curves as the indication of a good EC. Hence WO3 calcined at 400℃ is a potential candidate for EC material of pseudocapacitor type.

Analysis of the Performances of a New Type of Alumina Nanocomposite Structural Material Designed for the Thermal Insulation of High-Rise Buildings

The sol-gel method is used to prepare a new nano-alumina aerogel structure and the thermal properties of this nanomaterial are investigated comprehensively using electron microscope scanning,thermal analysis,X-ray and infrared spectrometer analysis methods.It is found that the composite aerogel alumina material has a multi-level porous nano-network structure.When employed for the thermal insulation of high-rise buildings,the alumina nanocomposite aerogel material can lead to effective energy savings in winter.However,it has almost no energy-saving effect on buildings where energy is consumed for cooling in summer.

醇钌盐加氨水解制电极活性材料及其组织形态

本文采用醇钌盐加氨水解（以下简称氨解）的溶胶凝胶方法，制备出纳米级的钌及其氧化物。采用差热分析（ＤＴＡ）、Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）和透射电子显微技术（ＴＥＭ）分析了产物的组织形态。

基于聚乙烯亚胺还原的金纳米颗粒为基底构建的“signal on”型高灵敏ECL传感器铅离子检测

该实验结合目标物循环与杂交链式反应(HCR)信号放大策略,构建了用于检测Pb^(2+)的"signal on"型ECL生物传感器。该传感器可以通过Pb^(2+)和脱氧核酶的特异识别作用,循环剪切固载在电极表面的发卡型底物链H0,在实现目标物循环的同时使得电极表面越多的H0被剪切为DNA残链,获得的DNA残链继而作为引物打开发夹探针H1和H2引发HCR反应,形成由H1和H2交替杂交形成的长双链聚合物。这些双链聚合物可以通过静电吸附作用固载大量的邻菲罗啉钌配合物(Ru(phen)3^(2+))。利用固载在电极基底的PEIAu复合纳米材料对发光试剂的共反应作用显著放大检测信号,构建了对Pb^(2+)的"signal on"模式ECL检测新方法。实验结果表明,在Pb^(2+)浓度范围为1×10-12mol/L^1×10-8mol/L之间,表现出良好的线性关系,其检出限为3.33×10-13mol/L。

煅烧温度对化学沉淀法制备纳米氧化钌结构与电化学性能的影响

在Ru Cl3·n H2O水溶液中加入Na OH作为沉淀剂,采用化学沉淀法制备氧化钌粉体材料,分析与研究氧化钌的形貌、物相结构及电化学特性,以及煅烧温度的影响。结果表明：随煅烧温度从160℃升高到200℃,煅烧后获得的水合氧化钌的结晶水含量逐渐减少;热分析结果表明水合氧化钌在150~390℃范围内脱去结构水,由无定型转变为金红石型纳米晶体。随煅烧温度从160℃升高到200℃,氧化钌电极在0.1 A/g电流密度下的比电容由862 F/g下降至592 F/g,但在5 A/g大电流密度下的容量保持率由34.82%提高到75.57%,在1 A/g电流密度下充放电200次后比容量保持率由88%提高到97%,即在较高温度下煅烧获得的氧化钌具有更好的电容特性和功率特性,更适合高功率下应用。

电解水制氢中钌基电催化剂的研究进展

能源枯竭引发了寻找替代能源的热潮,氢气作为一种清洁能源引起了人们的广泛关注,尤其关注于电解水制取氢气,因此开发高效、稳定、廉价的电解水析氢的催化剂就成为研究热点。本文综述了铂(Pt)族元素中最便宜的钌和钌基材料作为高效电催化剂在电解水析氢反应中的研究进展,展望了钌和钌基材料在电解水析氢反应中的产业化应用前景。

SiO_2 Aerogels Prepared with Ambient Pressure Drying and Its Properties

SiO2 aerogels were produced from tetraethyl orthosilicate （TEOS） as silicon resources,ethanol as solvent and watery HCl or ammonia by sol-gel method and surface modification at ambient pressure.Scanning electronic microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer （FT-IR）,pore size distribution measurement,packing density and some other experiment methods were used to characterize the morphology and pore structure and other properties of the silica aerogels.The results show that the silica aerogels have a typical nano-porous microstructure with hydrophobic property.It was discovered that SiO2 aerogels have better properties when the preparation condition is as following the watery HCl concentration is 1%,the aging reagent is CH3CHOHC4H9,the aging time is 20 d,the volume concentration of trimethylchlorosilane （TMCS） in hexane is 6% and the surface modification time is 24 h.

Characteristics of LiNiPO_4 Prepared by Chitosan Polymer Precursor Method

1 Results Stoichimetric quantities of lithium acetate,nickel acetate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were mixed with ethanol and stirred with heating until complete dissolution.A solution of 1 g chitosan in 1% acetic acid was then poured into the heated and stirred solution until all solvents have evaporated.The precursor was then sintered at 500,600,700,800,900 and 1 000 ℃ for 3 hours.X-ray diffraction results showed that single phase LiNiPO4 was obtained at sintering temperatures above 600 ℃.TEM res...

Fabrication, Sintering and Electrical Properties of (Ca_(0.61),Nd_(0.26))TiO_3 Nanoparticles Doped with Li-Cu-B

A sol-gel processing was used to low temperature. Orthorhombic synthesize （Cao.61,Ndo.26）TiO3 （CNT） perovskite structure phase with a smal nanoparticles doped with Li-Cu-B at amount of Li3BO3 secondary phase was formed by calcining the xerogels at 300℃, and monodisperse CNT nano-powders with the grain size of 10-15 nm could be obtained. By using these nanocrystalline CNT powders, dense CNT ceramics could be achieved at the low sintering temperature of 1100℃ due to the effect of the small size nanoparticles and liquid phase Li3BO3. And the dielectric properties with dielectric constant （εr= 89.52）, quality value factors with frequency （Q×f=17148 GHz） and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency （τf） value of ＋239×10^-6/℃ were achieved.

Mechanism of upconversion emission enhancement in Y_3Al_5O_(12):Er^(3+)/Li^+ powders

Er3＋ and Li＋ codoped Y3Al5O12（YAG） powders were prepared for a systematic investigation of their upconversion emissions.X-ray diffraction（XRD）,upconversion emission spectra,pump power dependence,FT-IR spectra and decay time were studied to characterize the samples.With Li＋ doping,the upconversion emission intensity of Er3＋ doped YAG powders was obviously enhanced,accompanied with an increase in the ratio of green to red intensity.The enhancement of emission intensity could be attributed to two mechanisms：one was the distortion of local crystal field around Er3＋,and the other was the decrease in the amount of CO32-and OH-groups.Our results revealed that the latter was the dominant mechanism of the upconversion intensity enhancement in the YAG：Er3＋/Li＋ powders.