Quantum computers accelerate many algorithms based on the superposition principle of quantum mechanics.The Grover algorithm provides significant performance to malicious users attacking symmetric key systems.Since the...Quantum computers accelerate many algorithms based on the superposition principle of quantum mechanics.The Grover algorithm provides significant performance to malicious users attacking symmetric key systems.Since the performance of attacks using quantum computers depends on the efficiency of the quantum circuit of the encryption algorithms,research research on the implementation of quantum circuits is essential.This paper presents a new framework to construct quantum circuits of substitution boxes(S-boxes)using system modeling.We model the quantum circuits of S-boxes using two layers:Toffoli and linear layers.We generate vector spaces based on the values of qubits used in the linear layers and apply them to find quantum circuits.The framework finds the circuit bymatching elements of vector spaces generated fromthe input and output of a given S-box,using the forward search or themeet-in-the-middle strategy.We developed a tool to apply this framework to 4-bit S-boxes.While the 4-bit S-box quantum circuit construction tool LIGHTER-R only finds circuits that can be implemented with four qubits,the proposed tool achieves the circuits with five qubits.The proposed tool can find quantum circuits of 4-bit odd permutations based on the controlled NOT,NOT,and Toffoli gates,whereas LIGHTER-R is unable to perform this task in the same environment.We expect this technique to become a critical step toward optimizing S-box quantum circuits.展开更多
The SubBytes (S-box) transformation is the most crucial operation in the AES algorithm, significantly impacting the implementation performance of AES chips. To design a high-performance S-box, a segmented optimization...The SubBytes (S-box) transformation is the most crucial operation in the AES algorithm, significantly impacting the implementation performance of AES chips. To design a high-performance S-box, a segmented optimization implementation of the S-box is proposed based on the composite field inverse operation in this paper. This proposed S-box implementation is modeled using Verilog language and synthesized using Design Complier software under the premise of ensuring the correctness of the simulation result. The synthesis results show that, compared to several current S-box implementation schemes, the proposed implementation of the S-box significantly reduces the area overhead and critical path delay, then gets higher hardware efficiency. This provides strong support for realizing efficient and compact S-box ASIC designs.展开更多
Securing digital image data is a key concern in today’s information-driven society.Effective encryption techniques are required to protect sensitive image data,with the Substitution-box(S-box)often playing a pivotal ...Securing digital image data is a key concern in today’s information-driven society.Effective encryption techniques are required to protect sensitive image data,with the Substitution-box(S-box)often playing a pivotal role in many symmetric encryption systems.This study introduces an innovative approach to creating S-boxes for encryption algorithms.The proposed S-boxes are tested for validity and non-linearity by incorporating them into an image encryption scheme.The nonlinearity measure of the proposed S-boxes is 112.These qualities significantly enhance its resistance to common cryptographic attacks,ensuring high image data security.Furthermore,to assess the robustness of the S-boxes,an encryption system has also been proposed and the proposed S-boxes have been integrated into the designed encryption system.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed encryption system,a comprehensive security analysis including brute force attack and histogram analysis has been performed.In addition,to determine the level of security during the transmission and storage of digital content,the encryption system’s Number of Pixel Change Rate(NPCR),and Unified Averaged Changed Intensity(UACI)are calculated.The results indicate a 99.71%NPCR and 33.51%UACI.These results demonstrate that the proposed S-boxes offer a significant level of security for digital content throughout its transmission and storage.展开更多
S-boxes can be the core component of block ciphers,and how to efficiently generate S-boxes with strong cryptographic properties appears to be an important task in the design of block ciphers.In this work,an optimized ...S-boxes can be the core component of block ciphers,and how to efficiently generate S-boxes with strong cryptographic properties appears to be an important task in the design of block ciphers.In this work,an optimized model based on the generative adversarial network(GAN)is proposed to generate 8-bit S-boxes.The central idea of this optimized model is to use loss function constraints for GAN.More specially,the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)S-box is used to construct the sample dataset via the affine equivalence property.Then,three models are respectively built and cross-trained to generate 8-bit S-boxes based on three extended frameworks of GAN,i.e.,Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Networks(DCGAN),Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks(WGAN),and WassersteinGenerativeAdversarial NetworkwithGradient Penalty(WGANGP).Besides,an optimized model based onWGAN-GP referred to asWGPIM is also proposed,which adds the loss function constraints to the generator network of the WGAN-GP model,including bijection loss,differential uniformity loss,and nonlinearity loss.In this case,8-bit S-boxes can be generated with cross-training.Experimental results illustrate that the WGP-IM model can generate S-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties.In particular,the optimal differential uniformity of the generated S-boxes can be reduced to 8,and the nonlinearity can be up to 104.Compared with previous S-box generation methods,this new method is simpler and it can generate S-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties.展开更多
The algorithm is an image encryption algorithm based on the improved baker transformation and chaotic substitution box(S-box). It mainly uses the initial values and parameters of a one-dimensional logistic chaotic sys...The algorithm is an image encryption algorithm based on the improved baker transformation and chaotic substitution box(S-box). It mainly uses the initial values and parameters of a one-dimensional logistic chaotic system as an encryption key. Specifically, in the image scrambling stage, the algorithm primarily uses an improved baker transform method to process the image. In the image diffusion stage, the algorithm first uses the chaotic S-box method to process the encryption key. Secondly, an exclusive OR(XOR) operation is performed on the image and the encryption key to initially diffuse the image. Finally, the image is again diffused using the method of ortho XOR. Simulation analysis shows that the algorithm can achieve good encryption effect, simple and easy implementation, and good security. In the digital image communication transmission, it has good practical value.展开更多
Using composite field arithmetic in Galois field can result in the compact Rijndael S-Box. However, the power con- sumption of this solution is too large to be used in resource-limited embedded systems. A full-custom ...Using composite field arithmetic in Galois field can result in the compact Rijndael S-Box. However, the power con- sumption of this solution is too large to be used in resource-limited embedded systems. A full-custom hardware implementation of composite field S-Box is proposed for these targeted domains in this paper. The minimization of power consumption is implemented by optimizing the architecture of the composite field S-Box and using the pass transmission gate (PTG) to realize the logic functions of S-Box. Power simulations were performed using the netlist extracted from the layout. HSPICE simulation results indicated that the proposed S-Box achieves low power consumption of about 130 μW at 10 MHz using 0.25 μm/2.5 V technology, while the consumptions of the positive polarity reed-muller (PPRM) based S-Box and composite field S-Box based on the conventional CMOS logic style are about 240 μW and 420 μW, respectively. The simulations also showed that the presented S-Box obtains better low-voltage operating property, which is clearly relevant for applications like sensor nodes, smart cards and radio frequency identification (RFID) tags.展开更多
Single or multiple S-boxes are widely used in image encryption schemes, and in many image encryption schemes the asynchronous encryption structure is utilized, which separates the processes of substitution and diffusi...Single or multiple S-boxes are widely used in image encryption schemes, and in many image encryption schemes the asynchronous encryption structure is utilized, which separates the processes of substitution and diffusion. In this paper, we analyze the defects of this structure based on the example of an article and crack it using a simpler method. To address the defects of the asynchronous encryption structure, a novel encryption scheme is proposed, in which the structure of synchronous substitution and diffusion based on double S-boxes is utilized, so the processes of substitution and diffusion are combined together and the attackers cannot crack the cryptosystem by any of the processes. The simulation results and security analysis show that the proposed encryption scheme is safer and more efficient to expediently use in the real-time system.展开更多
基金supported by the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT),Republic of Korea,under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program(IITP-2024-RS-2022-00164800)supervised by the IITP(Institute for Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation).
文摘Quantum computers accelerate many algorithms based on the superposition principle of quantum mechanics.The Grover algorithm provides significant performance to malicious users attacking symmetric key systems.Since the performance of attacks using quantum computers depends on the efficiency of the quantum circuit of the encryption algorithms,research research on the implementation of quantum circuits is essential.This paper presents a new framework to construct quantum circuits of substitution boxes(S-boxes)using system modeling.We model the quantum circuits of S-boxes using two layers:Toffoli and linear layers.We generate vector spaces based on the values of qubits used in the linear layers and apply them to find quantum circuits.The framework finds the circuit bymatching elements of vector spaces generated fromthe input and output of a given S-box,using the forward search or themeet-in-the-middle strategy.We developed a tool to apply this framework to 4-bit S-boxes.While the 4-bit S-box quantum circuit construction tool LIGHTER-R only finds circuits that can be implemented with four qubits,the proposed tool achieves the circuits with five qubits.The proposed tool can find quantum circuits of 4-bit odd permutations based on the controlled NOT,NOT,and Toffoli gates,whereas LIGHTER-R is unable to perform this task in the same environment.We expect this technique to become a critical step toward optimizing S-box quantum circuits.
文摘The SubBytes (S-box) transformation is the most crucial operation in the AES algorithm, significantly impacting the implementation performance of AES chips. To design a high-performance S-box, a segmented optimization implementation of the S-box is proposed based on the composite field inverse operation in this paper. This proposed S-box implementation is modeled using Verilog language and synthesized using Design Complier software under the premise of ensuring the correctness of the simulation result. The synthesis results show that, compared to several current S-box implementation schemes, the proposed implementation of the S-box significantly reduces the area overhead and critical path delay, then gets higher hardware efficiency. This provides strong support for realizing efficient and compact S-box ASIC designs.
基金funded by Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University under the Research Groups Funding Program Grant Code(NU/RG/SERC/12/3)also by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2023R333)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Securing digital image data is a key concern in today’s information-driven society.Effective encryption techniques are required to protect sensitive image data,with the Substitution-box(S-box)often playing a pivotal role in many symmetric encryption systems.This study introduces an innovative approach to creating S-boxes for encryption algorithms.The proposed S-boxes are tested for validity and non-linearity by incorporating them into an image encryption scheme.The nonlinearity measure of the proposed S-boxes is 112.These qualities significantly enhance its resistance to common cryptographic attacks,ensuring high image data security.Furthermore,to assess the robustness of the S-boxes,an encryption system has also been proposed and the proposed S-boxes have been integrated into the designed encryption system.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed encryption system,a comprehensive security analysis including brute force attack and histogram analysis has been performed.In addition,to determine the level of security during the transmission and storage of digital content,the encryption system’s Number of Pixel Change Rate(NPCR),and Unified Averaged Changed Intensity(UACI)are calculated.The results indicate a 99.71%NPCR and 33.51%UACI.These results demonstrate that the proposed S-boxes offer a significant level of security for digital content throughout its transmission and storage.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62062026,62272451)the Innovation Research Team Project of Guangxi in China(2019GXNSFGA245004)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi in China(2022AB05044)the Scientific Research Project of Young Innovative Talents of Guangxi(guike AD20238082).
文摘S-boxes can be the core component of block ciphers,and how to efficiently generate S-boxes with strong cryptographic properties appears to be an important task in the design of block ciphers.In this work,an optimized model based on the generative adversarial network(GAN)is proposed to generate 8-bit S-boxes.The central idea of this optimized model is to use loss function constraints for GAN.More specially,the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)S-box is used to construct the sample dataset via the affine equivalence property.Then,three models are respectively built and cross-trained to generate 8-bit S-boxes based on three extended frameworks of GAN,i.e.,Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Networks(DCGAN),Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks(WGAN),and WassersteinGenerativeAdversarial NetworkwithGradient Penalty(WGANGP).Besides,an optimized model based onWGAN-GP referred to asWGPIM is also proposed,which adds the loss function constraints to the generator network of the WGAN-GP model,including bijection loss,differential uniformity loss,and nonlinearity loss.In this case,8-bit S-boxes can be generated with cross-training.Experimental results illustrate that the WGP-IM model can generate S-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties.In particular,the optimal differential uniformity of the generated S-boxes can be reduced to 8,and the nonlinearity can be up to 104.Compared with previous S-box generation methods,this new method is simpler and it can generate S-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61672124)the Password Theory Project of the 13th Five-Year Plan National Cryptography Development Fund,China (Grant No. MMJJ20170203)+3 种基金the Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Program Project,China (Grant No. XLYC1802013)the Key Research and Development Projects of Liaoning Province,China (Grant No. 2019020105-JH2/103)the Jinan City ‘20 universities’ Funding Projects Introducing Innovation Team Program,China (Grant No. 2019GXRC031)the “Double First-rate”Construction Project (“Innovation Project”),China (Grant No. SSCXXM013)。
文摘The algorithm is an image encryption algorithm based on the improved baker transformation and chaotic substitution box(S-box). It mainly uses the initial values and parameters of a one-dimensional logistic chaotic system as an encryption key. Specifically, in the image scrambling stage, the algorithm primarily uses an improved baker transform method to process the image. In the image diffusion stage, the algorithm first uses the chaotic S-box method to process the encryption key. Secondly, an exclusive OR(XOR) operation is performed on the image and the encryption key to initially diffuse the image. Finally, the image is again diffused using the method of ortho XOR. Simulation analysis shows that the algorithm can achieve good encryption effect, simple and easy implementation, and good security. In the digital image communication transmission, it has good practical value.
基金Project supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2006AA01Z226)the Scientific Research Foundation of Huazhong University of Science and Technol-ogy (No. 2006Z001B), China
文摘Using composite field arithmetic in Galois field can result in the compact Rijndael S-Box. However, the power con- sumption of this solution is too large to be used in resource-limited embedded systems. A full-custom hardware implementation of composite field S-Box is proposed for these targeted domains in this paper. The minimization of power consumption is implemented by optimizing the architecture of the composite field S-Box and using the pass transmission gate (PTG) to realize the logic functions of S-Box. Power simulations were performed using the netlist extracted from the layout. HSPICE simulation results indicated that the proposed S-Box achieves low power consumption of about 130 μW at 10 MHz using 0.25 μm/2.5 V technology, while the consumptions of the positive polarity reed-muller (PPRM) based S-Box and composite field S-Box based on the conventional CMOS logic style are about 240 μW and 420 μW, respectively. The simulations also showed that the presented S-Box obtains better low-voltage operating property, which is clearly relevant for applications like sensor nodes, smart cards and radio frequency identification (RFID) tags.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(Grant No.2014JM8322)
文摘Single or multiple S-boxes are widely used in image encryption schemes, and in many image encryption schemes the asynchronous encryption structure is utilized, which separates the processes of substitution and diffusion. In this paper, we analyze the defects of this structure based on the example of an article and crack it using a simpler method. To address the defects of the asynchronous encryption structure, a novel encryption scheme is proposed, in which the structure of synchronous substitution and diffusion based on double S-boxes is utilized, so the processes of substitution and diffusion are combined together and the attackers cannot crack the cryptosystem by any of the processes. The simulation results and security analysis show that the proposed encryption scheme is safer and more efficient to expediently use in the real-time system.
