Enhancing Heavy Crude Oil Flow in Pipelines through Heating-Induced Viscosity Reduction in the Petroleum Industry

The process of transporting crude oil across pipelines is one of the most critical aspects of the midstream petroleum industry.In the present experimental work,the effect of temperature,pressure drop,and pipe diameter on the flow rate of heavy crude oil have been assessed.Moreover,the total discharge and energy losses have been evaluated in order to demonstrate the improvements potentially achievable by using solar heating method replacing pipe,and adjusting the value of the initial pressure difference.Crude oil of API=20 has been used for the experiments,with the studied pipelines sections connecting the separator unit to the storage tank operating at a temperature of 25℃-100℃,pressure drop of 3,4,5,and 6 kg/cm^(2),and with pipe diameter of 4,6,and 8 in.The results show that on increasing the temperature and/or the pressure drop,the flow rate through the pipeline becomes higher,thus raising the total pumping energy(as the pipe diameter increase),while energy losses increase from the last separator to the storage tank in the field.A pipe diameter increase can also produce a growth of the total pumping energy(i.e.,energy losses increase).The results of the present analysis suggest that employing an optimal temperature(50℃)is needed to ensure good performance.

Heavy Industry Share Increase Is Causing Higher Energy Consumptioni

The"11th Five-Year"plan sets the objective of reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 20% in five years.Readjusting industrial structure is one of the possible means to reach this goal.As for energy consumption reduction through industrial readjustment,however,present research only explores the effects of industry structural change in the six sectors such as agriculture,industry,construction,transportation and commerce,yet without considering the ramifications of sub-sector two-digit code industry structure.In this paper,we have calculated the effects of structural change in light- heavy industries on energy consumption and energy intensity from 1993 to 2005 using the factor decomposition method.As a result,we found for each percentage point gain in favour of heavy industry in the light-heavy industry mix,China’s energy consumption increases by nearly 9 million metric tons of coal equivalent.However the overall effects of structural change in light-heavy industry are less than those of sub-sector intensity factors on industrial energy intensity and energy consumption per unit of GDP.The heavy industry share gain has over recent years exerted a significant impact on industrial energy intensity.For example,78% of the abnormal increase in industrial energy intensity in 2003 could be attributed to this factor.Finally,an analytical framework for energy intensity based on this study is presented.

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Wood Ash for Agronomic Purposes

The oil refinery of the food products company SOPAL, located in the port area of TOGO, produces an average of 200 kg of eucalyptus wood ash per day. This ash is stored in large quantities within the premises of the refinery, without any disposal solution. The aim of this study is to identify the physico-chemical properties of SOPAL’s wood ash for agronomic valorization. Physico-chemical analyses reveal the presence of major and secondary elements such as potassium (15.71 g/kg DM), phosphorus (27.90 g/kg DM), calcium (9.76 g/kg DM), magnesium (0.03 g/kg DM), sodium (1.24 g/kg DM), iron (1.49 g/kg DM) and manganese (7.82 g/kg DM). The pH is alkaline (12.97) with fairly high conductivity (24.10 mS/Cm). Heavy metals identified are cobalt (0.19 mg/kg DM), cadmium (0.10 mg/kg DM), lead (1.14 mg/kg DM), copper (19.77 mg/kg DM) and nickel (12.82 mg/kg DM). The results show that the ash contains considerable amount of major and secondary elements for agronomic uses.

Commercial Application of Novel Heavy Oil Catalytic Cracking Catalyst HSC

The commercial application of a novel RFCC catalyst HSC used in an 1.4 Mt/a RFCC unit at a refinery A was introduced. The application results show that in comparison with the base catalyst, the yield of dry gas and slurry was reduced, while the total liquid yield, gasoline yield and LPG yield increased by 1.34, 5.05 and 1.43 percentage points,respectively. The properties of the products showed no significant change while the anti-abrasion strength of the catalyst was relatively high. Based on the mid-term calibration test, the summary calibration test and the daily statistics of long term industrial application practice, the HSC catalyst features a strong conversion ability of heavy oil, a high gasoline yield, a satisfactory product distribution and a good selectivity.

Integrated approach of heavy metal pollution indices and complexity quantification using chemometric models in the Sirsa Basin, Nalagarh valley, Himachal Pradesh, India

Chemometric techniques and pollution assessment indices were applied to determine the source and intensity of pollution in the Sirsa River, Himachal Pradesh,India. Results show EC, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni were above the permissible limit as per the Bureau of Indian Standards.The heavy metal pollution index(HPI) and contamination index(Cd) provided contrasting outcome and poor correlation was observed. A heavy metal evaluation index(HEI)method was developed using a multiple of the mean and correlation coefficient values to provide an alternative pollution classification. The criteria of HEI adopted for reclassification of HPI and Cdproduced comparable results; 40 % samples were labeled as low contamination,50 % as medium contamination, and 10 % as high contamination for all indices. Principal component analysis along with cluster analysis was used to identify the main factors responsible for degradation of water quality,namely discharge of industrial effluent, river bed mining,agricultural runoff, and minor natural or geogenic input.The methods and chemometric study proposed here can be used as effective tools to gather information about water quality and water resource management.

Upper extremity disorders in heavy industry workers in Greece

AIM To investigate the disability due to musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremities in heavy industry workers.METHODS The population under study consisted of 802 employees, both white-and blue-collar, working in a shipyard industry in Athens, Greece. Data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires and the recording of individual and job-related characteristics during the period 2006-2009. The questionnaires used were the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand(QD) Outcome Measure, the Work Ability Index(WAI) and the ShortForm-36(SF-36) Health Survey. The QD was divided into three parameters-movement restrictions in everyday activities, work and sports/music activities-and the SF-36 into two items, physical and emotional. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed by means of the SPSS v.22 for Windows Statistical Package.RESULTS The answers given by the participants for the QD did not reveal great discomfort regarding the execution of manual tasks, with the majority of the participants scoring under 5%, meaning no disability. After conducting multiple linear regression, age revealed a positive association with the parameter of restrictions in everyday activities(b = 0.64, P = 0.000). Basic education showed a statistically significant association regarding restrictions during leisure activities, with b = 2.140(P = 0.029) for compulsory education graduates. WAI's final score displayed negative charging in the regression analysis of all three parameters, with b =-0.142(P = 0.0), b =-0.099(P = 0.055) and b =-0.376(P = 0.001) respectively, while the physical and emotional components of SF-36 associated with movement restrictions only in daily activities and work. The participants' specialty made no statistically significant associations with any of the three parameters of the QD.CONCLUSION Increased musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity are associated with older age, lower basic education and physical and mental/emotional health and reduced working ability.

Heavy Metal Pollution of Topsoil in the Vicinity of an Industrial Estate Co-Located with a Housing Estate in Southwestern Nigeria

Heavy metals were determined in topsoils around a major industrial estate co-located with a housing estate in the southwestern region of Nigerian. Samples were collected on three-monthly basis for 18 months, from the industrial waste dumpsites, industrial area, residential area, around an effluent channel, outskirts of the estate and control sites. Average levels of Cu (2850 ± 3340 mg/kg), Pb (768 ± 450 mg/kg) and Ni (105 ± 30 mg/kg) at the dumpsites were significantly higher than other locations. At the industrial area and effluent channels, Pb and Cr levels were slightly elevated compared with other metals. Metal levels at the residential area and outskirts of the estate were about the levels in the control. Generally, the degree of contamination within the vicinity of the estate was of the order Cu>Pb>Ni>Cd>Co>Cr. Average total bioavailable (non-residual) fraction of the metals consisted of 52.0% of the metal load, with this fraction for Cd and Pb being 73.9% and 60.7% respectively. Topsoils around the dumpsite were evidently polluted with high levels of copper and lead. Seepage of leachate from the dumpsite has the potential of contaminating ground water reserves. Improper disposal of industrial solid wastes appears to be the likely source of metal pollution in the industrial estate. Heavy metal pollution in the estate can therefore be significantly reduced by prompt and proper disposal of generated solid wastes, and the application of particulate scrubbers in the industries.

The Effect of the Challawa Industrial Estate on the Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metal Levels of Portable Water Supply in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria

It has been observed that the portable water quality obtained from various locations in Kano Metropolis has shown greater variations in the recent past. Attempts have been made to ascertain the reasons for the variations even though the supplies were from only two treatments plants that obtain their raw water from the same source. A total of 92 water samples comprising of raw (from plants) and treated (from the plants and taps) were collected during rainy and dry seasons between April 2010 and May, 2012 and analyzed using standard analytical techniques. The results of analysis gave the physiochemical properties with range as follows: pH (0.06 ± 6.7 - 6.04 ± 0.02) conductivity (7.23 ±0.04 - 13.33 ± 0.22 S/Cm), turbidity (5.00 ± 0.01 - 449.22 ±1.32 NTU), suspended solids (107.33±3.45 - 712.11 ±5.33 mg/dm3), total dissolved solids (18.50 ± 0.85 -186 .78 ± 2.48 mg/dm3 ), alkalinity (12.53± 0.32 - 80.75 ± 1.23 mg/dm3) and hardness (29.50 ± 1.22 - 58.67 ± 2.34 mg/dm3). The pH values were generally acidic while the turbidity and total solid especially in some locations were higher than the permissible levels set by the World Health Organization for portable water. The concentration of heavy metals (mg/dm3) were found in the following ranges Fe (0.10 ± 0.04 - 0.30 ± 0.02), Cu (0.01 ± 0.001 - 0.03 ± 0.002), Zn (0.13 ± 0.06 - 0.39 ±0.02), Pb (0.03 ± 0.01 - 0.17 ± 0.02), Mn (0.03 ± 0.004 - 0.13 ± 0.003), Cr (0.10 ± 0.04 - 0.31 ± 0.03). The highest values of Fe, Cu and Mn were recorded along the older distribution channel of Challawa. The levels of Pb and Cr were generally high in both routes which are also observed in the raw water used at the two treatments plants. The results obtained from heavy metal concentrations fell within the maximum allowable limit set by the World Health Organization for portable water except in the cases of Pb and Cr. The high Fe, Mn, Cu levels as obtained in the Challawa route were attributed to leaching from rusting in the old galvanized metal pipe-work in the distribution channel. The levels of chromium and lead were similar in the two networks showing that the raw water used in the both treatment plants were responsible for the high values obtained and were not effectively removed by the treatment processes.

Heavy Metals Accumulation in Soil Irrigated with Industrial Effluents of Gadoon Industrial Estate, Pakistan and Its Comparison with Fresh Water Irrigated Soil

Wastewater mixed with industrial effluents is used for irrigation in Gadoon Industrial estate and thus contaminating soil. This soil was tested for heavy metal content by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (perkin elmer 700) and compared with control soil irrigated with tube well water at seven selected spots. Accumulation of the toxic metal was significantly greater in the soil irrigated with industrial effluent than control soil (p < 0.05). Manganese (Mn) was the most significant pollutant, accumulated up to 9.95 ppm in the soil irrigated with industrial waste water. It was found that the samples were containing Zn in the range of 1.596 - 6.288, Cu 0.202 - 1.236, Co 0.074 - 0.115, Ni 0.0002 - 0.544, Cr 0.243 - 0.936, Mn 3.667 - 9.955 and Pb 0.488 - 1.259 ppm. No sample was containing the heavy metal above the critical level mentioned in typical and unsafe heavy metal levels in soil.

Correlation between Heavy Metals in Fish and Sediment in Sakumo and Kpeshie Lagoons, Ghana

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Zn, and Cu) were measured in bottom sediment and the black-chin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) from the Sakumo and Kpeshie lagoons using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Results for the levels of these metals in the sediments and fish were compared with WHO guideline values. It was observed that heavy metal concentrations in sediments of Sakumo lagoon were higher than those of Kpeshie lagoon. Among the metals, Cu and Zn were found to be highly concentrated in the fish but lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended values. Spearman correlation coefficient study showed significant correlation coefficients between Pb and Zn (0.937) and between Cu and Mn (0.613) at 0.05 levels.

China Must Follow a Wise Approach to the Development of Heavy Chemical Industry

At present,China is the world’s largest consumer of iron ore, nickel,copper,steel,coal and cement,and the world’s second largest consumer of oil,alumina,electricity and energy.Currently, China is creating 4～5% of the world’s GDP by consuming 8.92% of the world’s oil,32.1% of raw coal,30.7% of iron ore,28% of steel.20% of alumina and 50% of cement.

Research on heavy metals in Ruditapes philippinarum and soda industry wastes

Heavy metals pollution in Jiaozhou Bay was studied in Ruditapes. philippinarum, a bioindicator of seawater pollution. Heavy metals in soda industry wastes “white mud” were also studied. Comparison of microwave digestion method with general digestion method revealed that microwave digestion is superior to general digestion in precision, recovery, digestion speed and efficiency, etc. Cd concentration in Hongdao R. philippinarum samples exceeded the national standard by 0.046 mg/kg, that of Yinghai sample by 0.02 mg/kg, and that of Hongshiya sample by 0.22 mg/kg. Sample Pb concentration in Hongshiya was found to exceed the national standard by 0.02 mg/kg. However the heavy metals concentration in R. philippinarum near the Qingdao Alkaline Factory was complied with the standard. This was proved by Penaeus chinensis culture experiment. Therefore, the possible contamination source may come from other land areas.

壳聚糖复合水凝胶的制备方法及在水处理中的应用

壳聚糖由于来源广、吸附性能强和可自然降解等优点成为备受关注的天然吸附剂。壳聚糖复合水凝胶(CCH)材料是以壳聚糖为主要原料,通过化学、物理等方法改性后得到的新型复合材料。介绍了化学交联、物理交联以及互穿网络等合成壳聚糖复合水凝胶的主要方法。综述了近年来使用CCH对工业废水中常见染料、重金属离子和其他常见污染物的吸附机理和处理效果,讨论了当前利用CCH在处理工业废水中各种污染物时存在的问题及解决方法。最后对CCH在合成方法、选择性吸附、回收利用和智能改性等方面进行了展望,为深入研究提高CCH材料性能及拓宽其在工业废水处理中的应用范围提供了思路。

电吸附处理重金属离子的研究进展

从电吸附技术的基本原理入手,总结了电吸附处理Cu2+、Pb2+、Cr6+、Cd2+等重金属离子的研究进展,对电吸附处理重金属的未来进行了展望,指出了电吸附处理重金属离子研究目前存在的一些缺陷,并提出了电吸附处理重金属离子走向工业化需要解决的问题。

城市工业地块土壤重金属污染风险评价与源解析

选择上海市金山区为研究区域,基于研究区内25个再开发利用行业地块168个不同深度剖面的土壤样品,测定分析了重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)含量,采用地累积指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和潜在生态风险指数对重金属污染特征进行分析和评价,利用地统计学、相关性分析、绝对主成分-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)模型解析其污染来源。结果表明,研究区土壤中除As外,其余重金属均不同程度超过上海市土壤背景值,表层土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni和Hg含量分别为背景值的2.15、1.61、2.20、2.02和1.30倍,6种重金属含量随着土壤深度的增加逐渐降低,重金属在表层土壤中存在一定程度的富集,人类活动扰动主要集中在表层。空间插值结果表明Cd、Cu、Ni高值区主要集中在研究区西北侧,Pb和Hg高值区集中在研究区中部,As元素分布均匀。地累积指数表现为Ni(0.37)>Cu(0.36)>Cd(0.29)>Pb(0.11)>Hg(-0.62)>As(-0.85);内梅罗综合污染指数为1.95,表现为轻度污染;潜在生态风险指数结果显示,研究区综合潜在生态风险指数R值在50.60-271.50,均值为153.00,整体呈现中等生态风险。相关性分析和APCS-MLR模型识别出研究区域土壤重金属主要有3个来源,源1(Cd、Cu和Ni)为金属制品源,源2(Hg和Pb)为化学原料和化学制品源,源3为(As)自然源为主的混合源。该研究对上海市金山区再开发利用场地土壤重金属污染情况进行相对全面的评价,以期为城市更新过程中土壤重金属污染防控和修复提供相应的证据支撑。

泰妙菌素废盐活性炭的制备及吸附EDTA-Pb(Ⅱ)的研究

工业废水中的有机配体和重金属离子结合形成络合态重金属,络合态重金属的排放会导致严重的环境及人体健康问题。采用热解炭化法将医药固体废弃物——泰妙菌素废盐制备成废盐活性炭(WSAC)并用于去除模拟废水中的EDTA-Pb(Ⅱ),利用SEM、BET表征WSAC的性质;基于静态吸附试验研究了溶液初始pH、共存离子对WSAC吸附EDTA-Pb(Ⅱ)行为的影响;通过吸附动力学、等温线拟合,利用FTIR、TOC、Zeta电位等表征探究其吸附机理。结果表明:WSAC对EDTA-Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附过程符合伪一级动力学和Langmuir模型,吸附速率受物理过程主导且为单分子层均相吸附;随着pH的升高,WSAC对EDTA-Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附效果降低;共存阴离子的加入会与EDTA-Pb(Ⅱ)竞争吸附位点,对吸附起抑制作用;WSAC对EDTA-Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附机制主要为孔隙填充和静电吸附的协同作用。将WSAC用于吸附工业废水中的EDTA-Pb(Ⅱ),为泰妙菌素废盐的资源化利用提供一种途径,也为工业废水中EDTA-Pb(Ⅱ)的去除提供新方法。

南丹锑矿区不同工业场地植物群落特征

研究锑矿区不同工业场地植被群落特征及其影响因素,对于锑矿区的生态恢复和植被重建具有重要意义。以南丹县五一锑矿各工业场地植物群落为研究对象,并选择锑矿区周边未被破坏的植物群落作为对照区,探究锑矿区不同工业场地(采矿区、冶炼区、尾矿区)植物群落物种组成与多样性及其与土壤因子的关系。结果显示:锑矿区各工业场地群落组成以菊科(Compositae)、禾本科(Poaceae)为主,2科植物在锑矿区工业场地内为群落建群种和优势种。对照区与各工业场地植物群落组成差异显著(P<0.05),冶炼区植物群落组成与采矿区和尾矿区差异显著(P<0.05)。各工业场地优势种的重要值及Margalef指数、Shannon指数均表现为对照区>采矿区>尾矿区>冶炼区(P<0.05),表明冶炼区群落复杂程度最低,群落结构最为简单,生态退化形势较为严重。矿区植物多样性与土壤含水率、pH及有机质、总钾、总氮含量呈正相关,与总磷含量、锑砷含量呈负相关,总锑、总砷和土壤含水率是影响锑矿各工业场地物种多样性的重要限制因子;重金属含量对尾矿区和采矿区植物群落多样性影响最强,土壤含水率对冶炼区影响最强。研究表明,工业场地植物物种数量下降,植被多样性指数降低,采矿等工业活动对矿区生态环境构成一定破坏和干扰,矿区植被恢复方案应考虑矿区场地类型和关键环境变量。

绿色产业政策与重污染行业可持续性转型--基于长三角地区“区域—企业”的多层次分析

论文采用“区域—企业”的多层次研究框架,以2007年“太湖流域水环境综合治理总体方案”作为政策评价对象,综合采用双重差分方法、区域间“投入—产出”模型,分析了政策对于长三角地区的重污染行业可持续转型的影响。研究发现,绿色产业政策对于政策执行区以及周边地区企业的影响存在差异。政策抑制了执行区中企业污染排放与全要素生产率,但是提升了周边非沿长江区域企业的环境绩效以及周边沿江区域企业的全要素生产率。同时,绿色产业政策在不同层次上发挥不同的作用,包括环境治理效应、威慑效应、联通效应以及创新诱导效应。基于绿色产业政策多层次分析,为区域间政府联动、企业协同以及区域的可持续转型发展提供了经验证据。

吸附法去除水中典型有机络合态重金属的研究进展

工业废水中低浓度、难降解、高毒性有机络合态重金属的有效去除是当前重金属污染治理领域的热点问题。吸附法因成本低、效率高、操作简便等优点在有机络合态重金属污染治理领域备受关注。首先详细阐述了近年来主流吸附剂的发展现状及其在去除水体中典型EDTA络合态重金属方面的研究进展,评述了不同类别吸附剂的优缺点及相应的性能优化方法,并归纳了相关吸附剂的反应机理。之后将传统有机络合态重金属污染治理技术与当下新型吸附技术各自的优点和局限性进行了对比,为在复杂环境中合理选择最佳类型吸附剂提供了有益参考,并列举了新型吸附剂在含有机络合态重金属污染实际废水治理领域的应用表现和发展潜力。最后展望了未来新型吸附剂的研究重点和发展方向,以期为吸附法治理含有机络合态重金属废水的研究提供参考。

三种典型工业固废钝化重金属污染土壤的研究进展

这是一篇环境工程领域的论文。土壤重金属污染问题与我国耕地面积安全和粮食安全密切相关,将工业固体废弃物应用于钝化重金属污染土壤是一种低成本、高收益的解决方案。文章梳理了赤泥、粉煤灰和钢渣三种典型工业固废钝化重金属污染土壤的研究进展,系统总结了赤泥、粉煤灰和钢渣对土壤重金属存在状态和植物生长情况的影响作用,并对赤泥、粉煤灰和钢渣作为土壤钝化剂使用时的缺点和潜在问题进行了分析。