The present work was aimed to the study of the antifungal activity of essential oils of two aromatic plants against three strains of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum responsible for white rot of bean. The two essential oils (...The present work was aimed to the study of the antifungal activity of essential oils of two aromatic plants against three strains of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum responsible for white rot of bean. The two essential oils (EO) of the studied plants: Thymus vulgaris (HET) and Cymbopogon citratrus (HEC), used at different concentrations: C1 (0.75 ml/ml), C2 (1.5 ml/ml) and C3 (3 ml/ml) presented significant inhibitory activities on the three tested fungal strains namely Bia 1, Bia 2, and Njo 2. Two control treatments (T-: containing no antifungal substance and T+: synthetic fungicide) were also used. The antifungal activity here is related to the inhibition of mycelial growth especially with high concentrations of essential oils. Thus, against S. sclerotiorum, HET showed the highest activity comparable to that of T+ (100% inhibition) at all concentrations on the Bia 1 and Bia 2 strains and at concentration C3 on the Njo 2 strain compared to that of HEC, which certainly inhibited the mycelial growth of the different strains considerably (with a maximum of 78.15% on the Njo 2 strain) but not completely. According to their sensitivity, the Bia 2 strain showed a higher sensitivity to essential oils than the others while the Njo 2 strain was more aggressive. On the basis of MIC<sub>50</sub> and MIC<sub>90</sub> obtained on the Njo 2 strain, the HET turns out to be the most efficient with respective lower values of (1.73 and 23.34 ml/ml) against (4.76 and 26.03 ml/ml) for the HEC. These EO could thus be exploited as biodegradable antifungal substances, likely to control white rot of bean.展开更多
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, as an ubiquitous phytopathogenic Ascomycete fungus capable of infecting a wide range of plants, has increased in importance for oilseed rape production worldwide in recent year...Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, as an ubiquitous phytopathogenic Ascomycete fungus capable of infecting a wide range of plants, has increased in importance for oilseed rape production worldwide in recent years. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of two measurements of disease rating in predicting the field reaction of cultivars to sclerotinia stem rot. One hundred and ten cultivars or lines of oilseed rape were repeatedly evaluated the disease severity index (DSI) and lesion length for their resistance to nine isolates of S. sclerotiorum in two field stations. There were greatly significant differences between two stations, among isolates, among population of cultivars for the disease severity index and lesion length, and also significant station×isolate interaction for lesion length and population×isolate interactions for DSI and lesion length, but interactions of station×isolate for DSI were not significant. Cultivars such as Pomorzanin and Lisek consistently had the lowest disease severity ratings in the field tests. However, most of cultivars were susceptible to sclerotinia stem rot in the field test. A positive correlation between the mean DSI and lesion length was found for both isolates (Sc23 and B1). The correlations ranged from 0.23 to 0.83 at various plots, with nine of the twelve correlations significant. The correlations for disease caused by different fungal isolates were statistically significant difference. These correlations ranged from -0.44 to 0.90, with nine of the thirty-two correlations significant. It indicated that resistance to some isolates was significantly correlated and selection of some varieties for resistance to one isolate appeared to improve resistance to other isolates.展开更多
Biotic stresses negatively affect canola growth and production. Flea beetle damage and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum) infection are two of the worst biotic stresses for canola. Auxin Repressed Proteins (AR...Biotic stresses negatively affect canola growth and production. Flea beetle damage and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum) infection are two of the worst biotic stresses for canola. Auxin Repressed Proteins (ARPs) responsive to several abiotic stresses have been reported. However, information about ARPs induced by Flea beetle damage and S. sclerotiorum infection, their roles in biotic stress tolerance are still lacking in canola. ESTs for an Auxin Repressed Protein 1 (BnARP1) were highly represented (expressed) in a Brassica napus subtractive library developed after leaf damage by the crucifer flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae). Expression of this gene was under different developmental control in B. napus, and it was co-induced in B. napus by flea beetle feeding, S. sclerotiorum infection, drought and cold. A total of 25 BnARP genes were represented in different B. napus stress and development EST libraries and indicated larger, diversified families than known earlier. Dwarf phenotypes, primary root growth inhibition, lateral root enhancement, reduced sensitivity to 2, 4-D, and reduced PIN1 and LOX expression in transgenic Arabidopsis expression lines suggest that BnARP1 is an auxin repressor that prevents auxin transport and supports an interaction between the auxin and jasmonate signalling pathways. And the increased survival after S. sclerotiorum infection in transgenic over-expression Arabidopsis suggests that BnARP1 could play a role in S. sclerotiorum tolerance through connecting auxin and jasmonate signalling pathways.展开更多
[ Objective] The paper was to screen lignin-degrading strains with high efiqcacy. [ Method] Through potato agar plate culture, potato liquid shake-flask culture and Bavendamm＇ s reaction, the lignin-degrading strains...[ Objective] The paper was to screen lignin-degrading strains with high efiqcacy. [ Method] Through potato agar plate culture, potato liquid shake-flask culture and Bavendamm＇ s reaction, the lignin-degrading strains collected from the dead wood in Jiwen Mountain were screened, their kappa values and cellulose for degrading papermulberry were also determined. [ Result] A total of 3 species of strains with strong degradation ability on ligin were screened out, including JWS-1, JWS-2 and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum （Lib.）de Bary. [Condusion] The study laid basis for further study on bio-pulping.展开更多
Strain Jll screened out from different odor origins can efficiently degrade methyl mercaptan and ethanethiol whereas has no ability to remove dimethyl sulfide. The results indicated that the strain Jll breaks only the...Strain Jll screened out from different odor origins can efficiently degrade methyl mercaptan and ethanethiol whereas has no ability to remove dimethyl sulfide. The results indicated that the strain Jll breaks only the C-SH bond. The optimum temperature and pH of Jll are 20—30℃ and 6.0—8.3 respectively. A systematic identification method—16S rDNA gene sequence comparison, for deodorizing bacteria was carried out. The 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis of strain Jll showed the highest level of 97% homology to Rape rhizosphere.展开更多
基因编辑技术可以实现对目标基因高效准确的修饰,为植物遗传改良开辟了新途径。霉菌抗性位点(Mildew resistance locus O,MLO)基因是植物对白粉病菌防御的主效负向调节因子,突变后能增强植物对白粉病的抗性,但在油菜中是否具有同样的功...基因编辑技术可以实现对目标基因高效准确的修饰,为植物遗传改良开辟了新途径。霉菌抗性位点(Mildew resistance locus O,MLO)基因是植物对白粉病菌防御的主效负向调节因子,突变后能增强植物对白粉病的抗性,但在油菜中是否具有同样的功能尚未见报道。为解析该基因在油菜抗病中的功能,本研究通过分析油菜接种核盘菌后基因的表达情况发现,BnMLO6基因受核盘菌诱导表达;利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术获得了一份BnMLO6基因6个同源拷贝同时突变的材料mlo6-212。遗传分析表明,CRISPR/Cas9引起的BnMLO6基因突变能够稳定遗传;mlo6-212突变体在田间和温室条件下都表现出明显的白粉病抗性;在接种核盘菌24 h后,病斑面积显著低于野生型,减小19.5%;BnMLO6基因突变能激发叶片胼胝质的自发堆积,增强接菌后乙烯和茉莉酸抗病信号。因此,BnMLO6基因可能参与了多条抗病信号路径,负向调控油菜对白粉病和菌核病的抗性。研究结果不仅为BnMLO6基因协同调控油菜多种病原菌抗性的研究提供了参考,也为油菜抗病性遗传改良提供了抗性资源和技术支撑。展开更多
The ombre is played with the 8, 9, and 10 dispensed with, so there are altogether 40 cards. The trumps, when they are spades as in the case of The Rape of the Lock, are in the order of their rank, ace of spades (spadi...The ombre is played with the 8, 9, and 10 dispensed with, so there are altogether 40 cards. The trumps, when they are spades as in the case of The Rape of the Lock, are in the order of their rank, ace of spades (spadillio), deuce of spades (manillio), ace of clubs (pasto), K, Q, Kn, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, making eleven in number. Of these, as will be seen in the following, Belinda has four, the three matadores, and K, the Baron has five, Ⅹ, Ⅹ, Ⅹ, Kn, and Q, the third player has two. The play is of a similar nature as that of the modern whist ofr bridge. Belinda begins by calling trumps, leading off first with the ace of spades, and then the deuce of spades, to which her opponents discard two small spades each; but when the ace of clubs is played, the third player is gone out of trumps, and Belinda succeeds to capture only展开更多
文摘The present work was aimed to the study of the antifungal activity of essential oils of two aromatic plants against three strains of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum responsible for white rot of bean. The two essential oils (EO) of the studied plants: Thymus vulgaris (HET) and Cymbopogon citratrus (HEC), used at different concentrations: C1 (0.75 ml/ml), C2 (1.5 ml/ml) and C3 (3 ml/ml) presented significant inhibitory activities on the three tested fungal strains namely Bia 1, Bia 2, and Njo 2. Two control treatments (T-: containing no antifungal substance and T+: synthetic fungicide) were also used. The antifungal activity here is related to the inhibition of mycelial growth especially with high concentrations of essential oils. Thus, against S. sclerotiorum, HET showed the highest activity comparable to that of T+ (100% inhibition) at all concentrations on the Bia 1 and Bia 2 strains and at concentration C3 on the Njo 2 strain compared to that of HEC, which certainly inhibited the mycelial growth of the different strains considerably (with a maximum of 78.15% on the Njo 2 strain) but not completely. According to their sensitivity, the Bia 2 strain showed a higher sensitivity to essential oils than the others while the Njo 2 strain was more aggressive. On the basis of MIC<sub>50</sub> and MIC<sub>90</sub> obtained on the Njo 2 strain, the HET turns out to be the most efficient with respective lower values of (1.73 and 23.34 ml/ml) against (4.76 and 26.03 ml/ml) for the HEC. These EO could thus be exploited as biodegradable antifungal substances, likely to control white rot of bean.
基金The research was supported by the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China(2004CB 117200,2002CB111300)the Hi-Tech Research and De-velopment Program of China(2004AA21111)+1 种基金the China Scholarship Council,the Sino-Polish Scientific and Technological Cooperation 2004 2006(3 1-23B)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30000107).
文摘Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, as an ubiquitous phytopathogenic Ascomycete fungus capable of infecting a wide range of plants, has increased in importance for oilseed rape production worldwide in recent years. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of two measurements of disease rating in predicting the field reaction of cultivars to sclerotinia stem rot. One hundred and ten cultivars or lines of oilseed rape were repeatedly evaluated the disease severity index (DSI) and lesion length for their resistance to nine isolates of S. sclerotiorum in two field stations. There were greatly significant differences between two stations, among isolates, among population of cultivars for the disease severity index and lesion length, and also significant station×isolate interaction for lesion length and population×isolate interactions for DSI and lesion length, but interactions of station×isolate for DSI were not significant. Cultivars such as Pomorzanin and Lisek consistently had the lowest disease severity ratings in the field tests. However, most of cultivars were susceptible to sclerotinia stem rot in the field test. A positive correlation between the mean DSI and lesion length was found for both isolates (Sc23 and B1). The correlations ranged from 0.23 to 0.83 at various plots, with nine of the twelve correlations significant. The correlations for disease caused by different fungal isolates were statistically significant difference. These correlations ranged from -0.44 to 0.90, with nine of the thirty-two correlations significant. It indicated that resistance to some isolates was significantly correlated and selection of some varieties for resistance to one isolate appeared to improve resistance to other isolates.
文摘Biotic stresses negatively affect canola growth and production. Flea beetle damage and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum) infection are two of the worst biotic stresses for canola. Auxin Repressed Proteins (ARPs) responsive to several abiotic stresses have been reported. However, information about ARPs induced by Flea beetle damage and S. sclerotiorum infection, their roles in biotic stress tolerance are still lacking in canola. ESTs for an Auxin Repressed Protein 1 (BnARP1) were highly represented (expressed) in a Brassica napus subtractive library developed after leaf damage by the crucifer flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae). Expression of this gene was under different developmental control in B. napus, and it was co-induced in B. napus by flea beetle feeding, S. sclerotiorum infection, drought and cold. A total of 25 BnARP genes were represented in different B. napus stress and development EST libraries and indicated larger, diversified families than known earlier. Dwarf phenotypes, primary root growth inhibition, lateral root enhancement, reduced sensitivity to 2, 4-D, and reduced PIN1 and LOX expression in transgenic Arabidopsis expression lines suggest that BnARP1 is an auxin repressor that prevents auxin transport and supports an interaction between the auxin and jasmonate signalling pathways. And the increased survival after S. sclerotiorum infection in transgenic over-expression Arabidopsis suggests that BnARP1 could play a role in S. sclerotiorum tolerance through connecting auxin and jasmonate signalling pathways.
基金Supported by Building Projects of Ministry of Education ( Z200721201020)High School Science Research Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ( NJzy08233)Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia Baotou City ( 2008y100222)~~
文摘[ Objective] The paper was to screen lignin-degrading strains with high efiqcacy. [ Method] Through potato agar plate culture, potato liquid shake-flask culture and Bavendamm＇ s reaction, the lignin-degrading strains collected from the dead wood in Jiwen Mountain were screened, their kappa values and cellulose for degrading papermulberry were also determined. [ Result] A total of 3 species of strains with strong degradation ability on ligin were screened out, including JWS-1, JWS-2 and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum （Lib.）de Bary. [Condusion] The study laid basis for further study on bio-pulping.
文摘Strain Jll screened out from different odor origins can efficiently degrade methyl mercaptan and ethanethiol whereas has no ability to remove dimethyl sulfide. The results indicated that the strain Jll breaks only the C-SH bond. The optimum temperature and pH of Jll are 20—30℃ and 6.0—8.3 respectively. A systematic identification method—16S rDNA gene sequence comparison, for deodorizing bacteria was carried out. The 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis of strain Jll showed the highest level of 97% homology to Rape rhizosphere.
基金The Science and Technology Plan Project of General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China(2013IK200)
文摘基因编辑技术可以实现对目标基因高效准确的修饰,为植物遗传改良开辟了新途径。霉菌抗性位点(Mildew resistance locus O,MLO)基因是植物对白粉病菌防御的主效负向调节因子,突变后能增强植物对白粉病的抗性,但在油菜中是否具有同样的功能尚未见报道。为解析该基因在油菜抗病中的功能,本研究通过分析油菜接种核盘菌后基因的表达情况发现,BnMLO6基因受核盘菌诱导表达;利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术获得了一份BnMLO6基因6个同源拷贝同时突变的材料mlo6-212。遗传分析表明,CRISPR/Cas9引起的BnMLO6基因突变能够稳定遗传;mlo6-212突变体在田间和温室条件下都表现出明显的白粉病抗性;在接种核盘菌24 h后,病斑面积显著低于野生型,减小19.5%;BnMLO6基因突变能激发叶片胼胝质的自发堆积,增强接菌后乙烯和茉莉酸抗病信号。因此,BnMLO6基因可能参与了多条抗病信号路径,负向调控油菜对白粉病和菌核病的抗性。研究结果不仅为BnMLO6基因协同调控油菜多种病原菌抗性的研究提供了参考,也为油菜抗病性遗传改良提供了抗性资源和技术支撑。
文摘The ombre is played with the 8, 9, and 10 dispensed with, so there are altogether 40 cards. The trumps, when they are spades as in the case of The Rape of the Lock, are in the order of their rank, ace of spades (spadillio), deuce of spades (manillio), ace of clubs (pasto), K, Q, Kn, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, making eleven in number. Of these, as will be seen in the following, Belinda has four, the three matadores, and K, the Baron has five, Ⅹ, Ⅹ, Ⅹ, Kn, and Q, the third player has two. The play is of a similar nature as that of the modern whist ofr bridge. Belinda begins by calling trumps, leading off first with the ace of spades, and then the deuce of spades, to which her opponents discard two small spades each; but when the ace of clubs is played, the third player is gone out of trumps, and Belinda succeeds to capture only
