Nutritional and Sanitary Quality of Infant Flours Produced in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

The quality of infant flours used during the weaning age is of great importance in that it conditions the nutritional health of infants and young children. This study aimed to assess the nutritional and sanitary quality of infant flours produced in the city of Ouagadougou. This was a cross-sectional study including 11 out of 25 infant flour production units that gave their consent to partake in the study. In total, 25 infant flour samples have been collected from July to September 2021. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters were determined according to standard methods. The ANOVA analysis of variance showed significant differences between the means of the physico-chemical and the means of the microbiological parameters respectively. The results showed that 60% of proteins and 80% of lipid and total carbohydrate contents were below the authorised limits. The energy values were below the authorised limit in 88% of the cases. All instant infant flours had microbiological loads compliant with Burkinabè standards. As for infant flour to be cooked, 63.64% and 81.82% had satisfactory numbers of total coliforms and faecal coliforms respectively. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were detected in these samples with 86.36% of infant formulae having results below the recommended limit. These results show that the infant flours produced in Ouagadougou were somehow of acceptable quality. However, there is a need to improve the formulae for macronutrient contents, energy values and sanitary quality to comply with the recommendations.

Sanitary Quality of the Meals Served in the Canteens and Vicinity of the Lagoon Mother and Child University Hospital Centre and National Hospital and University Centre Hubert Koutoukou Maga of Cotonou (Benin)

Background: Food safety is an integral part of food security. It refers to the protection of the food supply against risks of microbial, chemical and physical origin at every stage of the food chain. The study aimed to investigate the sanitary quality of meals served in the canteens and vicinity of the Lagoon Mother and Child University Hospital Centre (CHU-MEL) and National Hospital and University Centre Hubert Koutoukou Maga (CNHU-HKM) of Cotonou. Methods: It was a cross-sectional with a data collection period from 16 March to 22 April 2021. There were 32 vendors surveyed and 40 meals sampled for microbiological examination. We collected data on the vendors’ socio-demographic characteristics, working environment, health status, knowledge and food hygiene practices. Results: About 83% of the meals contained pathogenic microorganisms. All meals had a temperature from 4°C to 60°C called the “danger zone”. The level of knowledge about food hygiene was low in 65.7% of the vendors. About 47% had poor personal and clothing hygiene, food storage and service practices. Conclusion: These results show that the meals sold in the CHU-MEL and CNHU-HKM could present a health risk for the consumer. There is a need for improvement of the sanitary quality of the meals delivered in the canteens and vicinity of these hospitals.

Development of Ecological Absorbent Core Sanitary Pads in Combination of Kenaf and Chitosan Fibers

The menstrual cycle is always considered as a big nightmare by many women. This research aims to make this process smooth and safe by developing natural sanitary pads which are used to absorb and retain menstrual blood from the body. Some existing sanitary pads contain 90% plastics made of non-woven polypropylene/polyethylene sheets, super absorbent polymers, and polyethylene back sheets that will take up to 600 - 800 years to decompose. So, biodegradable sanitary pads using natural fibers are the best alternative to eliminate the pads which contain non-biodegradable materials. In this research, nonwoven bamboo will be used as the top layer, nonwoven cotton will be used as the second layer, the absorbent core is to be made by the combination of kenaf and chitosan fibers as the third layer, cotton as the fourth layer, and cornstarch-based bioplastic sheets as the bottom layer. These biodegradable natural materials will change the menstrual process into a healthy one as well as create a robust ecological community.

The Application Value of Sanitary Wipes and Medical Alcohol+Gauze Disinfection Method in the Management and Use of Medical Equipment

Objective:To analyze the effect of sanitary wipes and medical alcohol+gauze disinfection methods on the management and use of medical equipment in hospitals.Methods:From February 2023 to August 2023,80 anorectal surgery medical instruments and equipment were randomly sampled as observation samples,and they were grouped using the random number table method(40 instruments in each group).One group was managed with sanitary wipes and medical alcohol+gauze disinfection method(observation group),and the other group was managed with medical alcohol+gauze disinfection method(control group).The degree of contamination on the surface of instruments and equipment and the staff satisfaction of both groups was noted and compared.Results:After cleaning and disinfection,the relative luminescence luminosity(RLU)value of the surface contamination of the sample instruments and equipment decreased significantly(P<0.05);and after cleaning and disinfection,the relative luminescence luminosity(RLU)of the observation group’s instruments and equipment decreased significantly,and the value was lower than that of the control group,(P<0.05);the results of the nursing job satisfaction questionnaire showed that the scores of each survey item in the observation group were higher than those in the control group,(P<0.05).Conclusion:Integrating sanitary wipes and medical alcohol+gauze disinfection method into the management and use of medical equipment not only improves the disinfection of medical instruments but also improves the job satisfaction of nursing staff.Therefore,this method should be popularized.

Environmental factors affecting growth of grasses，herbs and woody plants on a sanitary landfill

The present study aims at studying relationships between various environmental factors andplant performance on a completed sanitary landfill. Three sites were chosen for comparison: an on-sitelow landfill gas region with a rich vegetation growth (Site L) , an on-site high landfill gas region with apoor vegetation growth (Site H), an off site control region (Site N) which located close to the GinDrinkers' Bay landfill. In Site H, where the levels of methane and carbon dioxide were higher, growth oftrees, shrubs and climbing plants are adversely affected, but not herbs and grasses. Analysis of correla-tion coefficient indicated that carbon dioxide and methane showed a negative correlation with the growth oftrees and shrubs. In Site H, the higher levels of conductivity, Kjeldah-N, Ammonium-N, and variousheavy metals, such as Mn were also exerted their adverse effect on plant growth. Trees tolerant to land-fill gas , e. g. Acacia confusa . would be a better choice for planting on sanitary landfills , in addition to theuse of shallow-rooted trees. Grasses and herbs are less susceptible to landfill gas due to their shallow-rootsystems. Hydroseeding of grasses would ensure a better plant coverage in areas with a moderate level oflandfill gas. Installation of a ventilation system might be needed for areas with a high level of landfill gas.

Application of Grey Situation Decision-Making Theory in Site Selection of a Waste Sanitary Landfill

An application of an unequal-weighted multi-objective decision making method in site selection of a waste sanitary landfill is discussed. The eight factors, which affected possible options, were: size and capacity of the landfill, permeability of the stratum, the average difference in elevation between the groundwater level and the bottom of the landfill pit, quality and source of clay, the quality grade of the landfill site, the effect of landfill engineering on nearby residents, distance to the water supply and the water source as well as the cost of construction and waste transport. These are determined, given the conditions of the geological environment, the need for environmental protection and landfill site construction and transportation related to the design and operation of a sanitary landfill. The weights of the eight factors were further investigated based on the difference in their relevance. Combined with practical experience from Xuzhou city (Jiangsu province, China), the objectives, effects and weights of grey decision-making were deter- mined and the process and outcome of the landfill site selection are stated in detail. The decision-making results have been proven to be acceptable and correct. As we show, unequal-weighted multi-objective grey situation decision-mak- ing is characterized by easy calculations and good maneuverability when used in landfill site selection. The number of factors (objectives) affecting the outcome and the quantitative method of qualitative indices can be adjusted on the basis of concrete conditions in landfill site selection. Therefore, unequal-weighted multi-objective grey situation decision making is a feasible method in selecting landfill sites which offers a reference method for landfill site selection else- where. It is a useful, rational and scientific exploration in the choice of`a landfill site.

Sanitary Hazards and Microbial Quality of Open Dug Wells in the Maldives Islands

Concern for saline and microbial quality post-December 2004 tsunami, led to a field based surveillance study to systematically investigate the sanitary hazards which cause faecal contamination of groundwater. In seven islands, two duplicate sample sets, in two surveys, revealed that only 6.4% of the 173 well water samples (combining both surveys) satisfied the WHO Drinking Water Quality Guideline for 44°C thermo-tolerant (Faecal) Coliform (FC) indicator value (zero cfu/100 ml sample). Based on a combined risk analysis of Sanitary Hazard Score (SHS) and FC counts, more than 57.7% of the study wells were classified as at very high (FC: 100 to >1,000 cfu/100ml;and SHS: ≥ 9) microbial health risk. During this study, fundamental changes were made to the published generic sanitary inspection method (WHO, 1997) for identifying sanitary hazards, for its application in the extremely vulnerable hydro-geological setting of the Maldives. However, the most important hazard controlling the intensity of faecal contamination in the Maldives is the safe separation distance between a latrine seepage point and the well. It was demonstrated that, due to the prevailing hydro-geological conditions and the well and sanitation system densities, safe separation distance cannot be achieved. Consequently, septic tank effluent quality must be greatly improved.

Sanitary Sewage Treatment with Jet Inner-loop Bioreactor

A jet inner-loop bioreactor (JIBR) was used to treat synthetic sanitary sewage with low, medium and high COD load. The experimental results show that it could meet discharge standard at 20\|30 min of HRT (hydraulic retention time) for low COD concentration and 60\|120 min of HRT for medium and high COD concentration. The maximal COD volume loading and COD sludge loading of 27 kg\5m -3 \5d -1 and 5 kg/d per kg MLSS were acheived respectively, that were 10\|20 times higher than those of traditional wastewater treatment processes. The BOD 5 removal efficiency was more than 90% and NH + 4 —N more than 85%. The study on the activity showed that the oxygen consumption rate of the activated sludge in the JIBR was 39.13 mg\5L -1 \5h -1 , which was 1.7 times higher than that of the SBR(Sequencing Batch Reactor) and the dominant bacteria in jet inner\|loop bioreactor was Pseudomonas species.

Evaluating Subdivisions for Identifying Extraneous Flow in Separate Sanitary Sewer Systems

Separate sanitary sewer systems are designed to convey sewage waste from municipal areas to a central treatment facility;they are not designed to handle water associated with precipitation events. However, intercept of groundwater (infiltration) and of flows through manholes or unauthorized connections (inflows) introduces rainwater into the sanitary sewer system. Infiltration/Inflow (I/I) increases the costs associated with treatment and can create additional environmental problems. Identifying and quantifying the volume I/I can be complicated and costly. A simple quantitative method was developed to quantify the extent of I/I occurring in sewer sheds. The method uses measured sewer flows, water usage, precipitation values, and land cover data to calculate the volume of extraneous flows. To assess its utility, the method was used to compare two urban sewer sheds, Holiday Knolls and Eagle View. Both sewer sheds showed evidence of I/I in excess of 200 gallons per day per inch-mile of sewer pipe (gpd/in-mile). Holiday Knolls, the older subdivision had an average I/I of 1912 gpd/in-mile, while Eagle View had an average of 1143 gpd/in-mile. The devel- oped method provided simple means to calculate I/I and to identify sewer sheds in need of repair.

On the Importance of Sanitary Sewer Overflow on the Total Discharge of Microplastics from Sewage Water

The paper provides an investigation and understanding of the significance of various wastewater flows on microplastics retainment and emission to the environment. WWTPs and sewer overflows as an important pathway of microplastics to the environment are assessed by considering the removal of microplastics in WWTPs with different treatment processes and several sewer overflow types and their contribution to microplastic loads to recipients. On the example of the Baltic Sea basin, presented results indicate a considerable discharge of microplastic from WWTPs despite the relatively good overall removal efficiency. Results show that the discharge of microplastics from sewer overflows can be in the same magnitude as from treated wastewater although the total flow is much lower than that of treated wastewater. Sewer overflow events frequently occur and are expected to increase due to climate change and urbanization, unless infrastructure is adapted. At the same time, sewer overflows are often neglected in conventional wastewater handling.

Effect of Distance of Sanitary Pits on the Microbial and Heavy Metal Levels in Hand Dug Well Water Samples Consumed by People Living in Akwuke, Enugu South Local Government Area of Enugu State

Studies were carried out to assess the effect of distance of sanitary pits on the microbial and heavy metal levels in hand dug well water samples consumed by people living in Akwuke, Enugu South Local government area of Enugu State, using standard biochemical and spectrophotometric analysis. The well water samples were digested with aqua-regia and four heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn) were assayed in the well water samples at sampling distances of 3, 6 and 10 m respectively from the sanitary pits. The range of mean bacterial counts (cfu/g) for the four detected pathogenic bacteria; S. aureus, Klebsiella pnemeoniae, Echerichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis were 83 - 3730, 510 - 870, 50 - 2535 and 240 - 3420 Cfu/g at sampling distances of 3, 6 and 10 m respectively from the sanitary pits. The mean bacteria counts of the four detected pathogenic organisms in the well water sample at sampling distances of 3 and 6 m respectively from the sanitary pits were above the WHO recommended threshold limits for a safe drinking water. The mean bacterial counts of Salmonella enteritidis in the well water samples of sampling distance of 10 m from the sanitary pits was above the WHO recommended permissible limits. At sampling distances of 3, 6 and 10 m from the sanitary pits, the mean range of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in the well water samples were, 0.03 - 0.3, 0.02 - 0.05, 0.46 - 1.71 and 1.63 - 7.03 μg/g respectively. The mean levels of Pb and Cd in the well water samples at sampling distances of 3 and 6 m respectively from the sanitary pits were above their respective WHO recommended threshold limits. The mean heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) in the well water samples at sampling distances of 3, 6, and 10 m respectively from the sanitary pits were statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Effect of Distance of Sanitary Pits on the Physicochemical Properties of Hand Dug Well Water Samples Consumed by People Living in Akwuke Community, Enugu South Local Government Area of Enugu State

Studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of distance of sanitary pits on the physicochemical properties of hand-dug well water samples consumed by people living in Akwuke community, Enugu South Local Government Area of Enugu State, using standard analytical procedures and instrumentation. The mean range of pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrate and sulphate in the well water samples at the determined sampling distances of 3, 6 and 10 m from the sanitary pits were 5.9 - 7.24, 1.92 - 6.63 NTU, 122.03 - 303.91 μs/cm, 100.00 - 261.90 mg/L, 1.21 - 4.68 mg/L and 28.89 - 49/61 mg/L respectively. The investigated mean physicochemical parameters of the well water samples were generally observed to increase with decrease in the distance of the well water samples from the sanitary pits. The levels of the determined physicochemical parameter of the well water samples at sampling distances of 3, 6, and 10 m respectively from the sanitary pits were statistically significant. The mean pH values of the well water samples at sampling distances of 3 and 6 m respectively from the sanitary pits were below the WHO recommended threshold limits for safe drinking water. Additionally, the mean values of turbidity and total dissolved solids of the well water samples at a sampling distance of 3 m from the sanitary pits were above the WHO permissible limits. The pH, turbidity and total dissolved solids are some of the most important parameters used in assessing the quality of any water source, therefore, the poor physicochemical properties of well water samples at a sampling distance of 3 m from the sanitary pits could put at severe health risk consumption of this water over a prolonged time. Siting well water at a reasonable far distance (above 10 m) for sanitary pits especially in communities with severe water scarcity would definitely help guarantee access to safe drinking water by rural as well as urban dwellers in Nigeria.

Sanitary Surveys and Hydrochemistry of Groundwater in Two Urban Towns (Ado-Ekiti and Ijero-Ekiti), Southwestern Nigeria

Groundwater contamination in urban cities is imminent in the phase of increased anthropogenic activities apart from the contribution of geogenic contaminants. This study examined the sanitary surveys and hydrochemistry of groundwater in Ado-Ekiti and Ijero-Ekiti to establish the contaminants’ sources, decipher the effects of urbanization on population and explain any relationship between the surveys and the groundwater chemistry. Sanitary surveys of 30 randomly selected wells each from Ado-Ekiti and Ijero-Ekiti were executed by administering and processing appropriately designed questionnaires that addressed salient problems of hygiene and sanitation. The results of the surveys were grouped into very high risk, high risk, intermediate risk, and low risk classes. Subsequently, at each location, in situ parameters (temperature (°C), pH and EC (μS/cm)) were measured using a portable Multi-parameter TestrTM 35 Series S/N: 1382654. At each well, water samples were collected into clean polyethylene bottles in triplicates for cation, anions and e-coli evaluations, respectively. Water samples for cations were acidified by adding two drops of concentrated nitric acid. All samples were kept in a refrigerator at a low temperature of about 4°C before being taken to the Federal University of Technology, Akure, for analyses. Ion chromatography was employed for the anions analysis while the cations were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Buck 210 model. Membrane filter technique was employed for the e-coli estimation. From the results of the hydrochemistry, the Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI) and Modified Nitrate Pollution Index (MNPI) were estimated and classified into;clean unpolluted, light pollution, moderate pollution, significant pollution, very significant pollution waters. Sanitary surveys in the two cities showed that in the very low risk, intermediate and high-risk categories, Ado-Ekiti had 33.33%, 56.67% and 10% representations, while Ijero-Ekiti had 50%, 23.33% and 26.67% representations, respectively. This observation showed that Ado-Ekiti with higher population and humans’ activities compared to Ijero-Ekiti was less susceptible to pollution. Urbanization has no direct effects on sanitary surveys. The pH of wells’ water in Ado-Ekiti ranged from 4.8 - 8.2, EC (μS/cm) from 101 - 1008, while at Ijero-Ekiti, the pH and EC (μS/cm) varied from 2.1 - 13.8 and 80 - 1008 respectively. Ado-Ekiti wells’ water was more acidic than that of Ijero-Ekiti. Chemical concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, , and Clˉ of the wells’ water in both cities were within WHO-approved standards for drinking water. However, with average concentrations of 142.17 (mg/L) and 252.71 (mg/L) at Ado-Ekiti and Ijero-Ekiti, respectively, exceeded the standard in many locations. Susceptibility to pollution classification employing TDS, NPI and MNPI showed that Ijero-Ekiti was more susceptible to pollution compared to Ado-Ekiti. This assertion was supported by statistical analysis employing correlation, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis. This study showed that urbanization had no direct effects on sanitary surveys and groundwater quality. Pollution of wells’ water in the two cities was, mainly from anthropogenic activities. However, Ijero-Ekiti, with significant anthropogenic activities, had its wells’ water more susceptible to pollution. Sanitary surveys are a complementary method to water quality monitoring.

Shuangshi Series Sanitary Ware Products

The Luoyang Jinying (Gold Eagle) Sanitary Ware Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (a Sino-American Joint Venture) is a production enterprise specializing in sanitary ware integration of research, development, production and marketing. The Company has introduced jet equipment and jet technology of glass fibre reinforced plastics of the international advanced level of the 1990s, and has developed and produced Shuangshi (Twin-Lion) brand series sanitary ware products of glass fibre reinforced plastics.

Sanitary Regulation of Pharmaceutical Products in Mexico （Sanitary Registration-Board Arrangement-Patent）-Monoclonal Antibody Case Study

The Federal Commission for Protection against Health Risks in Mexico （COFEPRIS） is responsible for the regulation and health promotion of the production, commercialization, import, export, publicity or involuntary exposure of medicines and technologies for health. For its part, the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property （IMPI） is a decentralized public body with legal personality, own property and legal authority to administer the industrial property system in our country. In the year 2000, on September 19, the official journal published the linking of patents related to allopathic medicines and the sanitary registry. Objectives： To publicize the process of linking the Sanitary-Patent Registry as a case study to delimit the scope of the new pharmaceutical products. Methodology： Request the information to COFEPRIS for the registration of a new pharmaceutical product; Establish flow diagrams for the registration of： innovative products, generic products, biotech products and bio similar products; Integrate the documents in the dossier of the pharmaceutical product for sanitary registration; Elaborate sworn letter of non-invasion of patents and study of patents; Submit the Health Registry; Intergovernmental consultation. Sanitary Registry Results： Search of patents in databases to elaborate state of the art, to write letter under protest to say truth that is not invading any patent, when developing a composition of cetuximab, as generic product since the patent molecule expired in 2016 and 11 patents related to compositions, preparations and finished product preparation processes. Conclusions： COFEPRIS will determine through intergovernmental consultation with the IMPI whether or not a patent is invaded, according to the case it will grant the registration or send the corresponding prevention for cetuximab, in case that invading can also be a refusal of grant.

Application Example of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structure Waste Dam in the Proiect of Valley Sanitary Landfill

waste dam is one of the most important infrastructures in the project of valley sanitary landfill. On one hand, it forms the landfill capacity required. On the other hand, it improves the slope stability of waste body. Consequently, I think it is very significant to maintain the stability of waste dana for the whole sanitary landfill. Combining with a project example, aiming at the special geological conditions, we have made three plans of waste dam structure, calculation and analysis comparison respectively. Reinforced concrete frame waste dam is highlighted in the project for its advantages, smoothly solving the three problems in the engineering.

Impact of China’s sanitary and phytosanitary measures on animal-derived food imports

This paper takes the imports of animal-derived food as the example,and uses the 6-digit-code HS data of the CEPII BACI database ranging from 2002 to 2018 in an extended gravity model to study the impact of the sanitary and phytosanitary(SPS)measures implemented in China on the import trade and trade margins of animal-derived food.The results show that(1)China’s SPS measures have not significantly restricted the import trade of animal-derived food but rather enhanced import trade by alleviating negative externalities and information asymmetry;(2)SPS measures have positive effects on the extensive,price,and quantity margins for developed countries;while(3)SPS measures have negative effects on the quantity margin for developing countries.Thus,China’s SPS measures have not yet constituted a trade restriction.

Shengli Brand Sanitary Ware

The Shengli brand sanitary wareproduced by the TangshanMunicipality Building CeramicsFactory under the Tangshan Shengli Ceramics(Group) Corporation are fine quality productsnominated by the Ministry and have beenawarded the honourary certificate for exportproducts by the Ministry of Foreign Tradeand Cooperation. The factory is of advanced technicalprocess in production, and boasts an importedvertical casting production line for

CHASEPARK BRAND SANITARY WARE

The Foshan Caizhou Sanitary CeramicsCo. Ltd. is a Sino-foreign jointventure under the Guangdong FoshanCeramics Group Co. Ltd. At present, it hasannual production of 350 thousand pieces ofChasepark brand medium-to-high-gradesanitary ceramics (in complete sets). Afterthey have been put into production in thesecond and third phases of the project, theannual production capacity will reach 1.15million pieces. The Caizhou Company was the firstcompany in China to introduce a large

Tangtao Series of Sanitary Ceramic Utensils

The Tangtao series of sanitary ceramicutensils were awarded a national silverprize in 1980 and a gold prize in1987. In recent years, the factory has developedthe "T" series of sanitary ceramics, raisingthe overall functions, structure, appearance,quality, variety of color and design of itsproducts to a new level. In 1995, the productswere examined and approved by the StateScience and Technology Commission andthe Ministry of Construction, and were listedas recommended products for "RelativelyComfortable Housing" construction. Thequality products are suitable for use in three-star hotels and above.