Recent Progress in Dual-Polarization Radar Research and Applications in China

Dual-polarization(dual-pol)radar can measure additional parameters that provide more microphysical information of precipitation systems than those provided by conventional Doppler radar.The dual-pol parameters have been successfully utilized to investigate precipitation microphysics and improve radar quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE).The recent progress in dual-pol radar research and applications in China is summarized in four aspects.Firstly,the characteristics of several representative dual-pol radars are reviewed.Various approaches have been developed for radar data quality control,including calibration,attenuation correction,calculation of specific differential phase shift,and identification and removal of non-meteorological echoes.Using dual-pol radar measurements,the microphysical characteristics derived from raindrop size distribution retrieval,hydrometeor classification,and QPE is better understood in China.The limited number of studies in China that have sought to use dual-pol radar data to validate the microphysical parameterization and initialization of numerical models and assimilate dual-pol data into numerical models are summarized.The challenges of applying dual-pol data in numerical models and emerging technologies that may make significant impacts on the field of radar meteorology are discussed.

Identification and Removal of Non-meteorological Echoes in Dual-polarization Radar Data Based on a Fuzzy Logic Algorithm

A major issue in radar quantitative precipitation estimation is the contamination of radar echoes by non-meteorological targets such as ground clutter,chaff,clear air echoes etc.In this study,a fuzzy logic algorithm for the identification of non-meteorological echoes is developed using optimized membership functions and weights for the dual-polarization radar located at Mount Sobaek.For selected precipitation and non-meteorological events,the characteristics of the precipitation and non-meteorological echo are derived by the probability density functions of five fuzzy parameters as functions of reflectivity values.The membership functions and weights are then determined by these density functions.Finally,the nonmeteorological echoes are identified by combining the membership functions and weights.The performance is qualitatively evaluated by long-term rain accumulation.The detection accuracy of the fuzzy logic algorithm is calculated using the probability of detection（POD）,false alarm rate（FAR）,and clutter–signal ratio（CSR）.In addition,the issues in using filtered dual-polarization data are alleviated.

Experimental Research of Dual-Polarization Passive Radar Based on DTTB Signal

The passive radar is a hot research topic. A multi-channel wideband passive radar experimental system is designed and the digital television terrestrial broadcasting (DTTB) signal is chosen to carry out the target detection experiment of civil aviation aircraft. The polarization and spatial filtering methods are used to solve the strong direct path interference suppression problems brought by the receiving system location;combined with the characteristics of DTTB signal, the block length selection interval in the block batch processing method for range-Doppler images calculation is given;the clutter suppression performance is compared through the experimental data receiving from different bistatic polarization channels, the conclusion is different from the monostatic radar and it can guide the passive radar experiment.

Measurements of ocean wave and current field using dual polarized X-band radar

A new ocean wave and sea surface current monitoring system with horizontally-(HH) and vertically-(VV) polarized X-band radar was developed.Two experiments into the use of the radar system were carried out at two sites,respectively,for calibration process in Zhangzi Island of the Yellow Sea,and for validation in the Yellow Sea and South China Sea.Ocean wave parameters and sea surface current velocities were retrieved from the dual polarized radar image sequences based on an inverse method.The results obtained from dual-polarized radar data sets acquired in Zhangzi Island are compared with those from an ocean directional buoy.The results show that ocean wave parameters and sea surface current velocities retrieved from radar image sets are in a good agreement with those observed by the buoy.In particular,it has been found that the vertically-polarized radar is better than the horizontally-polarized radar in retrieving ocean wave parameters,especially in detecting the significant wave height below 1.0 m.

Statistics-based Optimization of the Polarimetric Radar Hydrometeor Classification Algorithm and Its Application for a Squall Line in South China

A modified hydrometeor classification algorithm （HCA） is developed in this study for Chinese polarimetric radars. This algorithm is based on the U.S. operational HCA. Meanwhile, the methodology of statistics-based optimization is proposed including calibration checking, datasets selection, membership functions modification, computation thresholds modification, and effect verification. Zhuhai radar, the first operational polarimetric radar in South China, applies these procedures. The systematic bias of calibration is corrected, the reliability of radar measurements deteriorates when the signal-to-noise ratio is low, and correlation coefficient within the melting layer is usually lower than that of the U.S. WSR-88D radar. Through modification based on statistical analysis of polarimetric variables, the localized HCA especially for Zhuhai is obtained, and it performs well over a one-month test through comparison with sounding and surface observations. The algorithm is then utilized for analysis of a squall line process on 11 May 2014 and is found to provide reasonable details with respect to horizontal and vertical structures, and the HCA results---especially in the mixed rain-hail region--can reflect the life cycle of the squall line. In addition, the kinematic and microphysical processes of cloud evolution and the differences between radar- detected hail and surface observations are also analyzed. The results of this study provide evidence for the improvement of this HCA developed specifically for China.

Multiple interferences suppression with space-polarization null-decoupling for polarimetric array

The adaptive digital beamforming technique in the space-polarization domain suppresses the interference with forming the coupling nulls of space and polarization domain.When there is the interference in mainlobe,it will cause serious mainlobe distortion,that the target detection suffers from.To overcome this problem and make radar cope with the complex multiple interferences scenarios,we propose a multiple mainlobe and/or sidelobe interferences suppression method for dual polarization array radar.Specifically,the proposed method consists of a signal preprocessing based on the proposed angle estimation with degree of polarization(DoP),and a filtering criterion based on the proposed linear constraint.The signal preprocessing provides the accurate estimated parameters of the interference,which contributes to the criterion for null-decoupling in the space-polarization domain of mainlobe.The proposed method can reduce the mainlobe distortion in the space-polarization domain while suppressing the multiple mainlobe and/or sidelobe interferences.The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulations.

A New Dual Polarized Aperture-Coupled Printed Array for SAR Applications

This paper presents a new design of dual polarized aperture coupled printed antenna array. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis of an aperture coupled microstrip element is performed, and the effects of antenna parameters on its characteristics are obtained to guide the design of the printed array. Then an 8×2 dual polarized array design in X band is introduced with configuration plots. In order to improve its isolation and cross polarization, an outphase displacement feeding technique is adopted in the feed network. Also, the round bends are used instead of conventional right angle bends so as to achieve better VSWR performance. Experimental results are presented, indicating the validity of the design. This dual polarized array can be applied as a sub array of spaceborne SAR systems.

Broadband printed antennas and dual-polarized microstrip and waveguide slot antenna arrays

In order to meet the urgent needs in wireless communications, microwave image synthetic aperture radars （SAR）, and electronic warfare systems, this dissertation studies several types of broadband dual-polarized planar antenna elements and arrays, and proposes a few of novel designs with experimental verification. The main accomplishments reported in the dissertation are as follows.

安徽省燃气炮人工增雨作业效果综合评估

选取2021—2023年安徽省81次燃气炮作业的双偏振天气雷达、雨量计等多源观测数据,综合评估燃气炮作业增雨效果并分析可能机理。结果显示:在降水开始前作业个例增雨效果较好,并伴有水平反射率因子Z_(H)、差分反射率Z_(DR)的增加和共极化相关系数ρ_(hv)的减少;降水开始后作业增雨效果欠佳。使用携带暖云催化剂的燃气炮作业后云体变化主要在零度层以下,且维持时间较短;使用携带冷云催化剂的燃气炮作业后暖云区和冷云区均有明显变化,且作业影响持续时间更长。燃气炮作业过程中雷达速度谱宽增大,可能是作业引起气流涡旋的增加所导致。统计结果显示:增雨的显著性与作业时长呈负相关,作业时长与Z_(DR)增量呈负相关,过量播撒会导致减雨;增雨的显著性与作业前影响区雨量呈负相关;增雨量与Z_(H)、中低层风速、风切变呈正相关,与高层风速呈负相关。

C波段双偏振天气雷达偏振参量标准差分析与改进

标准偏差分析方法是有效评估雷达数据质量的关键。本文采用标准差分析法对C波段双极化雷达偏振参数进行了深入分析,以找出主要影响因素并优化参数配置。通过观测实验考察了典型天气过程中极化参数标准差的改善效果。结果表明:现有观测模式对C波段偏振参数的精度较低,并且不同仰角之间存在显著精度差异。其中,在1.5°仰角处,极化参数数据的精度高于0.5°仰角处。驻留时间、脉冲重复频率和脉冲数直接影响C波段双线极化雷达极化参数的标准差。通过优化脉冲重复频率和脉冲数,在不改变观测模式的情况下,提高了在相同停留时间内偏振标准差的精度。对两个典型天气过程中极化参数标准差的分析表明,在进行参数优化之前,冰雹过程中极化标准差普遍高于强降水事件;然而,在改进后,强降水事件中极化标准差精度通常优于冰雹事件。经过改进后的观测模式在一定程度上提升了C波段双极化雷达偏振参数数据的精确性。

2024年2月初湖北极端冰冻过程的观测和成因分析

2024年2月初湖北省遭受了一次极端冰冻天气过程,期间经历了冻雨、冰粒和雪等多种降水相态变化,其中冻雨强度为当地1981年以来最强。为给复杂冰冻天气过程的准确预报及精细化预警服务提供参考依据,利用常规气象观测、双偏振雷达和再分析资料,对湖北此次极端冰冻过程的基本观测特征及成因进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次过程的环流形势表现为,南支槽和副热带高压共同影响,西南气流与偏东路冷空气长时间交汇,西南暖湿气流叠置在低层冷空气之上,垂直方向上存在有利于冻雨发生的“冷-暖-冷”温度夹心层结。700 hPa水汽通量异常偏强、700—800 hPa温度异常偏高和925 hPa温度异常偏低是此次冻雨强度具有极端性的主要原因。(2)降水相态与垂直温湿层结的关系分析表明,云顶伸展高度、融化层和低层冷垫的厚度及强度是决定降水相态的关键因子,湖北省此次过程冻雨和冰粒均为融化机制降水,冰粒比冻雨云顶高度更高、融化层厚度和强度更弱、低层冷垫厚度和强度更强。(3)此次极端冻雨的双偏振雷达特征表现为强回波主要集中在融化层2~3 km高度附近,有明显的0℃层亮带特征,回波强度为30~45 dBz,最强可达50 dBz;在融化层及以下,相关系数维持在0.7~0.95,存在明显的梯度大值区;差分反射率为正值,强度在1~3 dB,最大达4 dB,与降雨没有明显差异,但与纯雪为负值差异较大。

基于ECOC平衡随机森林的雷达降水粒子分类

针对数据不平衡情况下的降水粒子分类问题,提出了一种基于纠错输出码(error correcting output code,ECOC)平衡随机森林的双偏振气象雷达降水粒子分类方法。首先,将多类别降水粒子数据集编码为多个二分类数据集;然后,对二分类数据集进行有放回的平衡重采样,构建多棵分类回归树;最后,利用所有的分类回归树联合进行降水粒子分类。对实测数据的处理结果表明,所提方法能够在保证总体准确率较高的情况下,大幅提高少数类的分类效果。

基于KA-SRCN-pSTAP的低空风切变风速估计方法

针对由于独立同分布(IID)样本严重不足,导致极化空时自适应(pSTAP)处理性能下降,进而导致低空风切变风速估计不准确的问题,本文提出了一种基于知识辅助的稀疏表示杂波零陷极化空时自适应(KA-SRCN-pSTAP)的低空风切变风速估计方法。该方法首先利用杂波脊的先验知识辅助构造极化空时稀疏字典,然后利用极化空时稀疏字典,通过SRCN算法挑选原子并对到杂波线性子空间补空间上的投影矩阵进行估计,从而得到pSTAP权矢量,最后构造pSTAP滤波器对地杂波进行抑制,准确估计低空风切变风速。该方法仅使用少量IID样本,将SRCN算法与极化-空时域相结合,完成对风切变风速的有效估计。仿真实验结果证明该方法可以有效实现少样本情况下的风速准确估计。

两次森林火灾的双偏振雷达探测特征分析

通过对2020年3月17日山东烟台、4月23日山东青岛发生的两次森林火灾的双偏振雷达探测资料进行分析,结果表明:(1)森林火灾燃烧产生的灰烬上升到空中,随环境风向下风方飘散,形成烟羽,烟羽的雷达反射率因子在20 dBZ左右,火灾点上空很小范围最大值达36 dBZ。(2)两次山火的灰烬飘浮物随环境风向下游扩散的最远距离分别是65 km和94 km,最高上升高度分别达3.7 km和4.8 km。(3)追踪烟羽的前沿可以估算相应高度上环境风的速度;两次火灾都发生在晴天,环境风速不大,除了烟羽边缘位置速度谱宽值较大外,其余部分速度谱宽都很小,大部分为1~2 m·s^(-1)。(4)相关系数(C_(c))、差分反射率(Z_(DR))和差分相移(ΦDP)探测到的范围与雷达反射率因子的演变形态和面积接近,同样随烟羽的扩散而逐渐增大;C_(c)值非常小,大多数区域小于0.9,少数距离库库元的C_(c)值低于0.5;火灾点上空的Z_(DR)值有相对较小的区域,为2~3 dB,而火灾点下风方,大部分Z_(DR)值都很大,大多超过5 dB。(5)两次森林火灾的双偏振探测特征表明,产生回波的反射物主要是干草、松针等燃烧后的灰烬形成的水平尺度较大的非球形粒子反射物。

双线偏振雷达机外定标信号源故障研究

文章对双偏振天气雷达定标链路进行了简要阐述,分析了标定信号源故障对雷达回波、动态范围及噪声温度产生的影响,提出了一种通过断离定标信号源输入法快速诊断故障的方法,列举了一例典型的双偏振多普勒天气雷达标定信号源故障个例并进行分析,给出了标定信号源被感应雷击损害的处理方法,同时也给出了灾害性天气过程中信号源故障的快速修复方法,为其他台站处理相似故障提供思路和借鉴。

山东一次典型持续冰雹过程的闪电活动和雷达特征分析

2020年6月1日下午至夜间,山东部分地区出现降雹天气,利用卫星和雷达以及闪电探测资料详细分析此次降雹过程的闪电和雷达参量特征。结果表明:(1)鲁北和鲁中雹暴闪电活动的主要差异为:鲁中雹暴的对流强度强于鲁北雹暴,其正地闪比例和正地闪平均强度明显高于鲁北雹暴。其相同特征为:在开始阶段正地闪比例和云闪占总闪电的比例较高;在地面降雹开始之前总闪电频数均出现跃增,其峰值提前降雹6~18 min,同时云闪表现更加活跃;地面出现降雹之后,云闪频数快速下降,地闪占总闪电比增加,甚至超过50%。(2)雹暴的闪电活动均发生在云顶温度小于-50℃的云区内,且密集出现在云顶温度小于-60℃的范围内。闪电主要发生在30 dBZ以上回波区域,密集的云闪对应强对流区,表明云内垂直运动剧烈。负地闪与差分相移率KDP>0.5 (°)·km-1和差分反射率ZDR>2.0 dB的区域对应关系非常一致,表明负地闪与强降水区密切相关。雹暴回波穹隆区的ZDR值较高、零滞后相关系数(Cc)值较低,很好地指示了上升气流区。较高的水平反射率因子(ZH)和较低的Cc以及较低的ZDR区域对应冰雹粒子区域。闪电很好地对应于云内霰、湿雪、冰雹、干雪等大的冰相粒子区。(3)0℃以上ZDR≥1.0 dB的体积、ZH≥30 dBZ的体积、ZH≥30 dBZ的冰水含量与总闪电频数的时间演变趋势基本一致,其与总闪电频数的相关系数分别为0.756、0.780和0.710,进一步证实大的冰相粒子在起电过程中发挥着主导作用。

藏东南墨脱地区降水特征分析

墨脱位于藏东南雅鲁藏布大峡谷水汽通道入口处,是青藏高原年降水量最多的地区。本研究使用墨脱云降水综合观测试验以来三年(2019—2021年)的自动雨量计数据,分析了墨脱降水的月变化和日变化特征。然后基于同址的降水天气现象仪和X波段双偏振相控阵雷达观测数据,探究墨脱两次强降水过程的发展演变特征。结果表明:从统计结果来看,墨脱降水天数超过全年的70%,以降水率<5 mm·h^(-1)的弱降雨为主,日降水量<10 mm的小雨的发生率最高,但10 mm≤日降水量<25 mm的中雨产生的降水量最大。墨脱降水存在明显的月变化和日变化特征,受印度洋季风影响,降水主要发生在6—9月。受山谷风影响,降水主要发生在夜间。对于降水过程而言,由高原涡和南支槽影响下的系统性暴雨,范围大、持续时间长,降水主要由直径小于2 mm的雨滴产生,雷达反射率因子普遍不超过35 dBz。而由地形强迫引起的局地短时强对流降水过程,雨滴谱分布更宽,雨滴浓度更高,直径大于2 mm的雨滴对降水量的贡献最大,雷达反射率因子超过45 dBz,风暴的后向传播形成“列车效应”。

江苏雷暴大风双偏振雷达特征统计分析

利用双偏振雷达、地面自动站、闪电定位仪、探空等资料对江苏2012—2022年262次雷暴大风过程的环境参数和2020—2022年41个导致雷暴大风的对流风暴演变特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)雷暴大风发生在大气层结不稳定背景下,850 h Pa和500 h Pa温差中位数超过25°C,对流层中层存在干层;春季动力条件较好,0~6km垂直风切变中位数达到18.4 m·s^(-1),是夏季的2倍;夏季能量条件较好,CAPE平均值可达2 491.0 J·kg^(-1),而春季仅为977.5 J·kg^(-1)。(2)凝练和定量验证了基于双偏振特征量的雷暴大风风暴演变的概念模型:对流风暴的生命史分为3个阶段,初生阶段存在较强的Z_(DR)柱,Z和K_(DP)较弱且未及地;发展阶段K_(DP)柱显著增强,Z_(DR)柱稍有减弱;雷暴大风发生阶段Z、Z_(DR)和K_(DP)核心高度均明显降低。因此,较强的Z_(DR)柱,并伴随显著增强的K_(DP)柱是雷暴大风发生的前兆信号。(3)统计获得双偏振特征量预警指标:初生阶段和发展阶段多数分别发生在雷暴大风发生前60 min和前20 min;在0~2 km的高度上,3~4 d B的Z_(DR)大值区提前10~15 min到达雷暴大风站点。

河北保定市“23·7”强降水过程的观测特征分析

利用常规、加密观测资料,风廓线、双偏振雷达探测数据等,对2023年7月29日至8月2日发生在河北省保定市的强致灾性极端强降水过程的阶段性演变、观测特征等进行了分析,结果表明:1)在大陆高压与副高形成“北方高压坝”、台风“杜苏芮”减弱低压北上受阻的环流背景下,“杜苏芮”倒槽、“杜苏芮”残涡东侧的暖式切变线以及副高外围南风气流先后造成保定3个阶段的降水,最长单站降水持续时间70 h,7月30日07:00(北京时间,下同)至8月1日03:00涿州上游、海拔高度介于0.1~1 km的浅山区内不断出现短时强降水、“列车效应”显著,导致该区域出现极端的洪灾。2)29日倒槽降水雨带呈东北—西南向并随时间西北移,最大降水强度39.4 mm/h;30日副高西移,倒槽东侧位势梯度加大,同时台风“卡努”北侧东南气流并入,冀鲁地区低空东南急流加强、北伸,雨带呈“人”字形,降水落区无变化但短时强降水频次增大、强降水范围集中,雨强增至82.2 mm/h。3)切变线降水阶段,对流不稳定层增厚,降水主要集中在西南风—东南风切变线与南风—东风切变线之间,多局地短时强降水,最大雨强为76.3 mm/h。4)“杜苏芮”影响结束后,副高外围的低层偏南气流有明显的风速辐合,引发暖区局地降水,雨带呈准南北向且分为多轮次,各轮次降水落区次第向东移动且强度不断减小,阶段内最大降水强度54.2 mm/h。5)双偏振雷达图像显示,在倒槽降水阶段,前期为低质心暖云降水,对流发展高度最低,暖云碰并机制明显,雨滴粒子直径最大;“卡努”东南急流并入时段,0°C层下降、-10°C层抬升,对流高度增加,霰粒子增长、冰相粒子聚合融化,雨滴粒子浓度增至最大。在切变线降水时0~-10°C层厚度减小而-10~-20°C层厚度增加,对流发展高度最高,霰粒子凇附增长更为明显。6)地形对降水有增幅作用,倒槽降水阶段东南气流加强、北伸时与偏东风在保定中、北部辐合抬升,保定浅山区开始有山洪出现;“卡努”北侧东南风气流并入时的倒槽降水阶段以及切变线降水阶段,东南风与太行山北段近乎正交,保定西南部山区30日08:00至31日08:00出现24 h降水量极值。

多源观测资料在六盘山西侧一次强对流暴雨中的应用

利用常规气象探测、ERA5逐1 h再分析、区域气象站、X波段双偏振、C波段多普勒及风廓线雷达等多源资料,对2022年7月15日六盘山西侧发生的一次被业务常用数值模式和预报员主观预报均漏报了的强对流暴雨进行综合分析。结果表明:此次暴雨发生在西太平洋副热带高压西北侧,主要落区为低层暖式切变线南侧及低空急流左前侧。在六盘山地形作用下,中尺度地面辐合线、中尺度西南急流和中尺度涡旋可能是此次暴雨的重要触发、维持和增强系统。暴雨由两条中尺度回波带造成,其上对流单体呈后向传播,存在明显的列车效应。地面5 min降水量明显增强前1~2 h,有低空急流加强、垂直风切变增加、急流中风速向下脉动和干侵入等现象,对暴雨预报预警有很好的参考意义。50 dBz以上强度回波面积、垂直积分液态水含量、回波顶高、大范围的差分传播相移(K_(DP))和差分反射率因子(Z_(DR))的大值区对强降水落区有较好的指示意义,K_(DP)能较好反映强降水强度。最大K_(DP)和Z_(DR)均较最强5 min降水提前10 min出现,Z_(DR)弧和Z_(DR)柱也较最强5 min降水提前10~20 min出现。最强降水时段,K_(DP)达3.0~4.0°·km^(-1),对应Z_(DR)为3.0~3.3 dB,相关系数为0.90~0.95,说明雨滴直径大且数浓度大,增加了降水的极端性。