Evaluation of Ruminal Dry Matter Disappearance and pH of Dry Corn, High-Moisture Corn, and Rye under in Vitro Conditions

An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of grain type on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and pH using ruminal fluid and a buffer reagent. Five beef cows were used for ruminal fluid collection and ruminal fluid was pooled prior to use. The cows used for ruminal fluid collection were maintained on a forage-based diet (60:40 forage to concentrate) for 28 d prior to ruminal fluid collection. Three grain types were evaluated: 1) dry corn (89% dry matter;DRC), 2) high-moisture corn (72% dry matter;HMC) and 3) rye (89% dry matter;RYE). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. A total of twenty-one replications of each grain type were used for statistical analysis (n = 63 tubes total). IVDMD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) by 97.1% and 46.4% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Additionally, IVDMD was greater (P = 0.05) by 34.6% for HMC compared to DRC. Final pH was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) for RYE by 12.3% and 2.8% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Also, final pH was decreased (P = 0.05) by 9.8% for HMC compared to DRC. These data indicate that corn harvest method (dry vs. high-moisture) influences IVDMD and final pH and that rye has a greater disappearance of dry matter and lower final pH than corn under in vitro conditions.

Development and identification of two novel wheat-rye 6R derivative lines with adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew and high-yielding potential

Powdery mildew,caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt),is a devastating disease that seriously threatens wheat yield and quality.To control this disease,host resistance is the most effective measure.Compared with the resistance genes from common wheat,alien resistance genes can better withstand infection of this highly variable pathogen.Development of elite alien germplasm resources with powdery mildew resistance and other key breeding traits is an attractive strategy in wheat breeding.In this study,three wheat-rye germplasm lines YT4-1,YT4-2,and YT4-3 were developed through hybridization between octoploid triticale and common wheat,out of which the lines YT4-1 and YT4-2 conferred adult-plant resistance(APR)to powdery mildew while the line YT4-3 was susceptible to powdery mildew during all of its growth stages.Using genomic in situ hybridization,multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization,multi-color GISH,and molecular marker analysis,YT4-1,YT4-2,and YT4-3 were shown to be cytogenetically stable wheat-rye 6R addition and T1RS.1BL translocation line,6RL ditelosomic addition and T1RS.1BL translocation line,and T1RS.1BL translocation line,respectively.Compared with previously reported wheat-rye derivative lines carrying chromosome 6R,YT4-1 and YT4-2 showed stable APR without undesirable pleiotropic effects on agronomic traits.Therefore,these novel wheat-rye 6R derivative lines are expected to be promising bridge resources in wheat disease breeding.

ND-FISH-positive oligonucleotide probes for detecting specific segments of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosomes and new tandem repeats in rye

Rye(Secale cereale L.)has been widely used to improve wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)cultivars.Oligo probes combined with non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization(ND-FISH)technology provide a convenient and efficient way to identify individual rye chromosomes.However,suitable ND-FISH-positive oligo probes for recognizing specific segments of rye chromosomes are lacking.Five new ND-FISH-positive oligo probes:Oligo-5BL.46,Oligo-5A8080,Oligo-5A8080.1,Oligo-1AL.73,and Oligo-0R3,combined with two previously reported oligo probes,Oligo-44 and Oligo-45,were used in this study.Probes Oligo-5BL.46,Oligo-5A8080 and Oligo-44 produced signals only in intercalary regions of arms 1RS,5RS,and 5RL,respectively.Probe Oligo-5A8080.1 combined with probe Oligo-45 distinguished the intercalary regions of arms 1RS,5RS,and 6RS simultaneously.Oligo-5A8080 and Oligo-5A8080.1 revealed variation in the distribution of 5S rDNA sequences and polymorphism among 5R chromosomes.Probe Oligo-1AL.73 produced signals only on chromosomes 4R and 7R and contributed to the construction of an improved FISH map of chromosome 4RKu and to the confirmation of 4RLKu breakpoints in wheat-rye 4RLKu translocation chromosomes.Oligo-0R3 produced signals in the telomeric and subtelomeric regions of 14 rye chromosomes.These oligo probes also revealed five new tandem repeats in rye.Using the oligo probes reported in this study,the short arms of 1R,5R,and 6R and the long arms of 4R and 7R can be easily discriminated when these chromosomes are broken.

Development and characterization of a novel common wheat–Mexico Rye T1DL·1RS translocation line with stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance

Rye(Secale cereale L., 2n=2x=14, RR) is a significant genetic resource for improving common wheat because of its resistance to multiple diseases and abiotic-stress tolerant traits. The 1RS chromosome from the German cultivated rye variety Petkus is critical in wheat breeding. However, its weakened disease resistance highlights the need to identify new resources. In the present study, a novel derived line called D27 was developed from common wheat and Mexico Rye.Cytological observations characterized the karyotype of D27 as 2n=42=21 Ⅱ. Genomic in situ hybridization indicated that a pair of whole-arm translocated Mexico Rye chromosomes were inherited typically in the mitotic and meiosis stages of D27. Experiments using fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) and gliadin electrophoresis showed that D27 lacked wheat 1DS chromosomes. They were replaced by 1RS chromosomes of Mexico Rye, supported by wheat simple-sequence repeat markers, rye sequence characterized amplified region markers, and wheat 40K SNP array analysis.The wheat 1DS chromosomes could not be detected by molecular markers and wheat SNP array, but the presence of rye 1RS chromosomes was confirmed. Agronomic trait assessments indicated that D27 had a higher tiller number and enhanced stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance. In addition, dough properties analysis showed that replacing 1DS led to higher viscosity and lower dough elasticity in D27, which was beneficial for cake making. In conclusion, the novel cytogenetically stable common wheat–Mexico Rye T1DL·1RS translocation line D27 offers excellent potential as outstanding germplasm in wheat breeding programs focusing on disease resistance and yield improvement. Additionally,it can be valuable for researching the rye 1RS chromosome’s genetic diversity.

Molecular cytogenetic analyses of two new wheat-rye 6RL translocation lines with resistance to wheat powdery mildew

Rye(Secale cereale)is a valuable gene donor for wheat improvement,especially for its resistance to diseases.Developing rye-derived resistance sources is important for wheat breeding.In the present study,two wheat-rye derivatives,designated JS016 and JS110,were produced by crossing common wheat cultivar Yangmai 23 with Pakistani rye accession W2A.Using sequential genomic in situ hybridization(GISH)and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization(mc-FISH),JS016 and JS110 were identified as a T6BS.6RL translocation line and a T6BS.6BL6RL translocation line,respectively.Ten newly 6RL chromosome arm-specific markers were developed and used to confirm the 6RL translocation.The wheat 55K single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)array further verified the molecular cytogenetic identification results above and clarified their breakpoints at 430.9 and 523.0 Mb of chromosome 6B in JS016 and JS110,respectively.Resistance spectrum and allelism test demonstrated that JS016 and JS110 possessed novel powdery mildew resistance gene(s)that was derived from the 6RL translocation but differed from Pm20.Moreover,JS016 and JS110 had better agronomic traits than the previously reported 6RL translocation line carrying Pm20.To efficiently transfer and detect the 6RL translocation from JS016 and JS110,one 6RL-specific Kompetitive allele specific PCR(KASP)marker was developed and validated in high throughput marker-assisted selection(MAS).

云南地方黑麦品种的食用品质特点

我国黑麦类食品中常见原料有黑小麦、小黑麦和黑麦等。从食用开发角度分析,云南黑麦生长环境独特,满足有机食品认证标准;籽实细长,膳食纤维19.58%,蛋白质15.84%,碳水化合物60.08%,能量1551.88 mJ/100 g,钠14.8 mg/kg,属于典型高膳食纤维和非常低钠食品范畴,具有独特的营养保健价值。加强云南黑麦食用开发,提高种植效益,对于云南高寒区巩固脱贫成果具有积极意义。

重金属-PAHs污染土壤植物微生物修复效果及机理

针对焦化厂等土壤中铬(Cr)、砷(As)重(类)金属和菲(Phe)、苯并[a]芘(BaP)等多环芳烃(PAHs)风险高、绿色低碳修复技术缺乏等突出问题,以黑麦草-玉米-食醚红球菌(Rhodococcus aetherivorans,BW2)开展植物微生物联合。结果表明,63 d后植物微生物联合修复组土壤中Cr、As、Phe和BaP浓度分别下降9.63%、5.28%、45.14%和26.87%,其中重金属的去除主要依赖于植物作用,而PAHs去除则在很大程度上取决于微生物与植物的共同作用;植物主要吸收可提取态重金属,63 d后不同修复组土壤中可交换态Cr平均下降2.19%,而As则由于降解作用使修复过程中可交换态增加;可交换态Cr和碳酸盐结合态Cr与土壤中放线菌门呈强正相关,2种形态As则与拟杆菌门、装甲菌门、FBP菌门和浮霉菌门呈正相关。污染物去除效率间存在明显的相互作用,同时受酶活性和不同功能微生物丰度的动态影响,反之土壤微生物群落结构和功能也在土壤污染物种类、浓度及理化性质等综合作用下发生改变。

抗寒锻炼期和返青期黑麦对低温的生理响应机制

为了揭示冬黑麦应对低温胁迫的生理机制,以冬牧70黑麦和白BK-1黑麦为供试材料,研究对比了这2个品种在冬前抗寒锻炼期和翌年初春返青期叶片及分蘖节的渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶活性等生理变化。结果表明,抗寒锻炼期黑麦主要通过在叶片和分蘖节中积累渗透调节物质来提高耐寒性,其间半致死温度逐渐降低,土壤封冻时白BK-1半致死温度达到-9.93℃,较冬牧70低1.95℃。白BK-1叶片及分蘖节部位的可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量升高幅度大于冬牧70,这些生理途径在提高白BK-1对冬季低温的耐受力中发挥重要作用。对返青期黑麦的研究发现,随着低温胁迫时间的延长,黑麦丙二醛含量先增后减,黑麦通过增加渗透调节物质含量,提高叶片抗氧化酶活性,来抵御返青期低温。白BK-1受到返青期低温的损伤较轻,恢复生长后丙二醛含量低于冬牧70;此外,2种黑麦恢复生长后在分蘖节积累了较高含量的脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白,为返青后生长发育提供较为充足的营养物质。

NaCl和NaHCO_(3)胁迫对冬黑麦种子萌发的影响

[目的]探明冬黑麦的耐盐碱程度。[方法]以冬黑麦品种白BK01为基础材料,采用10个不同梯度浓度(50~500 mmol/L)的中性单盐(NaCl),碱性单盐(NaHCO_(3))和盐碱混合(NaCl∶NaHCO_(3)摩尔比为1∶1)的方法,研究对冬黑麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、胚根重、胚芽重、SOD、POD、CAT的影响。利用线性回归计算3种钠盐胁迫的半致死浓度,隶属函数法综合分析耐盐性。[结果]3种钠盐处理下的累计发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根重、苗重均随钠盐浓度的升高而降低。SOD活性随钠盐浓度的升高呈先下降后上升再下降趋势,POD、CAT活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。以种子发芽率作为钠盐胁迫适宜浓度指标的筛选并进行线性回归,确定冬黑麦种子对中性单盐(NaCl)、碱性单盐(NaHCO_(3))和盐碱混合(NaCl∶NaHCO_(3)摩尔比为1∶1)的半致死浓度分别为408.69、251.07、298.27 mmol/L。根据隶属函数法综合打分,冬黑麦种子对3种钠盐胁迫的抗性由高到低依次为中性单盐(NaCl)、盐碱混合(NaCl∶NaHCO_(3)摩尔比1∶1)、碱性单盐(NaHCO_(3))。[结论]相同钠盐浓度条件下,NaHCO_(3)溶液对种子的萌发抑制作用比NaCl更强。

两个黑麦品种种子萌发期和幼苗期耐寒性差异及其生理机制

以白BK-1黑麦和冬牧70黑麦为供试材料,对种子萌发期和幼苗期黑麦的耐寒性进行了比较,探究了黑麦幼苗应对低温胁迫(4℃)的生理机制。结果表明,白BK-1在低温下种子发芽率、发芽势、根长、芽长和幼苗生物量等指标均优于冬牧70,耐寒性强于冬牧70。低温胁迫损害了黑麦叶肉细胞光合组织,净光合速率大幅度下降,白BK-1净光合速率降低幅度较小,且恢复生长后净光合速率恢复较高。随着胁迫时间的延长,黑麦叶片叶绿素含量呈先增后减的趋势,叶绿素a/b降低。低温胁迫下黑麦叶片丙二醛含量增加,白BK-1叶片中丙二醛含量增幅较小。随着低温胁迫时间的增加,黑麦叶片渗透调节物质含量增加,抗氧化酶活性先升高后降低。白BK-1黑麦通过维持较高的净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性,加速积累可溶性糖、脯氨酸以降低低温胁迫造成的损伤。

响应面法优化低共熔溶剂提取黑小麦麸皮多酚的工艺研究

选用低共熔溶剂(DES)提取黑小麦麸皮中的多酚。以多酚提取量为指标,先筛选出最佳提取溶剂,然后在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面法优化提取工艺条件。结果表明:最佳提取工艺条件为质量分数27%氯化胆碱-尿素(DES-7)水溶液、提取温度71℃、料液比1∶94(g/mL)、提取时间1.5 h,在此条件下黑小麦麸皮多酚提取量为(9.23±0.14)mg/g。

陇东旱塬区秋播小黑麦与黑麦立体种植模式探究

研究5个饲用小黑麦(×Triticosecale Wittmack)品种(‘甘农2号’,‘甘农3号’,‘甘农4号’,‘甘农7号’,‘藏饲1号’)分别与‘甘农1号’黑麦(Secale cereale‘Gannong No.1’)以不同混播比例(100∶0, 90∶10, 80∶20, 70∶30, 60∶40, 50∶50, 0∶100)进行立体种植的生产性能和营养价值研究,为陇东旱塬区秋播小黑麦和黑麦立体种植提供理论依据。结果表明,陇东旱塬区B1(‘甘农2号’小黑麦与‘甘农1号’黑麦混播)和B2组合(‘甘农3号’与‘甘农1号’黑麦混播)以不同比例混播的平均干草产量显著高于B5(‘藏饲1号’小黑麦与‘甘农1号’黑麦)组合,分别提高21.68%和18.80%;不同小黑麦品种与‘甘农1号’黑麦以A6(50∶50)的比例混播时,平均干草产量显著高于小黑麦单播,且高于黑麦单播,增幅分别为22.94%和3.05%;基于干草产量、营养价值和倒伏率的综合评价表明,‘甘农3号’小黑麦与‘甘农1号’黑麦以70∶30的比例混播进行立体种植时效果最好,适宜在陇东旱塬区及其他气候相似区推广种植。

Establishment of a transformation system in close relatives of wheat under the assistance of TaWOX5

Species closely related to wheat are important genetic resources for agricultural production,functional genomics studies and wheat improvement.In this study,a wheat gene related to regeneration,TaWOX5,was applied to establish the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation systems of Triticum monococcum,hexaploid triticale,and rye(Secale cereale L.)using their immature embryos.Transgenic plants were efficiently generated.During the transformation process,the Agrobacterium infection efficiency was assessed by histochemical staining forβ-glucuronidase(GUS).Finally,the transgenic nature of regenerated plants was verified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-based genotyping for the presence of the GUS and bialaphos resistance(bar)genes,histochemical staining for GUS protein,and the QuickStix strip assay for bar protein.The transformation efficiency of T.monococcum genotype PI428182 was 94.4%;the efficiencies of four hexaploid triticale genotypes Lin456,ZS3297,ZS1257,and ZS3224 were 52.1,41.2,19.4,and 16.0%,respectively;and the transformation efficiency of rye cultivar Lanzhou Heimai was 7.8%.Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)and genomic in situ hybridization(GISH)analyses indicated that the GUS transgenes were integrated into the distal or near centromere(proximal)regions of the chromosomes in transgenic T.monococcum and hexaploid triticale plants.In the transgenic hexaploid triticale plants,the foreign DNA fragment was randomly integrated into the AABB and RR genomes.Furthermore,the transgene was almost stably inherited in the next generation by Mendel’s law.The findings in this study will promote the genetic improvement of the three plant species for grain or forage production and the improvement of cereal species including wheat for functional genomics studies.

《麦田里的守望者》的青春书写及成长叙事

《麦田里的守望者》是塞林格的经典小说,小说讲述了一个青春期少年的内心挣扎和成长历程。故事围绕霍尔顿的内心独白展开,通过逃避责任、寻找自我身份等系列书写,向读者展示了特定时代背景下青年内心的纠结和迷茫,而这正是每个个体成长的必经之路。本文深度聚焦《麦田里的守望者》的青春书写及成长叙事,围绕守望者的叛逆、守望者的彷徨、守望者的救赎三个维度进行研究,深度解析主人公根植于时代的心路变革、迷茫簇拥下的流浪之旅、回归内心探寻生命意义的成长历程。

黑麦MIKC型MADS-box家族基因的鉴定和表达分析

MIKC是MADS-box蛋白家族中一类保守的转录因子家族,参与调控植物的开花时间和花器官发育。通过对黑麦MIKC基因家族的分析,为研究黑麦各时期组织器官的功能奠定基础。利用PFam和BLASTP两种方法确定黑麦MIKC家族共47个蛋白序列,将以上蛋白序列利用TBtools软件进行理化性质、进化关系、保守基序和基因结构、共线性及聚类分析等生物信息学分析。将黑麦47个MIKC基因分为12个亚家族,共线性分析发现黑麦与小麦的共线性基因多于黑麦与水稻间的共线性基因,说明黑麦与小麦的亲缘关系更近。聚类结果结合黑麦物种内共线性分析发现,ScMIKC31基因仅在穗子表达,于其他植物组织器官及发育时期均无表达,选用课题组材料进行RNA-seq验证,结果与生物信息学结果一致,推测ScMIKC31基因为黑麦中与开花有关的基因。以上结果说明MIKC家族基因在黑麦中存在功能分化,为进一步研究该家族基因的功能提供信息参考。

PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对冬黑麦生理指标的影响

为探究干旱胁迫对冬黑麦生长及生理指标的影响,使用15%聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)对水培俄罗斯冬黑麦BK01模拟干旱胁迫,分别在处理0(CK)、3、6、9、12、24 h测定不同胁迫时叶片各项生理指标。结果表明,随胁迫时间的延长,冬黑麦叶片脯氨酸和丙二醛含量呈上升趋势;过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量呈先上升后下降趋势;相对含水率呈下降趋势;研究结果将为冬黑麦抗旱研究进展提供新的理论依据。

基于模糊二元对比决策法建立黑全麦饺子皮感官评价体系

以模糊数学为指导,建立黑全麦饺子皮的感官评价体系。运用模糊二元对比决策法,排序优选出黑全麦饺子皮感官评价指标,通过0~4评分法确定评价指标的权重分配,以百分制构建黑全麦饺子皮感官评价体系,并将此感官评价体系应用于评价不同面团熟化时间(20、25、30、35 min)制作的黑全麦饺子皮。结果表明,排序优选出8项可用于黑全麦饺子皮感官评价的指标,其中表观状态的权重为0.20,色泽、耐煮性和软硬度的权重均为0.15,韧性、粘牙性和食味的权重均为0.10,颗粒感权重为0.05;面团熟化25 min制作的黑全麦饺子皮感官评价总分最高,整体感官品质最佳。综上,基于模糊数学建立的感官评价体系可以准确地评价黑全麦饺子皮感官品质。

黑麦(Secale cereale L.)联会复合体核型与染色体核型的比较研究(英文)

国内首次以“胜利”黑麦品系为材料,在电镜下观察联会复合作并分析了联会复合体核型。在同染色体核型比较后,认为“胜利”黑麦存在着两个可能的易位:1R长臂的一小段易位到6R短臂;4R长臂向2R长臂易位三单位长度,使4R长臂变成短臂。从而判断“胜利”黑麦为易位杂合体。这个研究方法可以在植物实验分类学研究中得到应用。

普通小麦（T．aestivum）与黑麦（Secale cereale）、山羊草（Aegilops）可交配性的比较研究

利用１６个不同来源的普通小麦品种和中国春－ＣＮＮ第五部分同源群二体代换系与黑麦（Ｓｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌｅ）、山羊草（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ）杂交，对可交配性进行了比较研究。１６个普通小麦品种、中国春－ＣＮＮ第五部分同源群二体代换系与黑麦的杂交结实率分另１１为１．０－９０．０％和５３．５－８４．５％；与山羊草的杂交结实率分别为３２．９％－８９．７％和３７．２％－５６．９％。结果表明，普通小麦品种以及中国春－ＣＮＮ第五部分同源群二体代换系与黑麦、山羊草这两个系统的可交配性不同，二者之间不存在相关（ｒ＝－０．０４１８）关系。并且证明，普通小麦与黑麦的可交配性受ｋｒ１和ｋｒ２基因控制，作用顺序为ｋｒ１＞ｋｒ２＞ｋｒ３；与山羊草的可交配性则受ｋｒ３的作用最大，其顺序为ｋｒ３＞ｋｒ２＞ｋｒ１。黑麦、山羊草与普遍小麦之间的可交配性不属于同一个遗传系统或受不同位点的基因控制。结果还表明，普通小麦与山羊草的可交配性四倍体高于六倍体。

黑饲麦不同部位水浸提液的化感抑草作用研究

为探究饲用作物黑饲麦的化感作用,本试验以黑饲麦为供体植物,自生油菜和小麦为受体植物,采用培养皿生物测定法,分别测定黑饲麦的不同部位(根际土壤、根、秸秆、穗)、不同浓度(100 mg/mL、50 mg/mL、35 mg/mL、25 mg/mL)水浸提液对受体植物发芽率、芽长、根长、鲜重、干重的影响,并对其化感指数进行分析评价。结果表明,黑饲麦水浸提液对杂草自生油菜种子的萌发及幼苗生长存在化感抑制作用,其中秸秆、穗部抑制作用最显著,且随着质量浓度的升高,化感抑制作用增强,当质量浓度为100 mg/mL时,化感抑制作用最强;但黑饲麦水浸提液对小麦种子的萌发与生长并未表现出明显影响,因此,不会影响作物小麦的安全生长。