Ore Genesis for Stratiform Ore Bodies of the Dongfengnanshan Copper Polymetallic Deposit in the Yanbian Area, NE China:Constraints from LA-ICP-MS in situ Trace Elements and Sulfide S–Pb Isotopes

The Dongfengnanshan Cu polymetallic deposit is one representative deposit of the Tianbaoshan ore district in the Yanbian area, northeast(NE) China. There occur two types of ore bodies in this deposit, the stratiform ore bodies and veintype ones, controlled by the Early Permian strata and the Late Hercynian diorite intrusion, respectively. Due to the ambiguous genetic type of the stratiform ore bodies, there has been controversy on the relationship between them and veintype ore bodies. To determine the genetic type of stratiform ore bodies, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) in situ trace elements and S–Pb isotope analysis have been carried on the sulfides in the stratiform ore bodies. Compared with that in skarn, Mississippi Valley-type(MVT), and epithermal deposits, sphalerite samples in the stratiform ore bodies of the Dongfengnanshan deposit are significantly enriched in Fe, Mn, and In, while depleted in Ga, Ge, and Cd, which is similar to the sphalerite in volcanic-associated massive sulfide(VMS) deposits. Co/Ni ratio of pyrrhotites in the stratiform ore bodies is similar to that in VMS-type deposits. The concentrations of Zn and Cd of chalcopyrites are similar to those of recrystallized VMS-type deposits. These characteristics also reflect the intermediate ore-forming temperature of the stratiform ore bodies in this deposit. Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfides are similar to those of VMS-type deposits, reflecting that sulfur originated from the Permian Miaoling Formation. Lead isotope compositions indicate mixed-source for lead. Moreover, the comparison of the Dongfengnanshan stratiform ore bodies with some VMStype deposits in China and abroad, on the trace elements and S–Pb isotope characteristics of the sulfides reveals that the stratiform ore bodies of the Dongfengnanshan deposit belong to the VMS-type, and have closely genetic relationship with the early Permian marine volcanic sedimentary rocks.

Origin and evolution of ore-forming fluid for the Gaosongshan gold deposit, Lesser Xing’an Range:Evidence from fluid inclusions,H-O-S-Pb isotopes

Epithermal gold deposits are typical precious metal deposits related to volcanic and subvolcanic magmatism.Due to the lack of direct geological and petrographic evidences,the origin of the ore-forming fluid is deduced from the spatial diagenesis-mineralization relationship,chronological data,physicochemical characteristics of mineral fluid inclusions,mineral or rock elements and isotopic geochemical characteristics.By objectively examining this scientific problem via a geological field survey and petrographic analysis of the Gaosongshan epithermal gold deposit,we recently discovered and verified the following points:(1) Pyrite-bearing spherical quartz aggregates (PSQA) occur in the rhyolitic porphyry;(2) the mineralization is structurally dominated by WNW- and ENE-trending systems and occurs mostly in hydrothermal breccias and pyrite-quartz veins,and the ore types are mainly hematite-crusted quartz,hydrothermal breccia,massive pyrite-quartz,etc.;(3) the alteration types consist of prevalent silicification,sericitization,propylitization and carbonation,with local adularization and illitization.The ore minerals are mainly pyrite,primary hematite,native gold,and electrum,with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite,magnetite,sphalerite,and galena,indicating a characteristic epithermal low-sulfidation deposit.The ore-forming fluid may have been primarily derived from magmatic fluid exsolved from a crystallizing rhyolitic porphyry magma.Further zircon U-Pb geochronology,fluid inclusion,physicochemical and isotopic geochemical analyses revealed that (1) rhyolitic porphyry magmatism occurred at 104.6 ± 1.0 Ma,whereas the crystallization of the PSQA occurred at 100.8 ± 2.1 Ma;(2) the hydrothermal fluid of the pre-ore stage was an exsolved CO2-bearing H2O-NaCl magmatic fluid that produced inclusions mainly composed of pure vapor (PV),vapor-rich (WV) and liquid-rich (WL) inclusions with a small number of melt-(M) and solid-bearing (S) inclusions;mineralization-stage quartz contains WL and rare PV,WV and pure liquid (PL) inclusions characterized by the H2O-NaCl system with low formation temperatures and low salinities;(3) the characteristics of hydrogen,oxygen,sulfur,and lead isotopes and those of rare earth elements (REEs) provide insight into the affinity between PSQA and orebodies resulting from juvenile crust or enriched mantle.Combined with previous research on the mineralogenetic epoch (99.32 ± 0.01 Ma),we further confirm that the mineralization of the deposit occurred in the late Early Cretaceous,which coincides with the extension of the continental margin induced by subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.The formation of the ore deposit was proceeded by a series of magmatic and hydrothermal events,including melting of enriched juvenile crust,upwelling,the eruption and emplacement of the rhyolitic magma,the exsolution and accumulation of magmatic hydrothermal fluid,decompression,the cooling and immiscibility/boiling of the fluid,and mixing of the magmatic fluid with meteoric water,in association with water-rock interaction.

Magma Origin and Evolution of Tengchong Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks from West Yunnan,China:Evidence from Whole Rock Geochemistry and Nd-Sr-Pb Isotopes

Tengchong Cenozoic volcanics that have record key information on the tectonic evolution and mantle features of the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau are of great importance because of its unique eruption history spanning the entire Quaternary period. Magma origin and evolution of Tengchong Cenozoic volcanic rocks were studied on the basis of Nd-Sr-Pb isotope and major and trace element data from different eruptions in the Ma＇anshan area. Different samples within one eruption show relative identical lithologies, chemical and isotopic compositions. However, the geochemical features for the five eruptions are distinct from each other. These volcanic rocks show low Mg# values （〈45）, moderate to high fractionation of LREEs and HREEs, and enrichment of Pb and Ba and depletion of Nb. Tengchong Cenozoic volcanic rocks were derived from an enriched mantle based on Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic studies. And lines of evidence show that crustal contamination should be involved before the eruption of different periods of Tengchong Cenozoic volcanic rocks. Older subducted components may be responsible for adakite recycling at various stages of evolution, which results in the origin of the enriched mantle source magma accounting for the isotopic features of Tengchong Cenozoic volcanic rocks. Segregated primitive magma pulsating injected into magma chamber, fractional crystallized and contaminated with crust component. Finally, magmas with distinct chemical and isotopic compositions for each eruption formed. The extension of the northeast segment of the Yingjiang tectonic belt triggered the pulsating eruption of the Cenozoic volcanics in the Tengchong area.

The complexity of sediment recycling as revealed by common Pb isotopes in K-feldspar

Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology has become the gold standard in evaluating source to sink relationships in sedimentary basins. However, the physical and chemical robustness of zircon, which make it such a useful mineral for provenance studies, is also a hindrance as zircon can be recycled through numerous sedimentary basins, thus obscuring the first cycle source to sink relationship. An elegant approach to addressing this potential issue is to compare the Pb isotope composition of detrital K-feldspar, a mineral which is unlikely to survive more than one erosion-transport-deposition cycle, with that of magmatic K-feldspar from potential basement source terranes. Here we present new in situ Pb isotope data on detrital K-feldspar from two Proterozoic arkosic sandstones from Western Australia, and magmatic K-feldspar grains from potential igneous source rocks, as inferred by the age and Hf isotope composition of detrital zircon grains. The data indicate that the detrital zircon and K-feldspar grains could not have been liberated from the same source rocks, and that the zircon has most likely been recycled through older sedimentary basins. These results provide a more complete understanding of apparently simple source to sink relationships in this part of Proterozoic Western Australia.

Geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb Isotopes of the Granites from the Hashitu Mo Deposit of Inner Mongolia, China： Constraints on Their Origin and Tectonic Setting

The Hashitu molybdenum deposit is located in the southern part of the Great Hinggan Range, NE China. Molybdenum mineralization is hosted by and genetically associated with monzogranite and porphyritic syenogranite. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes of the intrusions show that the porphyritic syenogranite has initial ^87Sr/^86Sr ratios of 0.70418-0.70952, ENd（t） values of 1.3 to 2.1 （t=143 Ma）, ^206Pb/^204Pb ratios of 19.191-19.573, ^207Tpb/^204pb ratios of 15.551-15.572, and ^208Pb/^204Pb ratios of 38.826-39.143. The monzogranite has initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70293-0.71305, εNd（t） values of 1.1 to 2.0 （t=-147 Ma）, ^206Pb/^204pb ratios of 19.507-20.075, ^207Pb/^204Pb ratios of 15.564-15.596, and ^208Pb/^204Pb ratios of 39.012-39.599. The calculated Nd model ages （TDM） for monzogranite and porphyritic syenogranite range from 866 to 1121 Ma and 795 to 1020 Ma, respectively. The granitic rocks in the Hashitu area have the same isotope range as granites in the southern parts of the Great Hinggan Range. The isotope composition indicates that these granites are derived from the partial melting of a juvenile lower crust originating from a depleted mantle with minor contamination by ancient continental crust. The integrating our results with published data and the Late Mesozoic regional tectonic setting of the region suggest that the granites in the Hashitu area formed in an intra-continent extensional setting, and they are related to the thinning of the thickened lithosphere and upwelling of the asthenosphere.

Pb Isotopes Study in Recent Sediments from Paraty Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): Antropogenic Versus Oceanic Signatures

We carried out Pb isotopes studies in sediments fromParatyBaylocated in the SE area of theRio de JaneiroStateto discriminate the signature of metal contamination from domestic sewage, industries, shipyards and geogenic sources. The studied samples have been chosen in two sectors of the Bay, including the Paraty area andJuatingaBay. Sample preparation procedures included: 1) drying and granulometric separations (200 mesh);2) weighting;3) complete dissolution and 4) Pb isotope analysis obtained by MC-ICP-MS (ratios 208Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb, 206Pb/204Pb). Preliminary results when plotted in the 207Pb/204Pbversus 208Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/206Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb diagrams showed three groups of signatures. The first group (samples PY-01, PY-03 PY-106 and PY-127) presented 207Pb/206Pb values in the range from 1.191 to 1.209. The isotope values may be interpreted as contribution of a pollutant sources of Pb not yet identified. The second group (PY-11, PY-13, PY-21, PY-22, PY-46, PY-51, PY-109 and PY-111) showed 207Pb/206Pb values in the range from 1.188 to 1.222. The last group (samples PY-123 and PY-135) presented higher 207Pb/ 206Pb values from 1.321 to 1.322 and probably represented oceanic signature. The Pb isotope data of the second group may be interpreted as the result of oceanic water and pollutant sources mixture from the continent. According to the literature the anomalous Pb signature is similar to anthropogenic source. The Pb isotope results here reported are coherent with the reported data from the continent area. We may conclude that significant isotopic differences in Pb signatures are consequence of anthropogenic Pb isotope signature. In this way, Pb isotope is an important tool to trace the changing sources of pollutant Pb (and other metals) in ocean environment.

Pb Isotopes Data from the Campanian Volcanic Province: A Model to Generate These Distinctive Pb Isotopic Variations

A broad set of samples from the CVP has been analyzing Pb isotopes. Campanian Volcanic Province (CVP) has been produced by various ranges of mixing between three components: 1) MORB, 2) Hercynian basement and 3) upper crust. Anyhow, the upper crust that has modified the Pb isotopic composition also shows trends towards an Achaean upper crust. This is consistent for all Mediterranean area. This is not in contrast with the past plate tectonic reconstruction. Also the surface sediments (GLOSS) may have been a mixing between the Achaean upper crust and a Hercynian component with an implication worldwide due to the rock cycle processes.

太行山麻棚地区高Ba-Sr花岗质侵入岩的地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

华北克拉通经历了长期而复杂的地质过程,中生代时期在太行山地区构造岩浆活动强烈,形成了一系列中酸性岩体。麻棚岩体位于太行山北段,侵位于新太古代片麻岩和表壳岩中,由中心向边缘分别出露似斑状二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩。前人已经对麻棚岩体进行过岩石学、岩石化学、岩体成因类型和年代学等多方面的研究,其花岗岩类型仍存有争议。本文对麻棚岩体进行了系统的岩石地球化学、锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素年代学分析和Lu-Hf同位素组成研究,进一步探讨了麻棚岩体的地球化学类型、形成时代和岩浆源区性质。岩石地球化学特征表明麻棚岩体具有较高的SiO_(2)、Na_(2)O+K_(2)O、Ba、Sr、LREE含量和K_(2)O/Na_(2)O值,较低的Al_(2)O_(3)、MgO、Rb、Nb、Ta、Th、U、Y、HREE含量和Mg^(#)值,无明显的Eu异常,明显亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,属于高Ba-Sr花岗岩。新获得的3个不同相带岩石的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为129.4±1.4、131.2±2.2和129.5±1.3 Ma,且具有相似主量元素组成及稀土和微量元素分布模式,反映了麻棚岩体为同一期岩浆活动产物。Lu-Hf同位素测试分析数据计算获得麻棚岩体岩浆锆石的εHf(t)值为-27.00~-15.44,二阶段模式年龄t_(DM2)为2 358~1 765 Ma。麻棚岩体是前寒武纪变质基底部分熔融形成的岩浆与幔源岩浆混合作用的结果。

Geochronology, Geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf Isotopes of No. I Complex from the Shitoukengde Ni–Cu Sulfide Deposit in the Eastern Kunlun Orogen, Western China: Implications for the Magmatic Source, Geodynamic Setting and Genesis

The Shitoukengde Ni-Cu deposit, located in the Eastern Kunlun Orogen, comprises three mafic-ultramafic complexes, with the No. I complex hosting six Ni-Cu orebodies found recently. The deposit is hosted in the small ultramafic bodies intruding Proterozoic metamorphic rocks. Complexes at Shitoukengde contain all kinds of mafic-ultramafic rocks, and olivine websterite and pyroxene peridotite are the most important Ni-Cu-hosted rocks. Zircon U-Pb dating suggests that the Shitoukengde Ni-Cu deposit formed in late Silurian （426-422 Ma）, and their zircons have ~Hf（t） values of-9.4 to 5.9 with the older TDMm ages （0.80-1.42 Ga）. Mafic-ultramafic rocks from the No. I complex show the similar rare earth and trace element patterns, which are enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion iithophile elements （e.g., K, Rb, Th） and depleted in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements （e.g., Ta, Nb, Zr, Ti）. Sulfides from the deposit have the slightly higher ~34S values of 1.9-4.3%o than the mantle （0 ~ 2%o）. The major and trace element characteristics, and Sr-Nd-Pb and Hf, S isotopes indicate that their parental magmas originated from a metasomatised, asthenospheric mantle source which had previously been modified by subduction-related fluids, and experienced significant crustal contamination both in the magma chamber and during ascent triggering S oversaturation by addition of S and Si, that resulted in the deposition and enrichment of sulfides. Combined with the tectonic evolution, we suggest that the Shitoukengde Ni-Cu deposit formed in the post-collisional, extensional regime related to the subducted oceanic slab break-off after the Wanbaogou oceanic basalt plateau collaged northward to the Qaidam Block in late Silurian.

Extensive Resetting of Feldspar Pb Isotopic Composition in Archean–Paleoproterozoic Granitic Rocks from the Kongling Terrane,South China:Implications for Tracing Thermal Evolutionary History

Feldspar Pb isotopes have been widely used to trace magmatic formation and evolution processes.However,it remains unclear whether post-magmatic thermal events can affect feldspar Pb isotopic ratios.Here,the in situ Pb isotopic composition of feldspar hosted in granitic rocks(thirteen Archean and one Paleoproterozoic)from the northern Kongling terrane,Yangtze Craton,South China,is analyzed.The samples reveal a substantial variation in their Pb isotopic composition,spanning the gap between the 1.9 Ga and present-day geochrons,which indicates extensive resetting by later tectonothermal events.This resetting was interpreted to have likely resulted from Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic tectonothermal events related to the assembly and breakup of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents.These results suggest that Pb isotopes should be used cautiously when tracing magma sources and petrogenesis in magmatic rocks that have experienced post-magmatic reworking.However,the in situ Pb isotopic composition of feldspar in ancient granitoids may also potentially be used to reveal later tectonothermal events.The extensive resetting of the Pb isotopic composition in feldspar by regional thermal events may also provide new insights into our understanding of the Pb isotope paradox.

胶东大尹格庄金矿成矿流体时空演化及矿床成因:来自流体包裹体、成矿元素和H-O-S-Pb同位素证据

大尹格庄金矿位于招平成矿带中段,是胶东地区典型的构造蚀变岩型金矿床,储量达到超大型规模,但关于该矿床的成因类型尚存在较大争议。在详细野外地质调查的基础上开展了该矿床成因和成矿流体纵向变化特征研究。流体包裹体研究表明,成矿流体为中温、低盐度、中低密度的H_(2)O-CO_(2)-NaCl±CH_(4)体系。从成矿早期到晚期各阶段(Ⅰ~Ⅳ阶段)均一温度和盐度逐渐降低,密度逐渐增加。氢氧同位素组成显示成矿流体早期以岩浆水为主,后期有大气降水的混入,主成矿阶段可能存在流体沸腾作用;黄铁矿硫铅同位素组成表明成矿物质来源于深源壳幔混合岩浆。成矿过程和背景总体与胶东其他金矿床类似,形成于克拉通破坏环境。浅部与深部流体和物质组成的对比研究表明,在垂向纵深范围内成矿流体性质、金银成矿强度和金成色稳定一致,金沉淀具有宽泛而稳定的环境,指示大尹格庄金矿床深部仍然具有很大的成矿潜力和找矿空间。

胶东大疃刘家铍矿床碱性岩岩石成因及对成矿的制约:锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素证据

胶东大疃刘家铍矿床位于华北板块东南缘,矿体受NW向断裂控制,圈定的7条矿体呈透镜状产出,赋存于中细粒正长岩中。矿石矿物主要为羟硅铍石,与绢云母、方解石、重晶石、褐铁矿等蚀变矿物密切共生。Be与Mo、Rb、Cs、REE等元素具有良好的正相关性,与CaO呈负相关关系,矿床成矿专属性明显。矿区内正长花岗岩为高硅、富碱、高钾、贫镁铁岩石,为准铝质-弱过铝质岩石;正长岩具有低硅、富碱、高钾特征,为准铝质岩石。两类岩石均具有轻重稀土分馏明显,轻稀土富集,无明显负Eu异常的稀土元素特征,稀土及微量元素配分模式相同,微量元素具有富集大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素的特征。正长花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明其侵位于200.3±1.3Ma,全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成比较均一,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-15.8~-15.4,Hf同位素组成变化范围较大,ε_(Hf)(t)为-25.5~-7.75;正长岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明其侵位于200.9±1.4Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)值为-23.2~-15.7。地球化学研究指示正长岩为经历了华南陆壳交代的华北富集岩石圈地幔低程度部分熔融的产物,正长花岗岩来源于俯冲的华南陆壳,二者为华南板块与华北板块碰撞折返阶段岩浆作用的产物。

Two-Generation of Sphalerite from Pb-Zn Mineralization of Riasi Inlier, Jammu and Kashmir, India: Evidences from Sulphur Isotopes

Precambrian carbonate sequence of Riasi Inlier hosts epigenetic lead-zinc mineralization in the form of pockets, lenses and veins. The mineralization is having variable Pb:Zn ratio and shows lithological preferences. The sphalerite rich pockets are concentrated within the dolostone of older Trikuta Formation while galena rich mineralization occurs in form of veins, lenses and pockets hosted within siliceous varieties of dolostone and quartzite belonging to younger Khairikot Formation. Sulphur isotope geochemistry is reported in the present paper for the sphalerire and galena from the area for first time. Overall?δ34S of sulphides varies from (+9.67‰ to +34.42‰). Sphalerite ores hosted within older Trikuta Formation and younger Khairikot Formation, however, show different?δ34S values. It ranged from +9.67‰ to +10.59‰ for the sphalarite hosted in Trikuta Formation and from +18.38‰ to +34.42‰ for sphalerite hosted within Khairikot Formation. Sulphur isotopic data and ore petrographic data suggest that there is two-generation of sphalerite present in the area.

Melt extraction and mineralization: A case study from the Shuangjianzishan supergiant Ag-Pb-Zn deposit(208 Mt), Inner Mongolia, NE China

The supergiant Shuangjianzishan(SJZ) Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is in the southern segment of the Great Hinggan Range(SGHR), northeast China. Previous studies suggest the ore-forming material and fluid originated from the magmatic system, and the mineralization age was consistent with the diagenetic age. However,the relationship between granitic magmatism and mineralization is still unclear in the SJZ. In this study, CH-O-He-Ar and in-situ S-Pb isotope analyses were conducted to determine the sources of ore-forming fluids and metals, which were combined with geochemistry data of SJZ granitoids from previous studies to constrain the relationship between the magmatism and the mineralization. The C-H-O-He-Ar-S-Pb isotopic compositions suggested the SJZ ore-forming material and fluids were derived from a magmatic source, which has mixed a small amount of mantle-derived materials. In addition, the disseminated sulfide from the syenogranite has comparable S-Pb isotopic composition with the sulfide minerals from ore veins,suggesting that the generation of the SJZ ore-forming fluids has a close relationship with the syenogranite magmatism. Combining with the geochemical characters of the syenogranite, the authors proposed that the mantle-derived fingerprint of the SJZ ore-forming fluid might be caused by the parent magma of the syenogranite, which was derived from partial melting of the juvenile lower crust, and underwent the residual melts segregated from a crystal mush in the shallow magma reservoir. The extraction of the syenogranite parent magma further concentrated the fertilized fluids, which was crucial to mineralization of the SJZ Ag-Pb-Zn deposit.

小红石砬子铅锌(银)矿床成因:来自S-Pb同位素和元素特征的证据

小红石砬子铅锌(银)矿床是吉中-延边铜镍多金属成矿带中具有代表性的中型矿床,前人关于该矿床类型划分的观点有火山成因块状硫化物型(Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide,VMS)、中-低温热液脉型、喷流沉积-热液叠加改造型,这三种观点的争论严重制约了对该矿区及区域成矿和找矿的认识。本文选取该矿床中金属硫化物开展原位微量和S-Pb同位素分析,赋矿围岩开展全岩S同位素分析。闪锌矿Fe-Zn含量(4.48%~10.33%、53.67%~62.12%)与中温热液矿床一致(3.00%~10.00%、50.00%~60.00%,成矿温度约200℃),Zn/Cd比值(53.68~76.75)同样指示中低温成矿作用(高温:Zn/Cd>500;低温:Zn/Cd<250),Ga/Ge比值在lg(Ga/Ge)-T图解中,对应温度约为100~180℃,上述温度范围与前人测定的流体包裹体均一温度基本吻合(90~250℃)。闪锌矿Zn/Cd的比值(53.68~76.75)与Cd含量(7577×10-6~11266×10-6)特征与密西西比河谷型(Mississippi Valley-Type,MVT)矿床一致;黄铁矿Fe/S比值(0.76~1.29,平均值为0.89)接近典型MVT矿床的理论值(0.88)。金属硫化物δ34 S V-CDT值介于-9.6‰~-0.5‰之间,总体偏负;赋矿围岩δ34 S V-CDT值介于-8.5‰~4.2‰之间,两者重叠范围较大(主要集中于-9.0‰~-2.0‰),说明围岩提供了主要的还原硫,而古老基底可能提供了部分较轻的硫。金属硫化物Pb同位素比值为206 Pb/204 Pb=18.30~18.39、207 Pb/204 Pb=15.61~15.63、208 Pb/204 Pb=38.38~38.44,指示铅为混合来源,成矿物质可能主要来自上地壳和造山带,模式年龄计算显示上太古界乌拉山群变质岩可能为铅的初始来源。综上所述,小红石砬子铅锌(银)矿床地球化学特征与MVT型矿床基本一致,地质特征略有差别,因此推测其为类MVT型矿床。

南秦岭柞水-山阳矿集区金盆梁金矿床成因——来自流体包裹体及C-H-O-S-Pb同位素的制约

金盆梁是南秦岭柞水-山阳矿集区勘查的一处微细浸染型金矿床,矿床成因与成矿机制尚不清楚。矿体产于上泥盆统桐峪寺组粉砂质板岩和钙质板岩中,以浸染状、脉状金锑矿化为主,成矿过程可划分为3个阶段:毒砂-黄铁矿-硅化阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-辉锑矿-白铁矿±锑氧化物阶段(Ⅱ)和方解石-石英阶段(Ⅲ)。流体包裹体及C-H-O-S-Pb同位素研究结果显示,Ⅱ阶段主要为金锑矿化,以H_(2)O-NaCl两相包裹体占绝对优势,成矿流体属于中温(200~290℃)、低盐度(w(NaCl_(eq))为0~6.0%)、低密度(0.64~0.99 g/cm^(3))的H_(2)O-NaCl±CO_(2)体系,以循环大气降水为主。无矿化的Ⅲ阶段主要发育H_(2)O-NaCl两相包裹体,含少量CO_(2)-H_(2)O-NaCl±CH_(4)、纯CO_(2)±CH_(4)及含子晶多相包裹体,流体以中低温(140~280℃)、低盐度(w(NaCl_(eq))为2.0%~8.0%)、低密度(0.68~1.02 g/cm^(3))的富CO_(2)-H_(2)O-NaCl±CH_(4)体系为主,或存在少量高温、高盐度、高密度H_(2)O-NaCl体系的岩浆热液混入。硫化物δ^(34)S值为较大负值(−12.50‰~−10.20‰),Pb同位素组成具上地壳源铅特征,成矿物质主要来源于围岩地层。综合研究表明,金盆梁金矿的成因类型属于卡林型金矿,水-岩反应(围岩硫化作用)是金富集沉淀的主要机制。

凤太矿集区八卦庙金矿区脉状铅锌矿化的物质来源研究:硫化物原位S-Pb同位素证据

秦岭造山带凤太矿集区内发育层状—似层状和脉状两种类型的铅锌矿化,部分脉状铅锌矿化伴生产于金矿床中,其成矿物质来源仍未得到较好的约束。论文以八卦庙金矿区的脉状铅锌矿体为主要研究对象,采用硫化物原位微区S-Pb同位素研究方法,探讨了脉状铅锌矿化的成矿物质来源。八卦庙金矿区的脉状铅锌矿化主要受NE和NW向断裂或裂隙控制,矿脉宽度通常为2~20 cm。矿石呈团块状或浸染状构造,其中矿石矿物以方铅矿和闪锌矿为主,另有少量黄铜矿和黄铁矿,脉石矿物有石英、白云母、绢云母和少量方解石、白云石等碳酸盐矿物。硫化物原位S-Pb同位素分析结果显示,矿石中闪锌矿的δ^(34)S值相对集中(15.03‰~17.11‰),而黄铜矿(14.76‰~19.91‰)和方铅矿(12.12‰~21.88‰)的δ^(34)S值则变化较大;方铅矿的铅同位素组成非常均一。通过与区内可能物质源区S-Pb同位素对比研究,认为八卦庙金矿区脉状铅锌矿化的成矿物质来自于围岩变质过程中释放的变质流体,并有印支期岩浆热液的贡献,总体具有与金矿化相似的成矿物质来源。金矿化和脉状铅锌矿化在八卦庙矿区共生富集但又独立产出,可能受铅锌和金元素在热液体系中明显不同的地球化学行为所控制。

内蒙古根河三道桥铅锌银矿床C-H-O-S同位素和U-Pb定年研究及其意义

内蒙古根河三道桥大型铅锌银矿床位于大兴安岭得尔布干成矿带中北段,矿体主要呈脉状赋存于火山岩地层中。氢氧同位素研究表明,成矿期石英和绢云母的δD值变化范围为-149.1‰~-156.7‰,δ^(18)OH_(2)O值变化范围为-13.6‰~3.4‰;成矿后期石英δD值变化范围为-131.9‰~-147.7‰,δ^(18)OH_(2)O值变化范围为-16.5‰~-18.2‰。碳同位素分析结果表明,与矿化有关的方解石δ^(13)C值变化范围为-1.8‰~-3.1‰,δ^(18)O值变化范围为5.3‰~8.6‰。原位S同位素分析结果表明,硫化物的δ^(34)S值变化范围为2.3‰~5.6‰,与其西南侧下护林矽卡岩型铅锌银矿床中的硫化物的δ^(34)S值(1.2‰~5.9‰)基本一致。上述同位素组成特征指示成矿物质主要来源于岩浆热液,在上升到地壳浅部时有一定量的大气降水混入。锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,矿化的闪长玢岩脉年龄为(136.0±0.7)Ma(MSWD=0.44);未矿化、穿切硫化物微细脉的闪长玢岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄为(120.8±0.6)Ma(MSWD=0.49)。结合前人相关研究进展,认为三道桥铅锌银矿床形成于136.0~120.8 Ma期间(早白垩世),为伸展构造背景下与浅成侵入岩有关的中温热液型铅锌银矿床。

新疆西天山智博铁矿成矿时代——来自锆石U-Pb年龄和黄铁矿Re-Os年龄的证据

智博铁矿是新疆西天山阿吾拉勒铁成矿带的大型富铁矿床,在区域成矿规律研究和找矿勘查方面极具代表性。本文选择能限定铁矿体时代的围岩火山岩、侵入围岩地层的石英闪长岩开展锆石U-Pb测年,并挑选与磁铁矿共生的黄铁矿开展Re-Os同位素定年,试图厘定其成矿时代。本文获得5件铁矿石样品中黄铁矿的Re-Os等时线年龄为307±12Ma,围岩绿帘石化安山岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为312.0±3.4 Ma,安山质集块岩年龄为317.8±2.5 Ma,两件石英闪长岩的年龄分别为317.0±2.2 Ma和315.4±0.9 Ma,据此认为智博铁矿成矿于晚石炭世,该时期火山喷发-岩浆侵入-铁矿近乎同时形成,是同一岩浆-热液事件的不同体现,并推测“晚石炭世火山机构+岩浆侵位+热液蚀变”区是铁矿就位的场所,应当作为重要勘查目标。

The mixing of multi-source fluids in the Wusihe Zn–Pb ore deposit in Sichuan Province, Southwestern China

The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou(SYG)metallogenic province of southwest China is one of the most important Zn-Pb ore zones in China,with^200 Mt ZnPb ores at mean grades of 10 wt.%Zn and 5 wt.%Pb.The source and mechanism of the regional Zn-Pb mineralization remain controversial despite many investigations that have been conducted.The Wusihe Zn-Pb deposit is a representative large-scale Zn-Pb deposit in the northern SYG,which mainly occurs in the Dengying Formation and yields Zn-Pb resources of^3.7 Mt.In this paper,Zn and S isotopes,and Fe and Cd contents of sphalerite from the Wusihe deposit were investigated in an attempt to constrain the controls on Zn and S isotopic variations,the potential sources of ore-forming components,and the possible mineralization mechanisms.Both theδ66Zn andδ34S values in sphalerite from the Wusihe deposit increase systematically from the bottom to the top of the strata-bound orebodies.Such spatial evolution inδ66Zn andδ34S values of sphalerite can be attributed to isotopic Rayleigh fractionation during sphalerite precipitation with temperature variations.The strong correlations between the Zn-S isotopic compositions and Fe-Cd concentrations in sphalerite suggest that their variations were dominated by a similar mechanism.However,the Rayleigh fractionation mechanism cannot explain the spatial variations of Fe and Cd concentrations of sphalerite in this deposit.It is noted that the bottom and top sphalerites from the strata-bound orebodies document contrasting Zn and S isotopic compositions which correspond to the Zn and S isotopic characteristics of basement rocks and host rocks,respectively.Therefore,the mixing of two-source fluids with distinct Zn-S isotopic signatures was responsible for the spatial variations of Zn-S isotopic compositions of sphalerite from the Wusihe deposit.The fluids from basement rocks are characterized by relatively lighter Zn(~0.2‰)and S(~5‰)isotopic compositions while the fluids from host rocks are marked by relatively heavier Zn(~0.6‰)and S(~15‰)isotopic compositions.