Investigation of odd-parity Rydberg states of Eu I with autoionization detection

Isolated-core-excitation （ICE） scheme and autoionization detection are employed to study the bound Rydberg states of europium atom. The high-lying states with odd parity have been measured using the autoionization detection method with three different excitation paths via 4f76s6p[8Ph/2], 4f76s6p[8P7/2] and 4f76s6p[SP9/2] intermediate states, respectively. In this paper the spectra of bound Rydberg states of Eu atom are reported, which cover the energy regions from 36000 cm-1 to 38250 cm-1 and from 38900 cm-1 to 39500 cm-1. The study provides the information about level energy, the possible J values and relative line intensity as well as the effective principal quantum number n＊ for these states. This work not only confirms the previous results of many states, but also discovers 11 new Rydberg states of Eu atom.

Experimental study of bound and autoionizing Rydberg states of the europium atom

An isolated-core-excitation （ICE） scheme and stepwise excitation are employed to study the highly excited states of the europium atom. The bound europium spectrum with odd parity in a region of 42400-43500 cm^-1 is measured, from which spectral information on 38 transitions, such as level position and relative intensity, can be deduced. Combined with information about excitation calibration and the error estimation process, the selection rules enable us to determine the possible values of total angular momentum J for the observed states. The autoionization spectra of atomic europium, belonging to the 4f^76pnl（l = 0, 2） configurations, are systematically investigated by using the three-step laser resonance ionization spectroscopy （RIS） approach. With the ICE scheme, all the experimental spectra of the autoionizing states have nearly symmetric profiles whose peak positions and widths can be easily obtained. A comparison between our results and those from the relevant literature shows that our work not only confirms many reported states, but also discovers 14 bound states and 16 autoionizing states.

Lifetimes of Rydberg states of Eu atoms

The radiative lifetimes of the Eu 4f76snp（8^PJ or10^PJ） Rydberg states with J = 5/2 and 11/2 are investigated with a combination of multi-step laser excitation and pulsed electric field ionization, from which their dependence on the effective principal quantum number is observed. The lifetimes of 21 states are reported along with an evaluation of their experimental uncertainty. The influence of blackbody radiation, due to the oven temperature, on the lifetime of the higher-n states is detected. The non-hydrogen behavior of the investigated states is also observed.

Field ionization process of Eu 4f^76snp Rydberg states

The field ionization process of the Eu 4f76snp Rydberg states, converging to the first ionization limit, 4f76s 954, is systematically investigated. The spectra of the Eu 4f76snp Rydberg states are populated with three-step laser excitation, and detected by electric field ionization （EFI） method. Two different kinds of the EFI pulses are applied after laser excitation to observe the possible impacts on the EFI process. The exact EFI ionization thresholds for the 4f76snp Rydberg states can be determined by observing the corresponding EFI spectra. In particular, some structures above the EFI threshold are found in the EFI spectra, which may be interpreted as the effect from black body radiation （BBR）. Finally, the scaling law of the EFI threshold for the Eu 4f76snp Rydberg states with the effective quantum number is built.

Stark spectra of Rydberg states in atomic cesium in the vicinity of n=18

The Stark structures in a cesium atom around n=18 are numerically calculated. The results show that the components of 20D states with a small azimuthal quantum number ｜m｜ shift upward a lot, and those with a large ｜m｜ shift downward a little within 1100 V/cm. All components of P states shift downward. Experimental work has been performed in ultracold atomic cesium. Atoms initially in 6P3/2 state are excited to high-n Rydberg states by a polarization light perpendicular to the field, and Stark spectra with ｜m｜=1/2,3/2,5/2 are simultaneously observed with a large linewidth for the first time. The observed spectra are analyzed in detail. The relative transition probability is calculated. The experimental results are in good agreement with our numerical computation.

Energy level analyses of even-parity J=1 and 2 Rydberg states of Sn I by multichannel quantum defect theory

This paper analyzes the energy levels along the even-parity J = 1 and 2 Rydberg series of Sn I by multichannel quantum defect theory. A good agreement between theoretical and experimental energy levels was achieved. Below 59198 cm^-1, a total of 85 and 23 new energy levels, respectively, in the J = 1 and J = 2 series, which cannot be measured previously by experiments, are predicted in this work. Based on the calculated admixture coefficients of each channel, interchannel interactions were discussed in detail. The results are helpful to understand the characteristics of configuration interaction among even-parity levels in Sn I.

Circular Rydberg States of Atomic Hydrogen in an Arbitrary Magnetic Field

We report a theoretical scheme using a B-spline basis set to improve the poor computational accuracy ofcircular Rydberg states of hydrogen atoms in the intermediate magnetic Geld.This scheme can produce high accuracyenergy levels and valid for an arbitrary magnetic field.Energy levels of hydrogen are presented for circular Rydbergstates with azimuthal quantum numbers \m\ = 10-70 as a function of magnetic field strengths ranging from zero to2.35 x 109 T.The variation of spatial distributions of electron probability densities with magnetic field strengths isdiscussed and competition between Coulomb and magnetic interactions is illustrated.

Measurement of the ionization cross section of Rydberg state of benzene molecules

The frequency-tunable light,which was produced by using YAG laser to pump the dye rhodamine 590/610,was used to measure the ions number in ionization of the benzene molecules Rydberg state 5Rg|10 as a function of the light intensity.Fitting the measured data by using the deduced equation from the method of spatial integration,the ionization cross section of single photon of molecule benzene 5Rg|10 was obtained to be 2.1×10-19cm2 approximately.

Rydberg state excitation in molecules manipulated by bicircular two-color laser pulses

Multiphoton resonant excitation and frustrated tunneling ionization,manifesting the photonic and optical nature of the driving light via direct excitation and electron recapture,respectively,are complementary mechanisms to access Rydberg state excitation(RSE)of atoms and molecules in an intense laser field.However,clear identification and manipulation of their individual contributions in the light-induced RSE process remain experimentally challenging.Here,we bridge this gap by exploring the dissociative and nondissociative RSE of H2 molecules using bicircular two-color laser pulses.Depending on the relative field strength and polarization helicity of the two colors,the RSE probability can be boosted by more than one order of magnitude by exploiting the laser waveform-dependent field effect.The role of the photon effect is readily strengthened with increasing relative strength of the second-harmonic field of the two colors regardless of the polarization helicity.As compared to the nondissociative RSE forming H2
,the field effect in producing the dissociative RSE channel of eHt;H
T is moderately suppressed,which is primarily accessed via a three-step sequential process separated by molecular bond stretching.Our work paves the way toward a comprehensive understanding of the interplay of the underlying field and photon effects in the strong-field RSE process,as well as facilitating the generation of Rydberg states optimized with tailored characteristics.

Photoelectron imaging on vibrational excitation and Rydberg intermediate states in multi-photon ionization process of NH3 molecule

The ionization processes of NH3 molecule are studied by photoelectron velocity map imaging technique in a linearly polarized 400-nm femtosecond laser field. The two-dimensional photoelectron images from ammonia molecules under different laser intensities are obtained. In the slow electron region, the values of kinetic energy of photoelectrons corresponding to peaks 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 0.27, 0.86, 1.16, and 1.6 eV, respectively. With both the kinetic energy and angular distribution of photoelectrons from NH3 molecules, we can confirm that the two-photon excited intermediate Rydberg state is A^1 A2" (v2'=3) state for photoelectron peaks 2, 3, 4, and the three peaks are marked as 1223 (2 + 2), 1123 (2 + 2), and 1023 (2 + 2) multi-photon processes, respectively. Then, peak 1 is found by adding a hexapole between the source chamber and the detection chamber to realize the rotational state selection and beam focusing. Peak 1 is labeled as the 1323 (3 + 1) multi-photon process through the intermediate Rydberg state E^1A1'. The phenomena of channel switching are found in the slow electron kinetic energy distributions. Our calculations and experimental results indicate that the stretching vibrational mode of ammonia molecules varies with channels, while the umbrella vibration does not. In addition, we consider and discuss the ac-Stark effect in a strong laser field. Peaks 5 and 6 are marked as (2 + 2 + 1) and (2 + 2 + 2) above threshold ionization processes in the fast electron region.

Positions and Widths of Anticrossings for Potassium Rydberg Stark States

B 花键扩大技术被使用在一个静态的电场为钾 Rydberg 状态学习反十字路口。我们的计算的结果显示反十字路口主要被核心相互作用或由好结构相互作用引起。我们位置和反十字路口的宽度的结果在对试验性的数据的好同意。

Theoretical Analysis of Rydberg and Autoionizing State Spectra of Antimony

We calculate the Rydberg and autoionization Rydberg spectra of antimony （Sb） from first principles by relativistic multichannel theory within the framework of multichannel quantum defect theory. Our calculation can be used to classify and assign the atomic states described in recently reported three Rydberg series and four autoionizing states. The perturbation effects on line intensity, variation and line profile are discussed. Assignments of the perturber states and autoionizing states are presented.

Two-Photon Excited State Dynamics of Dark Rydberg and Bright Valence States in Furan

Two-photon absorption in systems with parity permits access to states that cannot be directly prepared by one-photon absorption. Here we investigate ultrafast internal conversion （IC） dynamics of furan by using this strategy in combination with femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron imaging. The dark Rydberg S1 and bright valence S2 states are simultaneously excited by two photons of 405 nm, and then ionized by two photons of 800nm. The IC from S2 to S1 is clearly observed and extracted from the time dependence of the higher photoelectron kinetic energy （PKE） component. More importantly, the internal conversions to hot So from directly-prepared S1 and secondarily-populated S1 are unambiguously identified by the time-dependence of the lower PKE component. The average lifetime of the S2 and S1 states is measured to be 29 fs. The internal conversions of S2 to S1, S1 to hot So occur on estimated timescales of 15.4 fs and 38 fs, respectively.

Laser induced photoemission electron and the generation of high Rydberg states of atoms and molecules

Laser induced photoemission electron was produced by directing 532 nm and/or 355 nm onto stainless steel plate on a time of flight mass spectrometer. Multiple charged ions and high Rydberg states of atoms or molecules were successfully generated by impacts of the photoemission electrons. The high Rydberg states ( n ～40-100) thus produced were separated from ions, produced by direct electron impact ionization, by a 3 V DC electric field and then ionized by a delayed pulsed HV electric field in a ZEKE-PFI manner. Relationship between generation/property of high Rydberg states of atoms/molecules and experimental conditions could be investigated. Relationship between the electron accelerating voltage and high Rydberg states of Ar was described.

CH自由基多光子电离新观测到3个nd Rydberg态

(2+1) resonan multiphoton ionization of photolytically produced CH radical yields previously unobserved bands arising from two-photon transition to Rydberg states. Analysing of the spectrum of CH+, three new states are identified. They are 8 d, 9 d and 10 d Rydberg states, respectively.

CoⅩ Ⅶ离子Rydberg态能级的最弱受约束电子势模型理论计算

利用最弱受约束电子势模型的理论,通过对最弱受约束电子的识别,将Martin关于单价原子量子亏损公式推广到多价原子（离子）系统,从而计算了Co ⅩⅦ离子的2p^6np^2P^o 1/2,3/2（n=3-20）和2p^6nd^2D3/2,5/2（n=3-20）系列Rydberg态的能级,理论计算值与实验值吻合较好,两者的相对误差不超过4.64×10^-3%,达到了很高的精度.

Experimental study of highly excited even-parity bound states of the Sm atom

In this work, a three-step autoionization detection method and direct photoionization detection method are employed to measure the highly excited even-parity states of the Sm atom in the energy region between 36360 cm^-1 and 40800 cm^-1. Comparisons between the results from the two detection techniques enable us to discriminate the Rydberg states from the valence states in the same energy region with the information of level energies, possible J values and their relative intensities. Furthermore, in the experiment two different excitation schemes are designed to obtain the spectra of highly excited even-parity states of the Sm atom. With a detailed analysis of the experimental data, this work not only confirms the results about many spectral data from the literature with different excitation schemes, but also reports new spectral data on 29 Rydberg states and 23 valence states.

Nonlinear spectroscopy of three-photon excitation of cesium Rydberg atoms in vapor cell

We present nonlinear spectra of four-level ladder cesium atoms employing 6 S1/2→6 P3/2→7 S1/2→30 P3/2 scheme of a room temperature vapor cell.A coupling laser drives Rydberg transition,a dressing laser couples two intermediate levels,and a probe laser optically probes the nonlinear spectra via electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT).Nonlinear spectra are detected as a function of coupling laser frequency.The observed spectra exhibit an enhanced absorption(EA) signal at coupling laser resonance to Rydberg transition and enhanced transmission(ET) signals at detunings to the transition.We define the enhanced absorption(transmission) strength,HEA(HET),and distance between two ET peaks,γET,to describe the spectral feature of the four-level atoms.The enhanced absorption signal HEA is found to have a maximum value when we vary the dressing laser Rabi frequency Ωd,corresponding Rabi frequency is defined as a separatrix point,ΩdSe.The values of ΩdSe and further η=ΩdSe/Ωc are found to depend on the probe and coupling Rabi frequency but not the atomic density.Based on ΩdSe,the spectra can be separated into two regimes,weak and strong dressing ranges,Ωd≤ΩdSe and Ωd≥QdSe,respectively.The spectroscopies display different features at these two regimes.A four-level theoretical model is developed that agrees well with the experimental results in terms of the probe-beam absorption behavior of Rabi frequency-dependent dressed states.

Ru原子高Rydberg态能级的唯象势计算

将文[4]提出的用于碱金属原子的唯象势推广到一般原子的高Rydberg态，并对Ru原子4d7（4F）ns（n＝28－45）和4d7（4F）nd（＝26－48）系列的Ryd－berg能级进行PWKB计算．在理论值与实验数据之间进行比较的基础上，讨论了所得结果的物理意义．