A review of the neurotransmitter system associated with cognitive function of the cerebellum in Parkinson's disease

The dichotomized brain system is a concept that was generalized from the‘dual syndrome hypothesis’to explain the heterogeneity of cognitive impairment,in which anterior and posterior brain systems are independent but partially overlap.The dopaminergic system acts on the anterior brain and is responsible for executive function,working memory,and planning.In contrast,the cholinergic system acts on the posterior brain and is responsible for semantic fluency and visuospatial function.Evidence from dopaminergic/cholinergic imaging or functional neuroimaging has shed significant insight relating to the involvement of the cerebellum in the cognitive process of patients with Parkinson’s disease.Previous research has reported evidence that the cerebellum receives both dopaminergic and cholinergic projections.However,whether these two neurotransmitter systems are associated with cognitive function has yet to be fully elucidated.Furthermore,the precise role of the cerebellum in patients with Parkinson’s disease and cognitive impairment remains unclear.Therefore,in this review,we summarize the cerebellar dopaminergic and cholinergic projections and their relationships with cognition,as reported by previous studies,and investigated the role of the cerebellum in patients with Parkinson’s disease and cognitive impairment,as determined by functional neuroimaging.Our findings will help us to understand the role of the cerebellum in the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease.

全国市场VS区域市场:碳市场有效性的差异、成因及其对策

对碳市场有效性进行测度、把握碳市场运行效率,有利于进一步推动碳交易机制优化和效率提升。本文以全国碳排放权交易市场及8个区域试点碳市场为研究对象,以2021年7月16日至2023年6月16日碳配额成交均价为样本,运用结构突变检验法与重标极差分析法对各个碳市场整体与阶段运行效率进行测度。研究结果表明:全国碳市场整体运行效率偏低,仅第一阶段达到了弱式有效水平;在区域试点碳市场中北京碳市场达到弱式有效,若考虑结构突变点时,则上海、广东、湖北、深圳和重庆碳市场达到阶段性弱式有效。在此基础上,进一步剖析了全国碳市场有效性较低的影响因素,并有针对性地提出对策建议。

The Enlightment on Task-based Teaching Derived from Input Hypothesis

Aiming at gradually developing and perfecting the task-based teaching method, the essay, with enlightment from the Krashen＇s Input Hypothesis, discusses some issues about input, output, activities and teacher＇s role in this method.

An Analysis of Michael Long’s Interaction Hypothesis in Second Language Acquisition

The Interaction Hypothesis,which was first advanced by Michael Long,is considered as a further supplement or extension of the Input Hypothesis in the field of second language acquisition. This paper explains the main claims of Michael Long's Interaction Hypothesis,the three steps to study how input and interaction affect the acquisition of a second language,and the importance of the interactional modifications applied by both participants of the interaction. Emphasis is placed on the evaluation of the theory as well as its relation to second language teaching,with many researchers' findings and arguments discussed as supporting evidence. It aims to help the effective application of this theory in second language teaching.

Application of Hypothesis of Replacement at the Analysis of a Slow Flow of a Body by a Viscous Fluid

On the basis of hypothesis of replacement and the vector formula of Newton’s law for a viscous fluid the way of a finding of resistance a slow flow by an incompressible fluid of bodies of the various form is represented. Application of an offered way to calculation of a flow of various bodies is shown: a sphere, a cylinder, a oblong ellipsoid, a flat plate. Comparison with results of other authors is given.

Analysis of Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis

Affective filter hypothesis is one of Krashen's five hypotheses on Second Language Acquisition (SLA), and it states that a number of affective variables play a very important role in Second Language Acquisition. Based on the introduction of affective filter hypothesis, this paper will analyze the significance and shortcomings of this hypothesis.

Brain Localization and the Integrated Systems Hypothesis: Evidence from Broca’s Region

The human brain is a fascinatingly complex organ with specialized structures associated with distinct functions. Classical and recent studies on brain localization propose that Broca’s area underpin expressive language and this has been generalized to explain brain functional organization. However, recent neuroimaging studies have shown that the Broca’s area is an extended network that not only participate in its primary function-expressive language processing but in secondary functions-processing non-linguistic/nonverbal tasks as well. Also, there is hierarchical connectivity and interaction of Broca’s region and different brain areas in underlying related primary functions. For this review, I start with revisiting the classical description of brain localization. I then discuss the neuroanatomy of language production and the role of Broca’s region in language processing. I then highlight the participation of the Broca’s area in non-linguistic tasks and non-primary linguistic tasks. Ultimately, I propose a novel hypothesis called integrated systems hypothesis. The integrated systems hypothesis is useful for guiding research on the multimodal role of specific localized integrated systems of the brain especially the role of the Broca’s region in integrating linguistic and non-linguistic processing and how this facilitate language production.

The Mathematics of Harmony. Proclus’ Hypothesis and New View on Euclid’s Elements and History of Mathematics Starting since Euclid

We are discussing one of the most unlikely hypotheses in the history of mathematics—Proclus’ hypothesis, which overturns a traditional view on Euclid’s Elements and the history of mathematics, starting since Euclid. According to Proclus, the main goal of Euclid, when writing the Elements, was to build a complete geometric theory of Platonic solids (Book XIII), associated in the ancient philosophy (Pythagoras, Plato) with the Universe harmony. To construct this theory, Euclid introduced in Book II the problem of dividing a segment into extreme and mean ratio (the “golden section”). It follows from Proclus’ hypothesis that Euclid’s Elements are the first attempt to create the “Mathematical Theory of the Universe Harmony”, based on Platonic solids and the “golden section”.

Riemann Hypothesis and Value Distribution Theory

Riemann Hypothesis was posed by Riemann in early 50’s of the 19th century in his thesis titled “The Number of Primes less than a Given Number”. It is one of the unsolved “Supper” problems of mathematics. The Riemann Hypothesis is closely related to the well-known Prime Number Theorem. The Riemann Hypothesis states that all the nontrivial zeros of the zeta-function lie on the “critical line” . In this paper, we use Nevanlinna’s Second Main Theorem in the value distribution theory, refute the Riemann Hypothesis. In reference [7], we have already given a proof of refute the Riemann Hypothesis. In this paper, we gave out the second proof, please read the reference.

Solutions to Beal’s Conjecture, Fermat’s Last Theorem and Riemann Hypothesis

A Simple Mathematical Solutions to Beal’s Conjecture and Fermat’s Marginal Conjecture in his diary notes, Group Theoretical and Calculus Solutions to Fermat’s Last theorem & Integral Solution to Riemann Hypothesis are discussed.

Testing on Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

This paper demonstrates two versions of Whorf hypothesis by giving a conclusion of its commonality and differences. Besides, some classical experiments of testing the hypothesis are given and the author constructs an experimental model of testing the weak version of the hypothesis under the instruction of Carroll's three thinking.

The Proof of the Generalized Piemann’s Hypothesis

The article presents the proof of the validity of the generalized Riemann hypothesis on the basis of adjustment and correction of the proof of the Riemanns hypothesis in the work?[1], obtained by a finite exponential functional series and finite exponential functional progression.

Riemann Hypothesis, Catholic Information and Potential of Events with New Techniques for Financial and Other Applications

In this research we are going to define two new concepts: a) “The Potential of Events” (EP) and b) “The Catholic Information” (CI). The term CI derives from the ancient Greek language and declares all the Catholic (general) Logical Propositions () which will true for every element of a set A. We will study the Riemann Hypothesis in two stages: a) By using the EP we will prove that the distribution of events e (even) and o (odd) of Square Free Numbers (SFN) on the axis Ax(N) of naturals is Heads-Tails (H-T) type. b) By using the CI we will explain the way that the distribution of prime numbers can be correlated with the non-trivial zeros of the function ζ(s) of Riemann. The Introduction and the Chapter 2 are necessary for understanding the solution. In the Chapter 3 we will present a simple method of forecasting in many very useful applications (e.g. financial, technological, medical, social, etc) developing a generalization of this new, proven here, theory which we finally apply to the solution of RH. The following Introduction as well the Results with the Discussion at the end shed light about the possibility of the proof of all the above. The article consists of 9 chapters that are numbered by 1, 2, …, 9.

Flat Space Cosmology as a Model of Penrose’s Weyl Curvature Hypothesis and Gravitational Entropy

FSC is shown to be an excellent model of Penrose’s Weyl curvature hypothesis and his concept of gravitational entropy. The assumptions of FSC allow for the minimum entropy at the inception of the cosmic expansion and rigorously define a cosmological arrow of time. This is in sharp contrast to inflationary models, which appear to violate the second law of thermodynamics within the early universe. Furthermore, by virtue of the same physical assumptions applying at any cosmic time t, the perpetually-flat FSC model predicts the degree of scale invariance observed in the CMB anisotropy pattern, without requiring an explosive and exceedingly brief inflationary epoch. Penrose’s concepts, as described in this paper, provide support for the idea that FSC models gravitational entropy and Verlinde’s emergent gravity theory.

中国碳排放权交易市场运行状况及其效率分析——基于碳交易价格的测算

碳排放权交易机制是我国实现“双碳”目标的重要措施和工具。本文基于全国8个试点碳市场的碳交易数据,分析了试点碳市场的交易和运行状况,并选取2017年1月9日至2023年2月10日碳交易价格数据,采用Bai-Perron方法和R/S分析方法对我国试点碳市场的结构突变和市场效率进行分析,测算了各试点市场的Hurst指数以及基于结构突变点划分的局部Hurst指数。研究显示,深圳碳市场达到弱式有效,上海碳市场接近弱式有效。基于结构突变点划分后各市场阶段运行效率及趋势各不相同。本文详细探究了导致各碳市场结构突变和运行效率差异的原因,并根据研究结果对我国碳市场建设提出相应政策建议。

Study on the Internal Relationship between Porter Hypothesis and Environmental Kuznets Curve

Based on theoretical derivation,this paper aims to analyse the internal relationship between Porter Hypothesis and Environmental Kuznets Curve.Conclusions were made:(1)In terms of theoretical analysis and empirical researches,the existence of inverted U-shaped EKC and U-shaped Porter Curve has its rationality,most of the controversy come from the misuse and diversity of empirical methods;(2)The progress of Porter Hypothesis also relys on economic growth,which is compatible with EKC;(3)Similar to EKC,a threshold effect exist in the process of technological progress.Environmental regulation is a driving force to promote the widespread use of green technology and reach the threshold.(4)In the process of speeding up economic development,government should gradually increase the intensity of environmental regulation.

Exclusive Hypothesis Testing for Cox's Proportional Hazards Model

Exclusive hypothesis testing is a new and special class of hypothesis testing.This kind of testing can be applied in survival analysis to understand the association between genomics information and clinical information about the survival time.Besides,it is well known that Cox's proportional hazards model is the most commonly used model for regression analysis of failure time.In this paper,the authors consider doing the exclusive hypothesis testing for Cox's proportional hazards model with right-censored data.The authors propose the comprehensive test statistics to make decision,and show that the corresponding decision rule can control the asymptotic TypeⅠerrors and have good powers in theory.The numerical studies indicate that the proposed approach works well for practical situations and it is applied to a set of real data arising from Rotterdam Breast Cancer Data study that motivated this study.

环境库兹涅茨曲线研究进展

环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)假说认为环境压力和经济增长之间呈倒U形关系,即在经济发展早期环境质量逐渐恶化,经济发展到一定水平之后,环境质量会逐渐改善。暗示着经济发展最终可以弥补早期造成的环境恶化。实证研究表明环境压力和经济增长之间的关系还会出现其他情况:同步关系、U形关系和N形关系。研究发现环境压力和经济增长不会长期分离,经济发展到一定阶段它们会重新组合,环境压力和经济增长之间呈N形关系,这就是重组假说。最后总结了EKC存在的问题:计量模型问题,经济分析方法问题,数据和指标问题,贸易问题和其他问题。本文从历史背景与理论基础、实证研究和研究中存在的问题三个方面总结了EKC的研究现状和进展。这对弄清环境压力和经济增长的关系,对采用可持续的环境政策来说都具有重要的理论和现实意义。

高强度的环境规制真能促进技术创新吗?——基于“波特假说”的再检验

以往研究不论是否支持"波特假说",但一个政策共识都是需要加大环境规制强度,以此促进技术创新。环境规制强度与技术创新真是线性关系吗?为此,首先利用我国1992-2009年的面板数据分别从全国与地区层面判断我国环境规制和技术创新的关系,进而利用非线性门槛面板模型实证研究我国环境规制和技术创新的"门槛效应"。研究表明:环境规制对技术创新的促进作用存在地区差异,"波特假说"在较落后的中西部地区难以支持,而在较发达的东部地区则得到了很好的支持。这种地区差异主要是受到环境规制强度及经济发展水平的影响。环境规制强度和技术创新之间呈现"U"型关系,只有环境规制强度跨越特定门槛值时,"波特假说"才能实现;经济发展水平则存在双重门槛,GDP跨越的门槛值越高,环境规制对技术创新的促进作用越显著。环境规制强度与经济发展水平的双门槛效应能对环境库兹涅茨曲线假说做出合理的解释。

波特假说、环境规制与企业技术创新——对中东部地区的比较分析

"波特假说"主张积极的环保政策,它认为严格而恰当的环保政策能够刺激企业进行技术创新,其创新效益可冲抵甚而超过环保成本,从而确保或提高企业的竞争力。对我国中东部地区1999-2007年有关面板数据的实证分析表明,"波特假说"在较落后的中部地区得不到支持,而在较发达的东部地区则得到了很好的支持。根据这一具有对比性的结果,我们可以从一个新的角度对环境库兹涅茨曲线假说做出合理解释,并在差异分析基础上提出统筹经济增长与环境保护的政策建议。