Involvement of the ABA-and H_(2)O_(2)-Mediated Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle in the Drought Stress Responses of Wheat Roots

Abscisic acid(ABA),hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)) and ascorbate(AsA)–glutathione(GSH)cycle are widely known for their participation in various stresses.However,the relationship between ABA and H_(2)O_(2) levels and the AsA–GSH cycle under drought stress in wheat has not been studied.In this study,a hydroponic experiment was conducted in wheat seedlings subjected to 15%polyethylene glycol(PEG)6000–induced dehydration.Drought stress caused the rapid accumulation of endogenous ABA and H_(2)O_(2) and significantly decreased the number of root tips compared with the control.The application of ABA significantly increased the number of root tips,whereas the application of H_(2)O_(2) markedly reduced the number of root tips,compared with that under 15%PEG-6000.In addition,drought stress markedly increased the DHA,GSH and GSSG levels,but decreased the AsA levels,AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios compared with those in the control.The activities of the four enzymes in the AsA–GSH cycle were also markedly increased under drought stress,including glutathione reductase(GR),ascorbate peroxidase(APX),monodehydroascorbate reductase(MDHAR)and dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR),compared with those in the control.However,the application of an ABA inhibitor significantly inhibited GR,DHAR and APX activities,whereas the application of an H_(2)O_(2) inhibitor significantly inhibited DHAR and MDHAR activities.Furthermore,the application of ABA inhibitor significantly promoted the increases of H_(2)O_(2) and the application of H_(2)O_(2) inhibitor significantly blocked the increases of ABA,compared with those under 15% PEG-6000.Taken together,the results indicated that ABA and H_(2)O_(2) probably interact under drought stress in wheat;and both of them can mediate drought stress by modulating the enzymes in AsA–GSH cycle,where ABA acts as the main regulator of GR,DHAR,and APX activities,and H_(2)O_(2) acts as the main regulator of DHAR and MDHAR activities.

Multi-objective optimization and evaluation of supercritical CO_(2) Brayton cycle for nuclear power generation

The supercritical CO_(2) Brayton cycle is considered a promising energy conversion system for Generation IV reactors for its simple layout,compact structure,and high cycle efficiency.Mathematical models of four Brayton cycle layouts are developed in this study for different reactors to reduce the cost and increase the thermohydraulic performance of nuclear power generation to promote the commercialization of nuclear energy.Parametric analysis,multi-objective optimizations,and four decision-making methods are applied to obtain each Brayton scheme’s optimal thermohydraulic and economic indexes.Results show that for the same design thermal power scale of reactors,the higher the core’s exit temperature,the better the Brayton cycle’s thermo-economic performance.Among the four-cycle layouts,the recompression cycle(RC)has the best overall performance,followed by the simple recuperation cycle(SR)and the intercooling cycle(IC),and the worst is the reheating cycle(RH).However,RH has the lowest total cost of investment(C_(tot))of$1619.85 million,and IC has the lowest levelized cost of energy(LCOE)of 0.012$/(kWh).The nuclear Brayton cycle system’s overall performance has been improved due to optimization.The performance of the molten salt reactor combined with the intercooling cycle(MSR-IC)scheme has the greatest improvement,with the net output power(W_(net)),thermal efficiencyη_(t),and exergy efficiency(η_(e))improved by 8.58%,8.58%,and 11.21%,respectively.The performance of the lead-cooled fast reactor combined with the simple recuperation cycle scheme was optimized to increase C_(tot) by 27.78%.In comparison,the internal rate of return(IRR)increased by only 7.8%,which is not friendly to investors with limited funds.For the nuclear Brayton cycle,the molten salt reactor combined with the recompression cycle scheme should receive priority,and the gas-cooled fast reactor combined with the reheating cycle scheme should be considered carefully.

Numerical Models and Methods of Atmospheric Parameters Originating in the Formation of the Earth’s Climatic Cycle

Atmospheric models are physical equations based on the ideal gas law. Applied to the atmosphere, this law yields equations for water, vapor (gas), ice, air, humidity, dryness, fire, and heat, thus defining the model of key atmospheric parameters. The distribution of these parameters across the entire planet Earth is the origin of the formation of the climatic cycle, which is a normal climatic variation. To do this, the Earth is divided into eight (8) parts according to the number of key parameters to be defined in a physical representation of the model. Following this distribution, numerical models calculate the constants for the formation of water, vapor, ice, dryness, thermal energy (fire), heat, air, and humidity. These models vary in complexity depending on the indirect trigonometric direction and simplicity in the sum of neighboring models. Note that the constants obtained from the equations yield 275.156˚K (2.006˚C) for water, 273.1596˚K (0.00963˚C) for vapor, 273.1633˚K (0.0133˚C) for ice, 0.00365 in/s for atmospheric dryness, 1.996 in2/s for humidity, 2.993 in2/s for air, 1 J for thermal energy of fire, and 0.9963 J for heat. In summary, this study aims to define the main parameters and natural phenomena contributing to the modification of planetary climate. .

高速S-CO_(2)向心透平几何参数优化及变工况特性分析

透平是热力循环中实现热功转换的核心设备,优化透平几何参数以改善气动性能,是提升系统热效率的关键。该文以面向某船舶主机烟气余热利用的超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环透平设计参数为基础,给出向心透平主要几何参数,采用耦合CO_(2)真实物性参数的CFX仿真方法,分析几何参数动、静叶包角以及叶轮出口几何角对透平性能的影响规律并进行参数优化,进一步研究非设计工况下的透平运行特性。结果表明:增大静叶包角会使动叶前缘出现扰动涡流并减少余速损失,增大叶轮出口几何角,动叶包角对透平效率的影响规律不变,但效率峰值点会沿动叶包角减小的方向移动;动、静叶包角和叶轮出口几何角分别为49°、21.5°、25°时透平设计点总-静等熵效率高达87.99%,相比优化前,提高0.54个百分点;透平偏离设计点±20%工况下等熵效率大于80%。结果可为超临界二氧化碳高速向心透平设计提供一定参考。

船用烟气余热S-CO_(2)布雷顿循环发电系统性能分析

开展船舶主机不同负荷工况下的S-CO_(2)布雷顿循环余热系统热力学特性和效能分析是其实现工程应用的必要环节。本文通过性能分析确定系统热力学参数对净输出功率和平准化能源成本的影响变化趋势,最佳运行参数范围以及系统关键热力学参数。通过主机典型负荷工况下的效能评估,分析集成S-CO_(2)再压缩布雷顿循环余热发电系统后的船舶节能减排效益。结果表明:主压缩机入口压力和压比对整个余热发电系统热力学性能和经济性影响最为显著,可调节这2个关键热力学参数以确保系统在船舶主机不同负荷下获得良好系统性能;集成该余热发电系统后,MAN8S90ME-C10.2型主机系统热效率最高可提高0.91%,燃油消耗量平均每年可减少51 t,NO_(2)和CO_(2)的排放量每年可分别减少2.28 t和760 t。

Chest computed tomography findings of the Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 with different cycle threshold values

BACKGROUND The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCoV-2)mainly infects the upper respiratory tract.This study aimed to determine whether the probability of pulmonary infection and the cycle threshold(Ct)measured using the fluorescent polymerase chain reaction(PCR)method were related to pulmonary infections diagnosed via computed tomography(CT).AIM To analyze the chest CT signs of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infections with different Ct values,as determined via PCR.METHODS The chest CT images and PCR Ct values of 331 patients with SARS-CoV-2Omicron variant infections were retrospectively collected and categorized into low(<25),medium(25.00-34.99),and high(≥35)Ct groups.The characteristics of chest CT images in each group were statistically analyzed.RESULTS The PCR Ct values ranged from 13.36 to 39.81,with 99 patients in the low,155 in the medium,and 77 in the high Ct groups.Six abnormal chest CT signs were detected,namely,focal infection,patchy consolidation shadows,patchy groundglass shadows,mixed consolidation ground-glass shadows,subpleural interstitial changes,and pleural changes.Focal infections were less frequent in the low Ct group than in the medium and high Ct groups;these infections were the most common sign in the medium and high Ct groups.Patchy consolidation shadows and pleural changes were more frequent in the low Ct group than in the other two groups.The number of patients with two or more signs was greater in the low Ct group than in the medium and high Ct groups.CONCLUSION The chest CT signs of patients with pulmonary infection caused by the Omicron variants of SARSCoV-2 varied depending on the Ct values.Identification of the characteristics of Omicron variant infection can help subsequent planning of clinical treatment.

CO2 Air-Water Exchanges during Seasonal and Glacial Cycles

Based on the photosynthesis-respiration reversible reaction and the available statistics, we attempted to quantify the planetary seasonal exchanges of CO2 between air and water from 1970 and compared them to the glacial ACC cycles as reported from ice cores archives. In 2020, the overall continental absorption (AW) was 8.0 giga tonnes of carbon per year (GtC/y). Emissions into the atmosphere (EW) resulting from mineral degradation by respiration and combustion of biomass and fossil hydrocarbons were 14.7 GtC/y, an increase of 2.4% per year since 1970. The continental surplus balance (-AW+EW) of 6.7 GtC/y was shared between the atmosphere, which received 5.1 GtC/y (GATM), and the ocean which absorbed 1.6 GtC/y. This ocean contribution (OC) corresponded to 17% of the 9.2 GtC/y emissions by combustion of fossil hydrocarbons (EFOS). Analysis of the ACC oscillations during 2020 in the northern hemisphere showed that the ocean absorbed 11.1 GtC during the warm season and outgassed 9.5 GtC during the cold season. Assuming proportionality to world population, the ACC, 414 parts per million (ppm) in 2021, would reach 584 ppm in 2080, still growing at a rate of 0.6% per year. The gain of atmospheric CO2 (GATM) and its absorption by the ocean (OC) were expected to peak at 7.0 and 2.2 GtC/y, respectively, in 2080. This increase in the availability of atmospheric CO2 resulted in improved yields of agriculture which more than compensated for the reduction by half of food-producing areas per capita from 1970.

Zr-doping stabilizes spinel LiMn_(2)O_(4)as a low cost long cycle life cathode for lithium ion batteries

The present commercial spinel LiMn_(2)O_(4) delivers only 90 m Ah/g–115 m Ah/g,far lower than the theoretical specific capacity.It degrades fast caused by the Jahn–Teller effect,Mn dissolution and related side reactions that consume Li inventory.In this work,Zr doping is employed to improve the structural stability and electrochemical performance of spinel LiMn_(2)O_(4).Li_(1.06)Mn_(1.94-x)Zr_xO_4(x=0,0.01,0.02,0.04)have been successfully synthesized by a simple solid-state reaction method and evaluated as cathode for lithium ion batteries(LIB).Li_(1.06)Mn_(1.92)Zr_(0.02)O_4 is superior cathode material with a high capacity of 122 m Ah/g at 1-C rate;long cycle stability,98.39%retention after 100 cycles at 1-C rate,excellent high rate performance 107.1 m Ah/g at 10-C rate,and high temperature performance 97.39%retention after 60 cycles.These are thought to be related to Zr doping effectively stabilizing the spinel LiMn_(2)O_(4),by forming stronger Zr–O bonds in the octahedron,suppressing the Jahn–Teller effect,thus improving electrochemical performance.

Proposed Wave Momentum Source for Generating the 22-Year Solar Cycle

For the 22-year solar cycle oscillation there is no external time dependent source. A nonlinear oscillation, the solar cycle must be generated internally, and Babcock-Leighton models apply an artificial nonlinear source term that can simulate the observations—which leaves open the question of the actual source mechanism for the solar cycle. Addressing this question, we propose to take guidance from the wave mechanism that generates the 2-year Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) in the Earth atmosphere. Upward propagating gravity waves, eastward and westward, deposit momentum to generate the observed zonal wind oscillation. On the Sun, helioseismology has provided a thorough understanding of the acoustic p-waves, which propagate down into the convective envelope guided by the increasing temperature and related propagation velocity. Near the tachocline with low turbulent viscosity, the waves propagating eastward and westward can produce an axisymmetric 22-year oscillation of the zonal flow velocities that can generate the magnetic solar dynamo. Following the Earth model, waves in opposite directions can generate in the Sun wind and magnetic field oscillations in opposite directions, the proposition of a potential solar cycle mechanism.

塔河油田H_(2)S-CO_(2)-O_(2)共存体系下伴生气管道选材和内涂层评价

研究伴生气管道常用3种管材在H_(2)S-CO_(2)-O_(2)3种气体共存体系下的腐蚀行为,可为塔河油田伴生气管道的腐蚀防控提供指导依据。基于塔河油田典型腐蚀工况,以20钢、L245NS钢和3Cr钢为研究对象,利用高温高压釜试验对3种钢材典型H_(2)S-CO_(2)-O_(2)共存工况下的腐蚀速率和腐蚀产物进行研究,得到20钢腐蚀速率最大,L245NS钢腐蚀速率次之,3Cr钢腐蚀速率最小,3种管材的腐蚀产物主要是Fe、FeS、FeCO_(3)和Fe_(2)O_(3)。对塔河油田4种典型内防腐涂层进行腐蚀前后增重法和附着力测试研究涂层的耐蚀行为,涂层2的抗腐蚀性能和附着力效果最好。考虑性价比,最后选用“L245NS+涂层2”作为塔河油田伴生气管线的防腐措施。

跨临界CO_(2)循环系统控制优化策略的研究进展

控制策略作为跨临界CO_(2)循环系统的重要组成部分,是保证系统高效节能运行的关键。介绍了系统最优排气压力经验计算和泊金汉π定理的反馈控制、基于梯度追踪和极值寻优的实时在线控制以及基于神经网络的预测控制等,详细分析了系统控制策略的发展历程和未来发展趋势,并总结如下:离线控制建立简单、成本低,但易受到环境因素和系统部件变化的影响而导致控制性能降低;实时在线控制策略可以实时追踪系统最大能源效率对应的排气压力,但由于寻优过程费时较长,导致控制系统的收敛时间过长;模型预测控制系统可以实现实时优化和快速收敛,有着良好的发展前景。结合新能源汽车、建筑供暖、轨道交通、商超冷藏、军工等实际场景对跨临界CO_(2)循环系统控制策略的应用特点和未来发展趋势进行分析,进一步说明了提高控制策略的适用性是未来研究的重要方向,并分析将广义预测控制、强化学习等具有自适应属性的方法应用于跨临界CO_(2)循环系统控制策略的可行性,同时探讨了开发适用于大规模循环系统和储能系统控制策略在我国“双碳”背景下的重要意义。

基于S-CO_(2)的强化壳管式蓄热单元传热性能优化

为了了解壳管式蓄热单元的传热性能,提出了一种强化壳管式蓄热单元传热性能的优化方法。对不同的换热流体(HTF)进行优质选择,并基于回归正交试验对相变蓄热单元结构参数进行优化。结果表明:回归方程满足试验的显著性和失拟性检验,验证结果与计算结果的相对误差在1%以内;采用800℃、20 MPa的超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_(2))和管径比为0.666 3的组合形式最优;优化后的蓄热单元获得的最高储热量为2 674.52 kJ,比优化前增加约39.5%,传热速率范围从1.76 kW降到0.007 kW。

基于多级压缩回热过程的半闭式S-CO_(2)循环回热优化研究

在单回热半闭式超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO_(2))循环中,CO_(2)在不同温度和压力下的比热容差异较大,导致回热器两侧工质的温度匹配性较差,不可逆损失较大。构建多级压缩回热过程是改善单回热循环回热性能的有效方法。该文在单回热循环的基础上,通过添加分流再压缩过程,提出再压缩半闭式S-CO_(2)循环,并获得6.63%的效率提升,同时从数学公式中证明效率提高的原因是叠加了净功。进一步构建三压缩循环时,发现回热器两侧工质流量的不匹配使得回热器内部出现温度交叉,体现出半闭式S-CO_(2)循环存在多种质量流耦合匹配问题,可通过对燃料、氧气和回流CO_(2)在回热器中进行流量匹配来解决。结果表明,三压缩循环相比再压缩循环的效率可进一步提高1.47%。通过构建多级压缩回热过程,充分挖掘了半闭式S-CO_(2)循环的效率潜力,可获得较好的性能。

多种构型超临界CO_(2)循环热力学解构分析与参数优化

新型超临界CO_(2)(S-CO_(2))循环可通过流程改良提高效率,构型复杂多样。为了直观阐明各种流程改良措施对循环效率提升的作用机制,本文将预压缩、后压缩、再压缩、间冷、再热等五种构型的S-CO_(2)循环解构为若干热功转换过程,建立各解构过程与循环效率之间的关联方程,进而开展流程参数优化。研究结果表明,预压缩、后压缩和再压缩方案均是通过增加压缩耗功,减少吸热量实现循环效率提升,其中再压缩方案效果最优,再压缩流量优化后循环效率提高5.1%;采用部分间冷方案,可有效降低压缩功耗,同时避免高品位热量贬值,间冷压力优化后循环效率提高2.2%;再热方案在不改变压缩耗功的前提下,增加透平出功,再热压力优化后循环效率提高1.9%;最后,循环联用再压缩、间冷和再热三种节能措施,可使效率提高9.3%。

Q235钢在H_(2)S-CO_(2)环境下的电化学腐蚀行为

采用交流阻抗、动电位极化曲线技术对Q235钢进行电化学测试,并利用金相显微镜观察表面腐蚀形貌。研究了在H_(2)S-CO_(2)体系中,不同H_(2)S/CO_(2)比例对Q235钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响,并对其腐蚀机理进行探究。结果表明,在H_(2)S-CO_(2)体系中,CO_(2)对于H_(2)S的腐蚀有一定程度的抑制作用,H_(2)S则会加速CO_(2)对于Q235钢的腐蚀。当H_(2)S/CO_(2)为2∶1时,Q235钢的腐蚀速率最大。

一种具有噪声整形功能的2bit/cycle SAR ADC的设计

基于180nm CMOS工艺,设计了一种2 bit/cycle结构的8 bit、100 MS/s逐次逼近模数转换器(SAR ADC).采用两个DAC电容阵列SIG_DAC、REF_DAC实现了2 bit/cycle量化,其中SIG_DAC采用上极板采样大大减少了电容数目,分裂电容式结构和优化的异步SAR逻辑提高了ADC的转换速度.应用一种噪声整形技术,有效提高了过采样时ADC的信噪失真比(SNDR).在1.8 V电源电压和100 MS/s采样率条件下,未加入噪声整形时,仿真得到ADC的SNDR为46.22 dB,加入噪声整形后,过采样率为10时,仿真得到的SNDR为57.49 dB,提高了11.27 dB,ADC的有效位数提高了约1.88 bit,达到9.26 bit.

回热器对CO_(2)驻车空调系统制热性能影响的研究

为了提升驻车空调的制热性能,搭建了一套带回热器的跨临界CO_(2)驻车空调系统,在焓差室中实验研究了有无回热器时气冷器出口温度与排气压力对系统的性能影响。结果表明:在排气压力分别为8.5、9.0、9.5 MPa时,气冷器出口温度从20℃升高至35℃时,制热COP_(h)降低幅度分别为29.7%、19.9%、16.4%;系统使用回热器后最优排气压力下降,下降幅度分别为4.4%、6.1%,对应的最大COP_(h)增加幅度分别为3.2%、3.7%。通过曲面拟合得到了系统使用回热器时提升制热性能的排气压力与气冷器出口温度关联式,该式对回热器在跨临界CO_(2)驻车空调系统制热模式下的实际应用有一定指导意义。

用于水下航行器的铅铋堆S-CO_(2)循环发电系统热力学及动态特性分析

将铅铋堆与超临界二氧化碳(supercriticalcarbon dioxidecycle,S-CO_(2))循环相结合的发电系统可为水下航行器稳定、高效供能。然而,目前缺乏水下航行器与铅铋堆S-CO_(2)循环发电系统的匹配设计研究,其热力学分析仍不完善。因此,该文分别构建其热力学模型和动态模型,通过模拟仿真,开展发电系统与4种动力循环形式的匹配研究,发现简单回热循环与铅铋合金的温度匹配性较好,系统热效率在压缩机和透平入口压力分别为7.6和25MPa时达到26.81%,满足系统设计要求。进一步探讨循环关键运行参数对系统热力学性能的影响规律,结果表明,增大循环最高压力和最高温度有利于系统效率的提升。基于此,进行系统关键换热部件的设计,揭示发电系统在温度阶跃扰动条件下的动态响应特性。可知,当堆芯铅铋温度从410℃降至390℃时,循环效率在大约8s内下降1.69%。该文可为应用于水下航行器的铅铋堆超临界二氧化碳循环发电系统设计提供参考。

Arsenic Trioxide Inhibits Proliferation in K562 Cells by Changing Cell Cycle and Survivin Expression

To study the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of chronic myeloid leukemic cells (K562) proliferation induced by arsenic trioxide (As 2O 3) and to explore the potential role of Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein, in the regulation of As 2O 3 induced cell apoptosis, K562 cells were cultured with As 2O 3 of different concentrations. Cells were collected for proliferation analysis by MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Expression of Survivin protein and mRNA were detected by flow cytometry and RT-PCR, respectively. Our results showed that As 2O 3 (2-10 μmol/L) inhibited K562 cells growth effectively, but it did not induce cells apoptosis significantly. The percentage of K562 cells at G 2/M phase increased in proportion to As 2O 3 concentrations, and the expression of Survivin mRNA and content of Survivin protein was up-regulated accordingly. It is concluded that As 2O 3 inhibited K562 cells growth by inducing cell cycle arrest mainly at G 2/M phase. Over-expression of Survivin gene and protein might be one of the possible mechanisms contributing to K562 cells' resistance to As 2O 3-induced apoptosis.

Growth arrest-specific gene 2 suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis by intervention of cell cycle and p53-dependent apoptosis

BACKGROUND Growth arrest-specific gene 2(GAS2)plays a role in modulating in reversible growth arrest cell cycle,apoptosis,and cell survival.GAS2 protein is universally expressed in most normal tissues,particularly in the liver,but is depleted in some tumor tissues.However,the functional mechanisms of GAS2 in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)are not fully defined.AIM To investigate the function and mechanism of GAS2 in HCC.METHODS GAS2 expression in clinic liver and HCC specimens was analyzed by real-time PCR and western blotting.Cell proliferation was analyzed by counting,MTS,and colony formation assays.Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry.Cell apoptosis was investigated by Annexin V apoptosis assay and western blotting.RESULTS GAS2 protein expression was lower in HCC than in normal tissues.Overexpression of GAS2 inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells with wide-type p53,while knockdown of GAS2 promoted the proliferation of hepatocytes(P<0.05).Furthermore,GAS2 overexpression impeded the G1-to-S cell cycle transition and arrested more G1 cells,particularly the elevation of sub G1(P<0.01).Apoptosis induced by GAS2 was dependent on p53,which was increased by etoposide addition.The expression of p53 and apoptosis markers was further enhanced when GAS2 was upregulated,but became diminished upon downregulation of GAS2.In the clinic specimen,GAS2 was downregulated in more than 60%of HCCs.The average fold changes of GAS2 expression in tumor tissues were significantly lower than those in paired non-tumor tissues(P<0.05).CONCLUSION GAS2 plays a vital role in HCC cell proliferation and apoptosis,possibly by regulating the cell cycle and p53-dependent apoptosis pathway.