WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARE METHOD FOR S-N CURVE FITTING

An S-N curve fitting approach is proposed based on the weighted least square method, and the weights are inversely proportional to the length of mean confidence intervals of experimental data sets. The assumption coincides with the physical characteristics of the fatigue life scatter. Two examples demonstrate the method. It is shown that the method has better accuracy and reasonableness compared with the usual least square method.

Analysis Approach to Durability Based on Material Initial Fatigue Quality and S-N Curve

Based on probabilistic fracture mechanics approach, a new concept of material initial fatigue quality （MIFQ） is developed. Then, the relation between S-N curve and crack propagation curve is studied. From the study, a new durability analysis method is presented. In this method, S-N curve is used to determine crack growth rate under constant amplitude loading and evaluate the effects of different factors on durability and then the structural durability is analyzed. The tests and analyses indicate that this method has lower dependence on testing, and higher accuracy, reliability and generality and is convenient for application.

Combine S-N curve and fracture mechanics for fatigue life analysis of welded structures

Based on the evolution of fatigue cracks in welded structures,the fatigue life of welded structures was defined as the sum of the crack initiation life Ni and the crack propagation life Np.Correspondingly,a fatigue-life analysis method combining S-N curves and fracture mechanics theory was proposed.The equivalent structural stress method and the lower 99%boundary of the master S-N curve were used to evaluate Ni,and cracks at the end of the initiation stage were considered as semi-elliptical surface cracks.Moreover,Paris equation and the stress intensity factor range of the cracks were used to evaluate Np.Furthermore,the fatigue test results obtained from the running girder of cranes were used as a reference for comparison and verification of the results.The results revealed that the equivalent structural stress is a good indicator for the crack initiation behavior of complex welded structures.In addition,the predicted fatigue life corresponded closely to the testing life.

Reconstruction of probabilistic S-N curves under fatigue life following lognormal distribution with given confidence

When the historic probabilistic S-N curves are given under special survival probability and confidence levels and there is no possible to re-test, fatigue reliability analysis at other levels can not be done except for the special levels. Therefore, the wide applied curves are expected. Monte Carlo reconstruction methods of the test data and the curves are investigated under fatigue life following lognormal distribution. To overcome the non-conservative assessment of existent man-made enlarging the sample size up to thousands, a simulation policy is employed to address the true production where the sample size is controlled less than 20 for material specimens, 10 for structural component specimens and the errors matching the statistical parameters are less than 5 percent. Availability and feasibility of the present methods have been indicated by the reconstruction practice of the test data and curves for 60Si2Mn high strength spring steel of railway industry.

Structural Stress-Fatigue Life Curve Improvement of Spot Welding Based on Quasi‑Newton Method

ΔF-N curves are usually used to predict the fatigue life of spot welding in engineering,but they are time-consuming and laborious and not universal.For the purpose of predicting the fatigue life of spot welding accurately and efficiently,tensile-shear fatigue tests were conducted to obtain the fatigue life of spot-welded specimens with different sheet thicknesses combinations.These specimens were simulated by using the finite element method,and the structural stress was theoretically calculated.In the double logarithmic coordinate system,the structural stress-fatigue life(S-N)curve of spot welding was fitted by the least-squares method,based on the quasi-Newton method.The square of the correlation coefficient of the S-N curve was taken as the optimization objective,with the correction coefficients of force,bending moment,spot welding diameter,and sheet thickness as the variables.During the optimization process,three different ways were utilized to get three optimized spot welding S-N curves,which are suitable for different situations.The results show that the fitting effect of the S-N curve is improved,the data points are more compact,and the optimization effect is significant.These S-N curves can be used to predict the fatigue life,which provide the basis for practical engineering application.

Cumulative sum analysis score and phacoemulsification competency learning curve

AIM： To use the cumulative sum analysis score（CUSUM） to construct objectively the learning curve of phacoemulsification competency.METHODS： Three second-year residents and an experienced consultant were monitored for a series of 70 phacoemulsification cases each and had their series analysed by CUSUM regarding posterior capsule rupture（PCR） and best-corrected visual acuity. The acceptable rate for PCR was 〈5%（lower limit h） and the unacceptable rate was 〉10%（upper limit h）. The acceptable rate for bestcorrected visual acuity worse than 20/40 was 〈10%（lower limit h） and the unacceptable rate was 〉20%（upper limit h）. The area between lower limit h and upper limit h is called the decision interval. RESULTS： There was no statistically significant difference in the mean age, sex or cataract grades between groups. The first trainee achieved PCR CUSUM competency at his 22 nd case. His best-corrected visual acuity CUSUM was in the decision interval from his third case and stayed there until the end, never reaching competency. The second trainee achieved PCR CUSUM competency at his 39^ th case. He could reach best-corrected visual acuity CUSUM competency at his 22 ^nd case. The third trainee achieved PCR CUSUM competency at his 41 st case. He reached bestcorrected visual acuity CUSUM competency at his 14 ^th case.CONCLUSION： The learning curve of competency in phacoemulsification is constructed by CUSUM and in average took 38 cases for each trainee to achieve it.

Research on Light Response Curve Fitting Model of Four Chamaenerion Plants on the Serzilla Mountains

In order to study the applicability of different light response models to the photoresponse curves of four species of Chamaenerion, four species of Chamaenerion collected from Serzilla were used as test materials. Four common photosynthetic models were used to fit the photosynthetic response curve of the leaves. The results show that: 1) The effect of different photosynthetic response models on photosynthetic response curve of the genus chromasia was different. The fitted value of the correction model of right angled hyperbola was closest to the measured value, the R2 was 0.998, and RE was 0.216. 2) In terms of fitting the photosynthetic parameters, the initial quantum efficiency, light compensation point and dark respiration rate were suitable for fitting with non-right angle hyperbolic model. In terms of fitting the photosynthetic parameters, the initial quantum efficiency, light compensation point and dark respiration rate were suitable for fitting with non-right angle hyperbolic model. 3) The photosynthetic characteristics of C. angustifolium subsp. circumvagum reflect the negative response to high altitude radiation. Under strong radiation, the photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum efficiency, and light saturation point are low. On the other hand, C. conspersum has a positive response to high altitude radiation. C. angustifolium and C. latifolium has a higher light compensation point and higher light saturation point, but it is also positive for high altitude radiation. The response is only a choice of light intensity at different elevations, which also explains the distribution of C. angustifolium and C. latifolium in the salmonella with a single elevation, habitat, and slope.

Silica Gel Implant in Correction of Secondary Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity.

This paper describes a new surgical techni-que for obtaining a better nasal contour in se-condary cleft lip nasal deformity. It involves re-moving of the curved septal cartilage and placinga piece of silica gel as a columellar strut in themiddle so as to correct the oblique

Classification Study on Relative Permeability Curves

The classification method of relative permeability curves is rarely reported, when relative permeability curves are applied;if the multiple relative permeability curves are normalized directly, but not classified, the calculated result maybe cause a large error. For example, the relationship curve between oil displacement efficiency and water cut, which derived from the relative permeability curve in LD oilfield is uncertain in the shape of low water cut stage. If being directly normalized, the result of the interpretation of the water flooded zone is very high. In this study, two problems were solved: 1) The mathematical equation of the relationship between oil displacement efficiency and water cut was deduced, and repaired the lost data of oil displacement efficiency and water cut curve, which solve the problem of uncertain curve shape. After analysis, the reason why the curve is not available is that relative permeability curves are not classified and optimized;2) Two kinds of classification and evaluation methods of relative permeability curve were put forward, the direct evaluation method and the analogy method;it can get the typical relative permeability curve by identifying abnormal curve.

Matrix effect suppressing in the element analysis of soils by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with acoustic correction

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)has been used for soil analysis,but its measurement accuracy is often influenced by matrix effects of different kinds of soils.In this work,a method for matrix effect suppressing was developed using laser-induced plasma acoustic signals to correct the original spectrum,thereby improving the analysis accuracy of the soil elements.A good linear relationship was investigated firstly between the original spectral intensity and the acoustic signals.The relative standard deviations(RSDs)of Mg,Ca,Sr,and Ba elements were then calculated for both the original spectrum and the spectrum with the acoustic correction,and the RSDs were significantly reduced with the acoustic correction.Finally,calibration curves of MgⅠ285.213 nm,CaⅠ422.673 nm,SrⅠ460.733 nm and BaⅡ455.403 nm were established to assess the analytical performance of the proposed acoustic correction method.The values of the determination coefficient(R~2)of the calibration curves for Mg,Ca,Sr,and Ba elements,corrected by the acoustic amplitude,are improved from 0.9845,0.9588,0.6165,and 0.6490 to 0.9876,0.9677,0.8768,and 0.8209,respectively.The values of R~2 of the calibration curves corrected by the acoustic energy are further improved to 0.9917,0.9827,0.8835,and 0.8694,respectively.These results suggest that the matrix effect of LIBS on soils can be clearly improved by using acoustic correction,and acoustic energy correction works more efficiently than acoustic amplitude correction.This work provides a simple and efficient method for correcting matrix effects in the element analysis of soils by acoustic signals.

乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯和己酸乙酯的两种定量方法在老白干白酒中的应用研究

老白干香型白酒中乙酸乙酯与乳酸乙酯为主体香气,己酸乙酯含量极低,在GB/T10345-2022《白酒分析方法》的应用中,作者降低了己酸乙酯标准溶液的浓度,使标准曲线浓度范围更多覆盖样品浓度。进行了老白干原酒样品试验,对乙酸乙酯,乳酸乙酯和己酸乙酯的含量运用标准曲线法和校正因子法进行分析。在实验过程中,校正因子定量法操作简单快捷,缺点是在远离单点校正点时或含量较小时,相对误差较大,方法要根据混标来确定校正因子,既要根据仪器状态及时调整校正因子,又要保证混标各成分含量的准确性。而标准曲线法是在试验所有浓度范围都有较好的准确度,缺点是乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯都极易挥发,称取容易有误差,标准原液配制时环境温度和操作有严格要求。在老白干酒的检测中,试验获得标准曲线定量法准确度更高。

基于3D-DIC技术的金属棒材单轴拉伸大应变硬化曲线测量研究

为精确测量金属棒材单轴拉伸颈缩后大应变范围硬化曲线,采用三维数字图像相关技术(3D-DIC)测量试样颈缩区域几何构型,基于Bridgman模型对颈缩后流动应力进行修正,评估Ludwik、Swift、Hockett-Sherby(H-S)和Voce模型对硬化曲线的拟合效果,开展单轴拉伸有限元模拟以验证大应变硬化曲线的可靠性。结果表明:以6061铝合金棒材为例,3D-DIC技术可以精确地获取试样颈缩最小横截面半径a和外轮廓曲率半径R的演化规律,结合Bidgman模型可以有效地获取颈缩后大应变硬化曲线,其应变范围(0~0.41)是常规单轴实验所获取硬化曲线应变范围(0~0.058)的7倍,Hockett-Sherby硬化模型具有最佳的硬化曲线拟合优度,基于该模型的单轴拉伸模拟输出载荷-位移曲线和应变云图与实验测量结果基本一致,证实3D-DIC技术结合Bridgman模型能够精确地测量金属棒材单轴拉伸颈缩后大应变范围的硬化曲线。

国内外规范中S-N曲线对比分析

各国船级社规范中通常采用S-N曲线法对船舶和海洋结构物的疲劳寿命进行计算,不同S-N曲线计算得出的疲劳寿命也有所差异。通过对比国内外船级社和焊接协会的S-N曲线,系统分析了S-N曲线的表达形式、参数、存活率、板厚修正方法及平均应力修正方法等方面的内容,对比了相同焊接型式在S-N曲线选择和疲劳寿命计算上的差异,可以看出不同规范计算所得的疲劳寿命差异较大。通过对相关规范中S-N曲线的共性规律和差异性的对比分析,以期为船舶结构疲劳强度计算提供参考依据。

Unified Principal S-N Equation for Friction Stir Welding of 5083 and 6061 Aluminum Alloys

With the popularization of friction stir welding(FSW),5083-H321 and 6061-T6 aluminum alloy materials are widely used during the FSW process.In this study,the fatigue life of friction stir welding with two materials,i.e.,5083-H321 and 6061-T6 aluminum alloy,are studied.Fatigue tests were carried out on the base metal of these two materials as well as on the butt joints and overlapping FSW samples.The principle of the equivalent structural stress method is used to analyze the FSW test data of these two materials.The fatigue resistances of these two materials were com-pared and a unified principal S-N curve equation was fitted.Two key parameters of the unified principal S-N curve obtained by fitting,Cd is 4222.5,and h is 0.2693.A new method for an FSW fatigue life assessment was developed in this study and can be used to calculate the fatigue life of different welding forms with a single S-N curve.Two main fatigue tests of bending and tension were used to verify the unified principal S-N curve equation.The results show that the fatigue life calculated by the unified mean 50%master S-N curve parameters are the closest to the fatigue test results.The reliability,practicability,and generality of the master S-N curve fitting parameters were verified using the test data.The unified principal S-N curve acquired in this study can not only be used in aluminum alloy materials but can also be applied to other materials.

一种采用记忆神经网络和曲线形状修正的负荷预测方法

针对分布式电源和新型负荷容量累积造成负荷影响因素多元化和不确定性特性增强的问题,文中提出一种采用记忆神经网络和曲线形状修正的负荷预测方法。在负荷峰值预测中,采用最大信息系数计算负荷峰值与影响因素的非线性相关性,实现对输入特征的筛选;综合考虑负荷峰值序列的长短期自相关性和输入特征与负荷峰值的不同程度相关性,结合Attention机制和双向长短时记忆(bidirectional long short-term memory,BiLSTM)神经网络建立负荷峰值预测模型。在负荷标幺曲线预测中,通过误差倒数法组合相似日和相邻日,建立负荷标幺曲线预测模型;针对预测偏差的非平稳特征,利用自适应噪声的完全集成经验模态分解和BiLSTM网络建立误差预测模型,对曲线形状进行修正。应用中国北方某城市的区域电网负荷数据为算例,验证了所提模型的有效性。

大气折射对雷达测角的影响

在雷达测角精度计算时,大气折射会对其产生巨大影响,这一影响会成为对雷达系统性能的制约性因素。针对这一问题,论文研究分析了电磁波在对流层中的折射模型,并对电磁波的传播特性提出了两种假设:电磁波在大气中进行传播时,是按照圆弧曲线和非圆弧曲线的方式进行的。基于这两种假设,论文采用了两种不同的修正方法,并通过试验对这种修正方法进行了验证。试验结果表明,两种修正方法都能够提高雷达的测角精度,且按照非圆弧修正方法进行修正的效果更好。该研究对于理解大气折射对雷达测角的影响具有重要意义,为提高雷达系统性能提供了技术支持。

考虑模型结构不确定性的面平均降水动态系统响应曲线实时校正方法

水文模型结构不确定性是影响水文预报精度的重要因素,如何量化并降低其影响是当前的研究热点问题.基于动态系统响应曲线方法(dynamic system response curve,DSRC),假设水文模型系统的误差仅来源于模型结构误差,推导模型结构误差与输入量的变化量之间的数学关系,结合经典概率论,提出了能够分辨模型结构不确定性来源的考虑模型结构不确定性的动态系统响应曲线校正方法(dynamic system response curve method considering the model structure uncertainty,UNDSRC).将该方法应用于大坡岭流域与富水流域检验UNDSRC方法的综合表现,并与DSRC方法进行比较.研究表明:1)在实际流域检验中,UNDSRC方法相较于DSRC方法具有更好的校正效果,校正效果评价系数分别为0.82与0.60;2)DSRC方法在2个实际流域均可以对新安江模型进行有效校正,且校正效果相似;3)UNDSRC方法校正效果优异且稳定,能够适应更复杂的流域下垫面情况,方法对洪峰流量的校正优于对径流深的校正;4)校正精度相同的情况下,UNDSRC方法相较于DSRC方法具有更小的岭系数.

基于相机RGB值的光谱反射率重建方法研究

光谱反射率重建技术可实现背景颜色数据准确校正和复制还原,以此为基础可设计实施高融合迷彩,为机动装备在不同背景环境下提供有效防护屏障,具有重要价值。参照光谱成像技术特点,根据颜色形成原理和三刺激值定量计算公式,通过控制单一变量法设计实验方案,提出加权平均光谱反射率重建方法(TWA),利用相机和光谱仪分别获取训练样本的成像系统响应值(RGB)和光谱反射率数据,对所提取的样本RGB值和光谱反射率数据分别采用传统最小二乘法(OLS)、正则化最小二乘法(RLS)、偏最小二乘法(PLS)、主成分分析法(PCA)和本文中提出的加权平均法(TWA)进行光谱反射率重建训练,获得光谱重建矩阵,最后利用光谱重建矩阵对测试样本响应值进行光谱反射率重建,并对实验结果进行分析,对比不同方法的光谱反射率重建效果。研究结果表明,加权平均法在光谱均方根误差SRMSE、平均拟合优度系数GFC、平均色差等指标上效果更优,重建所得光谱反射率精度更高,颜色校正效果更佳。

拟合杂交肉羊生长曲线及构建60、180日龄体重校正公式研究

为探讨杂交肉羊的生长发育规律,选取生长发育良好的南湖杂交羊(南丘羊×湖羊,NH)、陶湖杂交羊(陶赛特羊×湖羊,TH)为研究对象,利用SPSS软件拟合Logistic、Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy三种非线性模型分析NH、TH羊的早期生长发育规律,构建NH、TH羊达到60日龄(断奶)和180日龄时的体重校正公式。结果表明,3种模型均能较好地拟合生长曲线,其中Von Bertalanffy非线性模型对NH、TH羊的拟合度最高。在目标日龄段,构建NH母羊达到60日龄(断奶)的体重校正公式为W_(60校)(kg)=W_(实)×18.254[/18.254+0.0493×(T_(实测日龄)-60)],达到180日龄的体重校正公式为W_(180校)(kg)=W_(实)×30.956[/30.956+0.0515×(T_(实测日龄)-180)];TH母羊达到60日龄(断奶)的体重校正公式为W_(60校)(kg)=W_(实)×17.087[/17.087+0.0439×(T_(实测日龄)-60)],达到180日龄的体重校正公式为W_(180校)(kg)=W_(实)×31.869[/31.869+0.0934×(T_(实测日龄)-180)]。

基于差异特性水泵机组的优选与调控

为有效降低泵站因理论抽水装置效率偏离实际情况产生的方案误差,在聚类方法的基础上,利用历史监测数据对泵站内各抽水装置的特性曲线进行校正,同时将校正结果运用到泵站优化调度模型中,构建基于差异特性水泵机组的泵站优化调度模型,以实现站内机组的智能优选与调控.研究结果表明:校正后曲线的理论抽水装置效率比校正前精度平均提高18.8%,更符合工程实际;相比于人工经验调度方案,基于校正后曲线的差异特性水泵机组优化方案能耗平均降低了9.08%,成本平均降低了3.59%,优于人工经验调度方案;对校正后的多台水泵机组性能曲线进行对比发现,因安装位置、累计运行台时及磨损程度不同,导致泵站内同型号水泵的抽水装置效率产生差异,最大偏差达14.63%,说明长时间运行时的泵站已无法直接通过均分流量完成最优分配,进一步证明了水泵机组差异特性研究的必要性.