Cardiac arrest, stony heart, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation: An updated revisit

The post-resuscitation period is recognized as the main predictor of cardiopul-monary resuscitation(CPR)outcomes.The first description of post-resuscitation syndrome and stony heart was published over 50 years ago.Major manifestations may include but are not limited to,persistent precipitating pathology,systemic ischemia/reperfusion response,post-cardiac arrest brain injury,and finally,post-cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction(PAMD)after successful resuscitation.Why do some patients initially survive successful resuscitation,and others do not?Also,why does the myocardium response vary after resuscitation?These ques-tions have kept scientists busy for several decades since the first successful resuscitation was described.By modifying the conventional modalities of resu-scitation together with new promising agents,rescuers will be able to salvage the jeopardized post-resuscitation myocardium and prevent its progression to a dismal,stony heart.Community awareness and staff education are crucial for shortening the resuscitation time and improving short-and long-term outcomes.Awareness of these components before and early after the restoration of circulation will enhance the resuscitation outcomes.This review extensively addresses the underlying pathophysiology,management,and outcomes of post-resuscitation syndrome.The pattern,management,and outcome of PAMD and post-cardiac arrest shock are different based on many factors,including in-hospital cardiac arrest vs out-of-hospital cardiac arrest(OHCA),witnessed vs unwitnessed cardiac arrest,the underlying cause of arrest,the duration,and protocol used for CPR.Although restoring spontaneous circulation is a vital sign,it should not be the end of the game or lone primary outcome;it calls for better understanding and aggressive multi-disciplinary interventions and care.The development of stony heart post-CPR and OHCA remain the main challenges in emergency and critical care medicine.

Glucose metabolic reprogramming-related parameters for the prediction of 28-day neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality in patients after cardiac arrest:a prospective single-center observational study

BACKGROUND:We aimed to observe the dynamic changes in glucose metabolic reprogrammingrelated parameters and their ability to predict neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality in cardiac arrest patients after the restoration of spontaneous circulation(ROSC).METHODS:Adult cardiac arrest patients after ROSC who were admitted to the emergency or cardiac intensive care unit of the First Aflliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from August 1,2017,to May 30,2021,were enrolled.According to 28-day survival,the patients were divided into a non-survival group(n=82) and a survival group(n=38).Healthy adult volunteers(n=40) of similar ages and sexes were selected as controls.The serum levels of glucose metabolic reprogrammingrelated parameters(lactate dehydrogenase [LDH],lactate and pyruvate),neuron-specific enolase(NSE) and interleukin 6(IL-6) were measured on days 1,3,and 7 after ROSC.The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II(APACHE II) score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA) score were calculated.The Cerebral Performance Category(CPC) score was recorded on day 28 after ROSC.RESULTS:Following ROSC,the serum LDH(607.0 U/L vs.286.5 U/L),lactate(5.0 mmol/L vs.2.0 mmol/L),pyruvate(178.0 μmol/L vs.70.9 μmol/L),and lactate/pyruvate ratio(34.1 vs.22.1) significantly increased and were higher in the non-survivors than in the survivors on admission(all P<0.05).Moreover,the serum LDH,pyruvate,IL-6,APACHE II score,and SOFA score on days 1,3 and 7 after ROSC were significantly associated with 28-day poor neurological prognosis and 28-day all-cause mortality(all P<0.05).The serum LDH concentration on day 1 after ROSC had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC) of 0.904 [95% confidence interval [95% CI]:0.851–0.957]) with 96.8% specificity for predicting 28-day neurological prognosis and an AUC of 0.950(95% CI:0.911–0.989) with 94.7% specificity for predicting 28-day all-cause mortality,which was the highest among the glucose metabolic reprogramming-related parameters tested.CONCLUSION:Serum parameters related to glucose metabolic reprogramming were significantly increased after ROSC.Increased serum LDH and pyruvate levels,and lactate/pyruvate ratio may be associated with 28-day poor neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality after ROSC,and the predictive eflcacy of LDH during the first week was superior to others.

Critical Solvation Structures Arrested Active Molecules for Reversible Zn Electrochemistry

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries(AZIBs)have attracted increasing attention in next-generation energy storage systems due to their high safety and economic.Unfortunately,the side reactions,dendrites and hydrogen evolution effects at the zinc anode interface in aqueous electrolytes seriously hinder the application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries.Here,we report a critical solvation strategy to achieve reversible zinc electrochemistry by introducing a small polar molecule acetonitrile to form a“catcher”to arrest active molecules(bound water molecules).The stable solvation structure of[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]^(2+)is capable of maintaining and completely inhibiting free water molecules.When[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]^(2+)is partially desolvated in the Helmholtz outer layer,the separated active molecules will be arrested by the“catcher”formed by the strong hydrogen bond N-H bond,ensuring the stable desolvation of Zn^(2+).The Zn||Zn symmetric battery can stably cycle for 2250 h at 1 mAh cm^(-2),Zn||V_(6)O_(13) full battery achieved a capacity retention rate of 99.2%after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g^(-1).This paper proposes a novel critical solvation strategy that paves the route for the construction of high-performance AZIBs.

Hydrangea serrata extract exerts tumor inhibitory activity against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells via inducing p27/CDK2-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

Objective:To examine the inhibitory effect of Hydrangea serrata extract against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and its underlying mechanisms.Methods:The effects of Hydrangea serrata extract on growth inhibition of tumor cells and spheroids were assessed using MTT and 3D culture assays.Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were employed to investigate the changes in mRNA and protein expression levels of molecules related to cell cycle and apoptosis.Results:Hydrangea serrata extract effectively inhibited the growth of both tumor cells and spheroids.The extract also significantly upregulated p27 mRNA expression and downregulated CDK2 mRNA expression,leading to cell cycle arrest.Moreover,increased BAX/Bcl-2 ratio as well as caspase-9 and-3 were observed after treatment with Hydrangea serrata extract,indicating the induction of tumor cell apoptosis.Conclusions:Hydrangea serrata extract has the potential to alleviate tumors by effectively modulating cell-cycle-related gene expressions and inducing apoptosis,thereby inhibiting tumor growth.

Approach to traumatic cardiac arrest in the emergency department: a narrative literature review for emergency providers

BACKGROUND:Traumatic cardiac arrest(TCA)is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity in all age groups and poses a significant burden on the healthcare system.Although there have been advances in treatment modalities,survival rates for TCA patients remain low.This narrative literature review critically examines the indications and eff ectiveness of current therapeutic approaches in treating TCA.METHODS:We performed a literature search in the PubMed and Scopus databases for studies published before December 31,2022.The search was refi ned by combining search terms,examining relevant study references,and restricting publications to the English language.Following the search,943 articles were retrieved,and two independent reviewers conducted a screening process.RESULTS:A review of various studies on pre-and intra-arrest prognostic factors showed that survival rates were higher when patients had an initial shockable rhythm.There were conflicting results regarding other prognostic factors,such as witnessed arrest,bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR),and the use of prehospital or in-hospital epinephrine.Emergency thoracotomy was found to result in more favorable outcomes in cases of penetrating trauma than in those with blunt trauma.Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta(REBOA)provides an advantage to emergency thoracotomy in terms of occupational safety for the operator as an alternative in managing hemorrhagic shock.When implemented in the setting of aortic occlusion,emergency thoracotomy and REBOA resulted in comparable mortality rates.Veno-venous extracorporeal life support(V-V ECLS)and veno-arterial extracorporeal life support(V-A ECLS)are viable options for treating respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock,respectively.In the context of traumatic injuries,V-V ECLS has been associated with higher rates of survival to discharge than V-A ECLS.CONCLUSION:TCA remains a signifi cant challenge for emergency medical services due to its high morbidity and mortality rates.Pre-and intra-arrest prognostic factors can help identify patients who are likely to benefit from aggressive and resource-intensive resuscitation measures.Further research is needed to enhance guidelines for the clinical use of established and emerging therapeutic approaches that can help optimize treatment effi cacy and ameliorate survival outcomes.

A novel predictor of unsustained return of spontaneous circulation in cardiac arrest patients through a combination of capnography and pulse oximetry: a multicenter observational study

BACKGROUND:Unsustained return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)is a critical barrier to survival in cardiac arrest patients.This study examined whether end-tidal carbon dioxide(ETCO_(2))and pulse oximetry photoplethysmogram(POP)parameters can be used to identify unsustained ROSC.METHODS:We conducted a multicenter observational prospective cohort study of consecutive patients with cardiac arrest from 2013 to 2014.Patients’general information,ETCO_(2),and POP parameters were collected and statistically analyzed.RESULTS:The included 105 ROSC episodes(from 80 cardiac arrest patients)comprised 51 sustained ROSC episodes and 54 unsustained ROSC episodes.The 24-hour survival rate was significantly higher in the sustained ROSC group than in the unsustained ROSC group(29.2%vs.9.4%,P<0.05).The logistic regression analysis showed that the difference between after and before ROSC in ETCO_(2)(ΔETCO_(2))and the difference between after and before ROCS in area under the curve of POP(ΔAUCp)were independently associated with sustained ROSC(odds ratio[OR]=0.931,95%confi dence interval[95%CI]0.881-0.984,P=0.011 and OR=0.998,95%CI 0.997-0.999,P<0.001).The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ofΔETCO_(2),ΔAUCp,and the combination of both to predict unsustained ROSC were 0.752(95%CI 0.660-0.844),0.883(95%CI 0.818-0.948),and 0.902(95%CI 0.842-0.962),respectively.CONCLUSION:Patients with unsustained ROSC have a poor prognosis.The combination ofΔETCO_(2) andΔAUCp showed signifi cant predictive value for unsustained ROSC.

Recovering from prolonged cardiac arrest induced by electric shock:A case report

BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest(CA)induced by electric shock is a rare occurrence,particularly in cases of prolonged CA.Currently,there is limited literature on similar incidents,and we present a relevant case report.CASE SUMMARY A 27-year-old Asian male man,experiencing respiratory CA due to electric shock,was successfully restored to sinus rhythm after 50 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and 8 electrical defibrillation sessions.In the subsequent stages,the patient received multiple organ function protection measures,leading to a successful recovery and eventual discharge from the hospital.CONCLUSION Prolonging resuscitation time can enhance the chances of survival for patients,this study provide valuable insights into the management of electric shock-induced CA.

Correction:Establishment of a prediction model for prehospital return of spontaneous circulation in out-of-hospital patients with cardiac arrest

This is an erratum to an already published paper named“Establishment of a prediction model for prehospital return of spontaneous circulation in out-ofhospital patients with cardiac arrest”.We found errors in the affiliated institution of the authors.We apologize for our unintentional mistake.Please note,these changes do not affect our results.

Hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect neurons from cardiac arrest-induced pyroptosis

Cardiac arrest can lead to severe neurological impairment as a result of inflammation,mitochondrial dysfunction,and post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation neurological damage.Hypoxic preconditioning has been shown to improve migration and survival of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells and reduce pyroptosis after cardiac arrest,but the specific mechanisms by which hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells protect against brain injury after cardiac arrest are unknown.To this end,we established an in vitro co-culture model of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells and oxygen–glucose deprived primary neurons and found that hypoxic preconditioning enhanced the protective effect of bone marrow stromal stem cells against neuronal pyroptosis,possibly through inhibition of the MAPK and nuclear factor κB pathways.Subsequently,we transplanted hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells into the lateral ventricle after the return of spontaneous circulation in an 8-minute cardiac arrest rat model induced by asphyxia.The results showed that hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells significantly reduced cardiac arrest–induced neuronal pyroptosis,oxidative stress,and mitochondrial damage,whereas knockdown of the liver isoform of phosphofructokinase in bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibited these effects.To conclude,hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells offer a promising therapeutic approach for neuronal injury following cardiac arrest,and their beneficial effects are potentially associated with increased expression of the liver isoform of phosphofructokinase following hypoxic preconditioning.

The neuro-prognostic value of the ion shift index in cardiac arrest patients following extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation

BACKGROUND:The ion shift index(ISI) as a prognostic indicator that can show the severity of hypoxic-ischemic injury.We aimed to evaluate the performance of the ISI in predicting unfavorable neurological outcomes at hospital discharge in cardiac arrest(CA) patients following extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation(ECPR) and to compare its performance to other prognostic predictors.METHODS:This was a retrospective observational study including adult CA patients treated with ECPR between January 2018 and December 2022 in a tertiary hospital.Data regarding clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters were collected from medical records.The ISI was determined based on the first available serum electrolyte levels after ECPR.The primary outcome was unfavorable neurological status at hospital discharge,defined as Cerebral Performance Categories 3–5.Comparisons of the characteristics between the two groups were made using the χ2 test for categorical variables and the t-test or non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables,as appropriate.Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman’s rank correlation coeficient.A two-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS:Among the 122 patients involved,46(37.7%) had out-of-hospital CA,and 88 had unfavorable neurological outcomes.The ISI was significantly higher in the unfavorable outcome group than in the favorable outcome group(3.74 [3.15–4.57] vs.2.69 [2.51–3.07],P<0.001).A higher ISI level was independently related to unfavorable outcome(odds ratio=6.529,95% confidence interval 2.239–19.044,P=0.001).An ISI level >3.12 predicted unfavorable outcomes with a sensitivity and specificity of 74.6% and 85.2%,respectively(P<0.001).The prognostic performance of ISI(area under the curve [AUC]=0.887) was similar to that of other predictors,such as gray-to-white matter ratio(AUC=0.850,P=0.433) and neuronspecific enolase(AUC=0.925,P=0.394).CONCLUSION:ISI may be used as a prognostic biomarker to predict neurological outcomes in CA patients following ECPR.

Establishment of a prediction model for prehospital return of spontaneous circulation in out-of-hospital patients with cardiac arrest

BACKGROUND Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest(OHCA)is a leading cause of death worldwide.AIM To explore factors influencing prehospital return of spontaneous circulation(P-ROSC)in patients with OHCA and develop a nomogram prediction model.METHODS Clinical data of patients with OHCA in Shenzhen,China,from January 2012 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)regression and multivariate logistic regression were applied to select the optimal factors predicting P-ROSC in patients with OHCA.A nomogram prediction model was established based on these influencing factors.Discrimination and calibration were assessed using receiver operating charac-teristic(ROC)and calibration curves.Decision curve analysis(DCA)was used to evaluate the model’s clinical utility.RESULTS Among the included 2685 patients with OHCA,the P-ROSC incidence was 5.8%.LASSO and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that age,bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR),initial rhythm,CPR duration,ventilation mode,and pathogenesis were independent factors influencing P-ROSC in these patients.The area under the ROC was 0.963.The calibration plot demonstrated that the predicted P-ROSC model was concordant with the actual P-ROSC.The good clinical usability of the prediction model was confirmed using DCA.CONCLUSION The nomogram prediction model could effectively predict the probability of P-ROSC in patients with OHCA.

Establishment of a Rat Model of Capillary Leakage Syndrome Induced by Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Cardiac Arrest

Objective:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)after cardiac arrest(CA)is one of the main causes of capillary leakage syndrome(CLS).This study aimed to establish a stable CLS model following the CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CA-CPR)model in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.Methods:We conducted a prospective,randomized,animal model study.All adult male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group(group N),a sham operation group(group S),and a cardiopulmonary resuscitation group(group T).The SD rats of the three groups were all inserted with 24-G needles through their left femoral arteries and right femoral veins.In group S and group T,the endotracheal tube was intubated.In group T,CA induced by asphyxia(AACA)was caused by vecuronium bromide with the endotracheal tube obstructed for 8 min,and the rats were resuscitated with manual chest compression and mechanical ventilation.Preresuscitation and postresuscitation measurements,including basic vital signs(BVS),blood gas analysis(BG),routine complete blood count(CBC),wet-to-dry ratio of tissues(W/D),and the HE staining results after 6 h were evaluated.Results:In group T,the success rate of the CA-CPR model was 60%(18/30),and CLS occurred in 26.6%(8/30)of the rats.There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics,including BVS,BG,and CBC,among the three groups(P>0.05).Compared with pre-asphyxia,there were significant differences in BVS,CBC,and BG,including temperature,oxygen saturation(SpO_(2)),mean arterial pressure(MAP),central venous pressure(CVP),white blood cell count(WBC),hemoglobin,hematocrit,pH,pCO_(2),pO_(2),SO_(2),lactate(Lac),base excess(BE),and Na+(P<0.05)after the return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)in group T.At 6 h after ROSC in group T and at 6 h after surgery in groups N and S,there were significant differences in temperature,heart rate(HR),respiratory rate(RR),SpO_(2),MAP,CVP,WBC,pH,pCO_(2),Na+,and K+among the three groups(P<0.05).Compared with the other two groups,the rats in group T showed a significantly increased W/D weight ratio(P<0.05).The HE-stained sections showed consistent severe lesions in the lung,small intestine,and brain tissues of the rats at 6 h after ROSC following AACA.Conclusion:The CA-CPR model in SD rats induced by asphyxia could reproduce CLS with good stability and reproducibility.

Thioridazine reverses trastuzumab resistance in gastric cancer by inhibiting S-phase kinase associated protein 2-mediated aerobic glycolysis

BACKGROUND Trastuzumab constitutes the fundamental component of initial therapy for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER-2)-positive gastric cancer(GC).However,the efficacy of this treatment is hindered by substantial challenges associated with both primary and acquired drug resistance.While S-phase kinase associated protein 2(Skp2)overexpression has been implicated in the malignant progression of GC,its role in regulating trastuzumab resistance in this context remains uncertain.Despite the numerous studies investigating Skp2 inhibitors among small molecule compounds and natural products,there has been a lack of successful commercialization of drugs specifically targeting Skp2.AIM To discover a Skp2 blocker among currently available medications and develop a therapeutic strategy for HER2-positive GC patients who have experienced progression following trastuzumab-based treatment.METHODS Skp2 exogenous overexpression plasmids and small interfering RNA vectors were utilized to investigate the correlation between Skp2 expression and trastuzumab resistance in GC cells.Q-PCR,western blot,and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate the regulatory effect of thioridazine on Skp2 expression.A cell counting kit-8 assay,flow cytometry,a amplex red glucose/glucose oxidase assay kit,and a lactate assay kit were utilized to measure the proliferation,apoptosis,and glycolytic activity of GC cells in vitro.A xenograft model established with human GC in nude mice was used to assess thioridazine's effectiveness in vivo.RESULTS The expression of Skp2 exhibited a negative correlation with the sensitivity of HER2-positive GC cells to trastuzumab.Thioridazine demonstrated the ability to directly bind to Skp2,resulting in a reduction in Skp2 expression at both the transcriptional and translational levels.Moreover,thioridazine effectively inhibited cell proliferation,exhibited antiapoptotic properties,and decreased the glucose uptake rate and lactate production by suppressing Skp2/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin/glucose transporter type 1 signaling pathways.The combination of thioridazine with either trastuzumab or lapatinib exhibited a more pronounced anticancer effect in vivo,surpassing the efficacy of either monotherapy.CONCLUSION Thioridazine demonstrates promising outcomes in preclinical GC models and offers a novel therapeutic approach for addressing trastuzumab resistance,particularly when used in conjunction with lapatinib.This compound has potential benefits for patients with Skp2-proficient tumors.

Eff ect of post-rewarming fever after targeted temperature management in cardiac arrest patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND:Targeted temperature management(TTM),as a therapeutic temperature control strategy for cardiac arrest(CA),is recommended by guidelines.However,the relationship between postrewarming fever(PRF)and the prognosis of CA patients is unclear.Therefore,we aim to summarize the studies regarding the infl uence of PRF on patients with CA.METHODS:EMBASE,PubMed,and Cochrane Central databases were searched from inception to March 13,2022.Randomized clinical trials(RCTs)and cohort studies on PRF in CA patients were included.According to the heterogeneity,the meta-analysis was performed using a random eff ects model or fi xed eff ects model to calculate the pooled odds ratios(ORs)and corresponding 95%confi dence intervals(CIs).The outcome data were unfavorable neurological outcome and mortality.RESULTS:The meta-analysis included 11 observational studies involving 3,246 patients.The results of the meta-analysis show that PRF(body temperature>38.0℃)has no eff ect on the neurological outcome of CA patients(OR 0.71,95%CI 0.43–1.17,I282%)and has a signifi cant relationship with lower mortality(OR 0.63;95%CI 0.49–0.80,I239%).However,PRF with a stricter defi nition(body temperature>38.5℃)was associated with worse neurological outcome(OR 1.44,95%CI 1.08–1.92,I245%)and higher mortality(OR 1.71,95%CI 1.25–2.35,I247%).CONCLUSION:This study suggests that PRF>38.0℃ may not affect the neurological outcome and have a lower mortality in CA patients who completed TTM.However,PRF>38.5℃ is a potential prognostic factor for worse outcomes in CA patients.

Combinatorial effect of diclofenac with piperine and D-limonene on inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of breast cancer cells

Objective:To investigate the potential synergistic activity of diclofenac with piperine and D-limonene in inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in breast cancer MCF-7 cells.Methods:Molecular docking study was conducted to evaluate the binding affinity of diclofenac with piperine and D-limonene against p53,Bax,and Bcl-2.The MTT assay was used to determine IC50,and the Chou-Talay method was used to determine the synergistic concentration of the combination treatment of diclofenac plus piperine and diclofenac plus D-limonene.Apoptosis detection,cell cycle arrest,reactive oxygen species production,and mitochondrial membrane potential were also investigated.Results:Diclofenac,piperine,and D-limonene showed potent binding affinity for p53,Bax,and Bcl-2.Diclofenac plus piperine and diclofenac plus D-limonene enhanced the formation of reactive oxygen species,which also had an effect on the mitochondrial membrane’s integrity and caused DNA fragmentation.Diclofenac plus piperine and diclofenac plus D-limonene arrested the cells in the sub-G0phase while drastically lowering the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase.Furthermore,the elevated apoptosis in the combined therapy was confirmed by annexin V/propidium iodide staining.Conclusions:The combined therapy prominently enhanced the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on MCF-7 cells compared with treatment with diclofenac,piperine,and D-limonene alone.

Modified Glucose-insulin-potassium Therapy for Hemorrhage-induced Traumatic Cardiac Arrest in Rabbits

Objective Resuscitation with whole blood is known to be better than that with saline in attaining the return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)and improving the short-term survival rate for hemorrhage-induced traumatic cardiac arrest(HiTCA).However,the resuscitation with whole blood alone fails to address the pathophysiological abnormalities,including hyperglycemia,hyperkalemia and coagulopathy,after HiTCA.The present study aimed to determine whether the modified glucose-insulin-potassium(GIK)therapy can ameliorate the above-mentioned pathophysiological abnormalities,enhance the ROSC,improve the function of key organs,and reduce the mortality after HiTCA.Methods HiTCA was induced in rabbits(n=36)by controlled hemorrhage.Following arrest,the rabbits were randomly divided into three groups(n=12 each):group A(no resuscitation),group B(resuscitation with whole blood),and group C(resuscitation with whole blood plus GIK).The GIK therapy was administered based on the actual concentration of glucose and potassium.The ROSC rate and survival rate were obtained.Hemodynamical and biochemical changes were detected.Thromboelastography(TEG)was used to measure coagulation parameters,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect parameters related to inflammation,coagulation and the function of brain.Results All animals in groups B and C attained ROSC.Two rabbits died 24–48 h after HiTCA in group B,while no rabbits died in group C.The GIK therapy significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose,potassium,and biological markers for inflammatory reaction,and improved the heart,kidney,liver and brain function in group C when compared to group B.Furthermore,the R values of TEG were significantly lower in group C than in group B,and the maximum amplitude of TEG was slightly lower in group B than in group C,with no significant difference found.Conclusion Resuscitation with whole blood and modified GIK therapy combined can ameliorate the pathophysiological disorders,including hyperglycemia,hyperkalemia and coagulopathy,and may improve the function of key organs after HiTCA.

Cardiac arrest secondary to pulmonary embolism treated with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation:Six case reports

BACKGROUND Massive pulmonary embolism(PE)results in extremely high mortality rates.Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(VA-ECMO)can provide circulatory and oxygenation support and rescue patients with massive PE.However,there are relatively few studies of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation(ECPR)in patients with cardiac arrest(CA)secondary to PE.The aim of the present study is to investigate the clinical use of ECPR in conjunction with heparin anticoagulation in patients with CA secondary to PE.CASE SUMMARY We report the cases of six patients with CA secondary to PE treated with ECPR in the intensive care unit of our hospital between June 2020 and June 2022.All six patients experienced witnessed CA whilst in hospital.They had acute onset of severe respiratory distress,hypoxia,and shock rapidly followed by CA and were immediately given cardiopulmonary resuscitation and adjunctive VA-ECMO therapy.During hospitalization,pulmonary artery computed tomography angiography was performed to confirm the diagnosis of PE.Through anticoagulation management,mechanical ventilation,fluid management,and antibiotic treatment,five patients were successfully weaned from ECMO(83.33%),four patients survived for 30 d after discharge(66.67%),and two patients had good neurological outcomes(33.33%).CONCLUSION For patients with CA secondary to massive PE,ECPR in conjunction with heparin anticoagulation may improve outcomes.

Persistent left superior vena cava in right hemiarch replacement under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest:A case report

BACKGROUND Persistent left superior vena cava(PLSVC),a relatively rare thoracic vascular malformation,can inconvenience perfusionists and operators when encountered during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest(DHCA).CASE SUMMARY Herein,we describe the case of a patient with concurrent giant aortic arch aneurysm,aortic stenosis,and PLSVC.To treat these conditions,we performed right hemiarch and aortic valve replacements under DHCA.Notably,we applied“bilateral superior vena cava retrograde cerebral perfusion(RCP)”for cerebral protection,which significantly optimized the surgical procedure and reduced the risk of postoperative complications.The patient was discharged 14 d after surgery with no complications.CONCLUSION Surgical intervention for PLSVC under DHCA can be performed using the bilateral superior vena cava RCP approach.

含杂质超临界CO_(2)管道止裂分析及控制方案

管道输送作为CCUS技术的关键环节,在超临界高压环境下输送CO_(2)时,由于含杂质CO_(2)特殊的相特性,一旦发生泄漏,压力会维持较高值且温度急剧下降,输送管道易发生裂纹扩展,造成断裂事故。基于延长油田一期36×10^(4)t/a超临界CO_(2)管输预研方案,根据减压波速度计算模型和管道裂纹延性扩展止裂判据,采用修正后的Battelle双曲线法对管道进行止裂分析,对无法满足止裂要求的设计方案进行增加壁厚试算。结果表明:材质为X80、尺寸为Φ140 mm×6.0 mm的L12管线韧性值满足工况下裂纹控制的要求;而同样材质等级、壁厚组合为Φ168 mm×6.0 mm的L11管线所提供的止裂压力低于平台压力,无法保证管线发生裂纹延性扩展时能够自行止裂。对于L11管线,通过将管道壁厚增加至7 mm,其他设计参数不变,可以实现裂纹自行止裂。该研究可为实际工况下Battelle双曲线法在超临界CO_(2)管道断裂控制的应用提供理论基础与实际范例。

目标体温管理对体外心肺复苏患者神经功能结局和出院生存率影响的系统评价

目的系统评价目标体温管理对体外心肺复苏(extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation,ECPR)患者神经功能结局和出院生存率的影响。方法计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Elsevier、Web of Science、Ovid、中国知网、万方、SinoMed、中华医学期刊全文数据库中关于目标体温管理对ECPR患者结局指标影响的文献,检索时限均从建库至2023年6月1日。严格按照纳入排除标准进行筛选,提取资料,评价文献质量,采用RevMan 5.3软件对纳入研究进行Meta分析。结果共纳入8篇研究,包括3687例ECPR患者。与非目标体温管理组比较,目标体温管理未能显著改善患者神经功能结局(OR=1.37,95%CI 0.89~2.13,P=0.16)和出院生存率(OR=0.98,95%CI 0.82~1.15,P=0.77),且两组出血、下肢缺血、肾损伤和感染等ECMO相关并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(OR=1.24,95%CI 0.91~1.68,P=0.17)。结论目标体温管理对ECPR患者的神经结局和出院生存率无显著改善作用,但不会加重ECMO相关并发症的发生。