Release programs to enhance stocks of ark shell(Anadara broughtonii) have been undertaken in a number of Asian countries,but their effectiveness has rarely been investigated owing to a lack of marking methods.The qual...Release programs to enhance stocks of ark shell(Anadara broughtonii) have been undertaken in a number of Asian countries,but their effectiveness has rarely been investigated owing to a lack of marking methods.The quality and longevity of fluorescent markers,alizarin red S(ARS) and calcein(CAL)(200 and 300 mg/L),as well as clip tags,were tested on juvenile A.broughtonii.No significant differences in survival or shell growth were observed in juveniles stained with either of the two fluorochromes after a 160-day culture period,but the retention rate was 100%after 1 year.Fluorescent marks(>grade 3) were observable microscopically in juveniles stained with the two fluorochromes,and some fluorescent marks(>grade 4) were visible with the naked eye after 1 year.ARS-marked shells were brighter than those marked with CAL,and shells marked with 300 mg/L of the fluorochromes were easier to detect than those marked with 200 mg/L.Clip tags were incorporated into the shell as the bivalve grew,and the retention rate was64.25%after 160 days.Significant differences in survival(at 30 days),shell length(at 60,90,120,and 160days),and wet weight(at 90,120,and 160 days) were observed between the clip-tagged and control groups(all P<0.05),indicating that the tags may have passive effects on the ark shell.The results suggest that both ARS and CAL are suitable to mark A.broughtonii for large-scale restocking programs,and that optimal marking quality was achieved with 300 mg/L ARS.Lighter and smaller clip tags need to be developed to reduce injury and increase survival rate of clams.展开更多
This paper proposes a trust ant colony routing algorithm by introducing a node trust evaluation model based on the D-S evidence theory into the ant colony routing protocol to improve the security of wireless sensor ne...This paper proposes a trust ant colony routing algorithm by introducing a node trust evaluation model based on the D-S evidence theory into the ant colony routing protocol to improve the security of wireless sensor networks. To reduce the influence of conflict evidences caused by malicious nods, the consistent intensity is introduced to preprocess conflict evidences before using the D-S combination rule to improve the reliability of the D-S based trust evaluation. The nodes with high trust values will be selected as the routing nodes to insure the routing security, and the trust values are used as heuristic functions of the ant colony routing algorithm. The simulation tests are conducted by using the network simulator NS2 to observe the outcomes of performance metrics of packets loss rate and average end-to-end delay etc. to indirectly evaluate the security issue under the attack of inside malicious nodes. The simulation results show that the proposed trust routing algorithm can efficiently resist malicious attacks in terms of keeping performances of the average end-to-end delay, the throughtput and the routing packet overhead under attacking from malicious nodes.展开更多
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201003068)the National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation(No.201305043)
文摘Release programs to enhance stocks of ark shell(Anadara broughtonii) have been undertaken in a number of Asian countries,but their effectiveness has rarely been investigated owing to a lack of marking methods.The quality and longevity of fluorescent markers,alizarin red S(ARS) and calcein(CAL)(200 and 300 mg/L),as well as clip tags,were tested on juvenile A.broughtonii.No significant differences in survival or shell growth were observed in juveniles stained with either of the two fluorochromes after a 160-day culture period,but the retention rate was 100%after 1 year.Fluorescent marks(>grade 3) were observable microscopically in juveniles stained with the two fluorochromes,and some fluorescent marks(>grade 4) were visible with the naked eye after 1 year.ARS-marked shells were brighter than those marked with CAL,and shells marked with 300 mg/L of the fluorochromes were easier to detect than those marked with 200 mg/L.Clip tags were incorporated into the shell as the bivalve grew,and the retention rate was64.25%after 160 days.Significant differences in survival(at 30 days),shell length(at 60,90,120,and 160days),and wet weight(at 90,120,and 160 days) were observed between the clip-tagged and control groups(all P<0.05),indicating that the tags may have passive effects on the ark shell.The results suggest that both ARS and CAL are suitable to mark A.broughtonii for large-scale restocking programs,and that optimal marking quality was achieved with 300 mg/L ARS.Lighter and smaller clip tags need to be developed to reduce injury and increase survival rate of clams.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant No.61373126the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China under Grant No.BK20131107the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.JUSRP51510
文摘This paper proposes a trust ant colony routing algorithm by introducing a node trust evaluation model based on the D-S evidence theory into the ant colony routing protocol to improve the security of wireless sensor networks. To reduce the influence of conflict evidences caused by malicious nods, the consistent intensity is introduced to preprocess conflict evidences before using the D-S combination rule to improve the reliability of the D-S based trust evaluation. The nodes with high trust values will be selected as the routing nodes to insure the routing security, and the trust values are used as heuristic functions of the ant colony routing algorithm. The simulation tests are conducted by using the network simulator NS2 to observe the outcomes of performance metrics of packets loss rate and average end-to-end delay etc. to indirectly evaluate the security issue under the attack of inside malicious nodes. The simulation results show that the proposed trust routing algorithm can efficiently resist malicious attacks in terms of keeping performances of the average end-to-end delay, the throughtput and the routing packet overhead under attacking from malicious nodes.
