A Non-parametric Gradient-Based Shape Optimization Approach for Solving Inverse Problems in Directed Self-Assemblyof Block Copolymers

We consider the inverse problem of finding guiding pattern shapes that result in desired self-assembly morphologies of block copolymer melts.Specifically,we model polymer selfassembly using the self-consistent field theory and derive,in a non-parametric setting,the sensitivity of the dissimilarity between the desired and the actual morphologies to arbitrary perturbations in the guiding pattern shape.The sensitivity is then used for the optimization of the confining pattern shapes such that the dissimilarity between the desired and the actual morphologies is minimized.The efficiency and robustness of the proposed gradient-based algorithm are demonstrated in a number of examples related to templating vertical interconnect accesses(VIA).

Effect of Particle Shape on Dust Shortwave Direct Radiative Forcing Calculations Based on MODIS Observations for a Case Study

Assuming spheroidal and spherical particle shapes for mineral dust aerosols,the effect of particle shape on dust aerosol optical depth retrievals,and subsequently on instantaneous shortwave direct radiative forcing（SWDRF） at the top of the atmosphere（TOA）,is assessed based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer（MODIS） data for a case study.Specifically,a simplified aerosol retrieval algorithm based on the principle of the Deep Blue aerosol retrieval method is employed to retrieve dust aerosol optical depths,and the Fu–Liou radiative transfer model is used to derive the instantaneous SWDRF of dust at the TOA for cloud-free conditions.Without considering the effect of particle shape on dust aerosol optical depth retrievals,the effect of particle shape on the scattering properties of dust aerosols（e.g.,extinction efficiency,single scattering albedo and asymmetry factor） is negligible,which can lead to a relative difference of at most 5% for the SWDRF at the TOA.However,the effect of particle shape on the SWDRF cannot be neglected provided that the effect of particle shape on dust aerosol optical depth retrievals is also taken into account for SWDRF calculations.The corresponding results in an instantaneous case study show that the relative differences of the SWDRF at the TOA between spheroids and spheres depend critically on the scattering angles at which dust aerosol optical depths are retrieved,and can be up to 40% for low dust-loading conditions.

RIGID-PLASTIC MECHANICAL MODEL FOR THE FORGING METHOD WITH HORIZONTAL V-SHAPED ANVIL

In order to decrease the anisotropy of mechanical properties, the rigid-plastic mechanical model for the forging method with horizontal V-shaped anvil is presented. The forging method, through the change of anvils shape, is able to control fibrous tissue direction, to improve the anisotropy of mechanical properties of axial forgings, to realize uniform forging. Therefore, the forging method can overcome the defect that conventional forging methods produce. The mechanism of the forging method with horizontal V-shaped anvil and the process of metal deformation are analyzed. The agreement of theoretical analysis with experimental study verifies the fact that the forging method with horizontal V-shaped anvil can control effectively the mechanical properties of axial forgings.

Study on linear shaped charge in penetrating rock

Based on the action mechanism of linear shaped charge（ LSC ）, penetration performance of LSC on rock was studied. The optimal standoff and the vertex angle of LSC were studied and determined by lab experiments. Through cutting sand-cement grout samples, the spacing interval of boreholes can approach 17.5 times of the bore-hole＇ s diameter, and the result of the directional expansion of crack is satisfactory. The result of field experiment indicates cutting effect is very good, the ruggedness in fracture plane is less than 50 mm, the rate of half-hole marks is nearly 100 % , and the crack inspection shows that there is no damage in the internal of the cutting part. All these suggest that the orientation fracture blasting with LSC is a good means in directional fracture controlled blasting and is worth popularizing widely.

Formation mechanism of inherent spatial heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties of NiTi SMA prepared by laser directed energy deposition

Ni51Ti49 at.%bulk was additively manufactured by laser-directed energy deposition(DED)to reveal the microstructure evolution,phase distribution,and mechanical properties.It is found that the localized remelting,reheating,and heat accumulation during DED leads to the spatial heterogeneous distribution of columnar crystal and equiaxed crystal,a gradient distribution of Ni4Ti3 precipitates along the building direction,and preferential formation of Ni4Ti3 precipitates in the columnar zone.The austenite transformation finish temperature(Af)varies from-12.65℃(Z=33 mm)to 60.35℃(Z=10 mm),corresponding to tensile yield strength(σ0.2)changed from 120±30 MPa to 570±20 MPa,and functional properties changed from shape memory effect to superelasticity at room temperature.The sample in the Z=20.4 mm height has the best plasticity of 9.6%and the best recoverable strain of 4.2%.This work provided insights and guidelines for the spatial characterization of DEDed NiTi.

Aperture shape optimization in intensity-modulated radiation therapy planning

The gradient element of the aperture gradient map is utilized directly to generate the aperture shape without modulation.This process can be likened to choosing the direction of negative gradient descent for the generic aperture shape optimiza-tion.The negative gradient descent direction is more suitable under local conditions and has a slow convergence rate.To overcome these limitations,this study introduced conjugate gradients into aperture shape optimization based on gradient modulation.First,the aperture gradient map of the current beam was obtained for the proposed aperture shape optimiza-tion method,and the gradients of the aperture gradient map were modulated using conjugate gradients to form a modulated gradient map.The aperture shape was generated based on the modulated gradient map.The proposed optimization method does not change the optimal solution of the original optimization problem,but changes the iterative search direction when generating the aperture shape.The performance of the proposed method was verified using cases of head and neck cancer,and prostate cancer.The optimization results indicate that the proposed optimization method better protects the organs at risk and rapidly reduces the objective function value by ensuring a similar dose distribution to the planning target volume.Compared to the contrasting methods,the normal tissue complication probability obtained by the proposed optimization method decreased by up to 4.61%,and the optimization time of the proposed method decreased by 5.26%on average for ten cancer cases.The effectiveness and acceleration of the proposed method were verified through comparative experiments.According to the comparative experiments,the results indicate that the proposed optimization method is more suitable for clinical applications.It is feasible for the aperture shape optimization involving the proposed method.

孔内空气间隔对有/无金属罩聚能装药定向侵彻效果的影响

为了探究孔内径向空气间隔对有/无金属罩聚能装药定向侵彻效果和炸药爆轰能量传递过程的影响,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,开展孔内装药空气间隔为6,8,10,12,14 cm时的数值模拟研究,分析了聚能装药中有药型罩形成EFP和无药型罩形成聚能气流的能量集中释放过程,以及对孔壁的定向侵彻深度。结果表明空气间隔小于10 cm时,聚能气流对孔壁的侵彻深度相对于EFP平均侵深分别提高了53%(6 cm)和29%(8 cm)。空气间隔大于10 cm时,EFP平均侵彻深度相比于聚能气流均增加了26%(12 cm和14 cm)。计算聚能轴线上EFP和聚能气流单位面积通过孔壁的动能,发现空气间隔较小时,聚能气流在空气中衰减耗散的能量小于EFP塑性变形耗能,此时聚能气流对孔壁的侵彻效果较优;空气间隔较大时,爆轰产物空间膨胀造成聚能气流轴线处的密度和动能显著降低,而EFP由于具有高密度和不可压缩性,能量分散小,动能衰减缓慢,此时EFP对孔壁的侵彻效果优于聚能气流。

砂质泥岩巷道顶板定向爆破不耦合装药系数优化与应用

聚能爆破技术在沿空留巷工程项目中有着重要的作用,装药结构问题一直是目前讨论的热点及难点。对于目前沿空留巷顶板超前预裂装药长度尚没有明确的指标情况下,以孟津煤矿二_2-11031工作面轨道顺槽为研究背景,提出了等长装药顶板预裂技术,为明确最优装药结构,本文通过LS-DYNA数值模拟软件建立了三维定向聚能爆破模型,改变轴向药柱的长度,以裂纹扩展长度和应力衰减速率为分析指标,通过数值模拟可知,轴向不耦合系数在1.25~1.7之间径向切缝距离约为40 cm,轴向切缝距离约为80 cm,相比轴向不耦合系数在2~3之间,切缝距离分别提高了25%和12.5%;轴向不耦合系数在1.25~3之间,应力衰减速度均小于1,能量利用最为合理;将轴向不耦合系数α=1.25~2的装药结构在孟津煤矿二_2-11031工作面轨道顺槽进行顶板定向爆破实验,对预裂爆破后的两炮孔中线进行钻孔窥视,观察到4种爆破方案,两炮孔之间沿切缝方向裂纹均已经完全贯通,裂纹光滑平整,现场应用效果良好,结合经济性、安全性两方面考虑,不耦合系数α=1.7为最优;研究结果表明等长装药结构可以代替传统的三段式装药结构。研究结果可以为今后类似的项目提供参考。

S-57国际标准海图向我国数字海图的转换研究

我国数字海图的数据结构是在标准《数字海图数据字典》中进行定义的,是根据我国的自有技术体系进行设计的,与S-57标准相差较大。目前关于我国数字海图向S-57格式数据的转换研究较多,而S-57国际标准海图向我国数字海图的转换研究较少。文中在对S-57标准海图及我国数字海图编码和数据结构深入研究的基础上,实现S-57标准海图向我国数字海图的转换,有利于国内相关软件对国外海图数据的使用。

空间整形飞秒激光高效制备纳米光栅

针对常规物镜聚焦飞秒激光光斑较小,难以单次直写加工成型大面积纳米光栅结构的问题,提出了利用空间狭缝整形的飞秒激光脉冲直写方法。通过开展单晶硅表面纳米光栅结构对加工系统的参数依赖关系研究,获得入射整形飞秒激光能量密度8.00μJ/cm^(2)、扫描速度9 mm/s、狭缝宽度0.40 mm的优化条件。采用SEM、AFM等手段对光栅进行微观表征,结果表明,单次扫描所制备的纳米光栅结构具有极高的宽度(41.20μm),说明提出的方法可以显著提升一次成型大面积纳米光栅结构的制备效率。

基于随机超曲面模型的机动星凸形扩展目标跟踪

针对具有强机动性的扩展目标跟踪问题,不仅需要估计目标的运动状态,还要准确识别目标机动过程中的形状变化。由于目标机动和模型的复杂所导致的高维非线性问题,提出了一种基于随机超曲面模型的扩展目标方向自适应跟踪算法。通过使用输入估计检测器对目标机动进行判断,再利用目标机动的大小修正形状参数的先验,其次基于先验信息更新量测,并结合无迹卡尔曼滤波算法,实现对机动扩展目标的状态跟踪和形状识别。利用均方根误差和quasi-Jaccard距离分别对目标质心位置的跟踪质量和形状的跟踪性能进行评价。仿真实验结果证明了该算法的有效性。

毛管压力理论与地质建模在定向井部署中的融合应用——以柴达木盆地英东油田下盘油藏为例

英东油田下盘油藏是柴达木盆地的典型长井段多油层单斜断鼻油藏。针对油藏开发矛盾,以沉积和构造控藏为出发点,将传统的单纯油水过渡带计算与储层地质模型预测的单一维度流体分布表征方法相结合,提出了毛管压力理论与地质建模相融合的定向井轨迹部署方法,有效地规避了单一因素在井位部署过程中带来的钻探风险。由于实验室毛管压力的测量环境与实际地层的不同,在计算油柱高度前,要将实验室毛管压力转换为相应的油藏毛管压力,使得计算结果更贴近真实的油藏信息。同时,直接利用平均J函数曲线建立的油柱高度模型,虽然一定程度上弥补了单一岩样表征不全的缺陷,但针对多层强非均质性油藏,需多点、多段的分析和计算,且必须结合工区沉积、构造特征及测井资料修正模型参数,才能进一步提高油气刻画精度。研究结果表明:利用毛管压力曲线可相对有效地定量评价多层砂岩油藏发育规模,在高精度三维模型建立基础上,可为井位轨迹的部署设计提供参考。该方法的应用有利于“牙刷状”油藏的后期开发方式调整及效益动用。

冷弯薄壁折叠翼缘C形不锈钢构件受弯性能分析

为了在同成本下获得更高效的截面形式,利用ABAQUS对前期六组V形加劲C形截面奥氏体304不锈钢受弯构件建立有限元简化数值分析模型,将得到的结果与试验结果进行了对比验证。对应上述六组受弯构件设计了四组与其用钢量相同,但尺寸分布不同的折叠翼缘不锈钢受弯构件,共24组;探讨了折叠翼缘截面不锈钢受弯构件在四点受弯作用下的构件承载性能,并将其与C形截面不锈钢受弯构件的承载性能进行了对比。利用现有的设计计算方法计算了24组折叠翼缘截面受弯构件的极限承载力,并将其与有限元得到的结果进行了比较。对比发现:相同用钢量的情况下,当折叠翼缘截面腹板高度与斜翼缘在腹板平面内的投影长度值之和较C形截面腹板高度提升12%以上时,折叠翼缘截面不锈钢梁的极限承载性能比C形截面更优异,截面形式更加高效。现有的计算方法计算腹板V形加劲的折叠翼缘受弯构件得到的结果比较理想,误差较小;而对于平翼缘V形加劲且宽度较小的构件,计算得到的结果偏大,不能准确地预测构件的极限承载能力。

复合材料T型节点强度直接计算模型研究

针对T型节点强度预测大多是通过试验进行,但试验测试存在周期长、成本高等问题,特别是对节点进行尺寸优化后再次进行试验效率较低,有必要针对复合材料T型节点直接计算模型进行研究,实现对T型节点强度的快速校核。因此以复合材料T型节点作为研究对象,参考相关规范确定节点直接计算模型的边界条件、尺寸以及强度校核标准,得到一个用于T型节点强度校核的直接计算模型。

基于刀片式激励线圈旋转的脉冲涡流探头

脉冲涡流检测裂纹时,微裂纹在感应涡流中产生的扰动微弱,检测信号的信噪比低;另一方面,单向扫查下的常规脉冲涡流探头难以获得多向裂纹检测的最大灵敏度和判断裂纹方向。提出一种采用机电旋转脉冲涡流激励线圈的检测方法,实现了多方向微裂纹的高灵敏度检测。刀片式激励线圈具有明显的聚磁性与方向性,机电旋转激励线圈后可以获得不同转角下的接收信号,将该接收信号与基准信号进行差分,提取出微小的峰值变化量,得到角度与峰值变化量之间的图谱。试验验证与测试结果表明:基于刀片式激励线圈在空心接收线圈内旋转的脉冲涡流探头不仅具有亚毫米级裂纹深度区分的检测能力,且能有效分辨裂纹方向,误差为±5°。

High-Superelasticity NiTi Shape Memory Alloy by Directed Energy Deposition-Arc and Solution Heat Treatment

Directed energy deposition-arc(DED-Arc)technology has the advantages of simple equipment,low manufacturing cost and high deposition rate,while the use of DED-Arc has problems of microstructure inhomogeneity,position dependence of macroscopic mechanical properties and anisotropy.Therefore,it is necessary to carry out a subsequent heat treatment to improve its microstructure uniformity,mechanical properties and superelasticity.In this investigation,the DED-Arc 15-layer NiTi alloy thin-walled parts with the solution treatment at different process parameters were studied to analyze the effects of solution heat treatment on microstructure,phase composition,phase transformation,microhardness,tensile and superelasticity.The temperature range of solution treatment is 800-1050℃,and the treatment time range is 1-5.5 h.The results show that after solution treatment at 800℃/1 h,the content of precipitated phase decreases,the grain is refined,the microhardness increases,and the mechanical properties in the 0°direction are improved.The strain recovery rate after 10 tensile cycles has increased from 37.13%(as-built)to 49.25%(solid solution treatment).This research provides an effective post treatment method for high-performance DED-Arc NiTi shape memory alloys.

织构对激光定向能量沉积Ni_(50.8)Ti形状记忆合金超弹性的影响

NiTi形状记忆合金由于热弹性马氏体相变而表现出优异的超弹性和形状记忆效应,被广泛应用在医疗器械、航空航天等领域。采用激光定向能量沉积工艺制备Ni_(50.8)Ti形状记忆合金,通过室温压缩实验和循环压缩实验分析成形角度对合金超弹性及其稳定性的影响规律,借助X射线衍射分析、电子背散射衍射等表征手段分析不同成形角度合金的微观组织和织构特征,进而深入研究微观组织和织构对Ni_(50.8)Ti形状记忆合金超弹性及其稳定性的影响。结果表明:采用激光定向能量沉积制备的Ni_(50.8)Ti形状记忆合金由B2奥氏体相组成,基体成分均匀,无开裂现象。与Y轴呈90°的合金在室温下呈现出最佳的超弹性,0°的合金超弹性最差。同时,45°的合金呈现出强〈112〉织构,90°的合金呈现出强〈110〉织构,强织构合金的超弹性比弱织构(60°)和不利取向(0°)合金的超弹性更好,织构对于Ni_(50.8)Ti形状记忆合金的微观组织和超弹性具有显著的影响。

香炉山隧洞不良地质段“L”型地面超前注浆方案研究

为解决隧道(洞)建设过程中不良地质段突泥涌水和软岩大变形等问题,依托滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞,提出一种采用全孔长度超过500 m的地面“L”型定向钻孔注浆并辅以洞内超前注浆的加固方法,在实际工程中确定这一方法的具体设计方案。首先,通过现场地质调查与分析,揭示不良地质区段香炉山隧洞建设的技术难点;其次,介绍“L”型定向钻孔注浆的施工过程及注浆工艺;然后,设计出一种能够提高地层稳定性的“L”型地面超前注浆方案,并对地层进行加固;最后,采用掌子面揭示、注浆技术以及大地电磁检测等手段证明现场注浆效果。研究结果表明:1)“Z1+Z2+Z4”钻场设计为最优地面超前注浆技术方案;2)“L”型定向钻孔注浆辅以洞内超前注浆技术可满足盲区注浆区域覆盖问题,实现真正意义上的超前治理。

贵州新田矿区顶板L型水平井煤层气抽采技术

针对碎软煤层瓦斯灾害频发、瓦斯抽采困难、顺煤层水平井钻进困难的问题,在借鉴“虚拟储层”思路和页岩气开发技术的基础上,以新田矿区9号煤层为对象,研究分析了煤层顶板L型水平井分段压裂抽采技术。通过目标区及目标层位优选、井身结构优化、井眼轨迹精准控制技术、多簇定向射孔分段压裂精确优化工艺技术及排采作业精细控制技术,形成了煤层顶板L型水平井煤层气高效抽采技术体系。结合工程实践,顶板L型水平井在新田矿区取得了产能突破,最高日产气量达到了5334 m^(3)/d,并获得了长期稳产高产的试验结果。顶板L型水平井分段压裂高效抽采技术的成功应用,为具有类似地质条件的高突矿井煤层气抽采及煤矿区瓦斯治理提供了技术方向引领。

田字型四孔径红外仿生复眼的目标定位

为了探索仿生复眼在目标定位领域的应用,以视场部分重叠的“田”字型四孔径红外仿生复眼成像系统为基础,对其空间目标定位的方法进行研究。根据四个子孔径的空间分布关系分析了“田”字型四目立体视觉的成像过程,和各子孔径与世界坐标系之间的转换关系,并推导出四孔径红外仿生复眼的空间目标定位方法,提出了多孔径约束下的逆成像光路定位方法,使用交错法和点向法解算待定位的目标点坐标;通过对现有四孔径红外仿生复眼实验系统的标定,确定了四个孔径的相对位姿,进而进行了四孔径系统及其部分双孔径子系统的空间目标定位实验,结果表明:相似的孔径空间分布下,“田”字型四孔径对2720 mm距离处的目标的定位误差为40 mm,双目定位的误差为76 mm,四孔径定位相比双目定位的误差减小约一半,能更精确地定位目标。系统在1750 mm处的定位误差不超过2%,水平方向定位精度高于垂直方向。