To Analyze the Sensitivity of RT-PCR Assays Employing S Gene Target Failure with Whole Genome Sequencing Data during Third Wave by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant

Introduction: Omicron is a highly divergent variant of concern (VOCs) of a severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2. It carries a high number of mutations in its spike protein hence;it is more transmissible in the community by immune evasion mechanisms. Due to mutation within S gene, most Omicron variants have reported S gene target failure (SGTF) with some commercially available PCR kits. Such diagnostic features can be used as markers to screen Omicron. However, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) is the only gold standard approach to confirm novel microorganisms at genetically level as similar mutations can also be found in other variants that are circulating at low frequencies worldwide. This Retrospective study is aimed to assess RT-PCR sensitivity in the detection of S gene target failure in comparison with whole genome sequencing to detect variants of Omicron. Methods: We have analysed retrospective data of SARS-CoV-2 positive RT-PCR samples for S gene target failure (SGTF) with TaqPath COVID-19 RT-PCR Combo Kit (ThermoFisher) and combined with sequencing technologies to study the emerged pattern of SARS-CoV-2 variants during third wave at the tertiary care centre, Surat. Results: From the first day of December 2021 till the end of February 2022, a total of 321,803 diagnostic RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 were performed, of which 20,566 positive cases were reported at our tertiary care centre with an average cumulative positivity of 6.39% over a period of three months. In the month of December 21 samples characterized by the SGTF (70/129) were suggestive of being infected by the Omicron variant and identified as Omicron (B.1.1.529 lineage) when sequence. In the month of January, we analysed a subset of samples (n = 618) with SGTF (24%) and without SGTF (76%) with Ct values Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, it took almost more than 15 days to diagnose infection and identify pathogen by sequencing technology. In contrast to that molecular assay provided quick identification with the help of SGTF phenomenon within 5 hours of duration. This strategy helps scientists and health policymakers for the quick isolation and identification of clusters. That ultimately results in a decreased transmission of pathogen among the community.

The potential of miRNA-based therapeutics in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) infection: A review

Since the World Health Organization(WHO) declared COVID-19, the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2), as a pandemic in March 2020, and more than 117 million people worldwide have been confirmed to have been infected. Scientists, medical professionals,and other stakeholders are racing against time to find and develop effective medicines for COVID-19.However, no drug with high efficacy to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection has been approved. With the increasing popularity of gene therapy, scientists have explored the utilization of small RNAs such as microRNAs(miRNAs) as therapeutics. miRNAs are non-coding RNAs with high affinity for the 30-UTRs of targeted messenger RNAs(mRNAs). Interactions between host cells and viral genomes may induce the upregulation or downregulation of various miRNAs. Therefore, understanding the expression patterns of these miRNAs and their functions will provide insights into potential miRNA-based therapies. This review systematically summarizes the potential targets of miRNA-based therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection and examines the viability of possible transfection methods.

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2) RNA聚合酶抑制剂的密度泛函理论计算辅助筛选

瑞德西韦(Remdesivir, GS-5734)是一种在研的核苷类RNA聚合酶抑制剂,被认为是治疗新冠肺炎(COVID-19)的候选药物,现已被批准用于临床试验阶段。本文以瑞德西韦为参考,基于密度泛函理论(DFT),对六种RNA聚合酶抑制剂进行了进一步的量子化学辅助筛选。将六种药物分子的电子结构性质与瑞德西韦进行了系统的对比,发现化合物6的偶极矩、能隙值、概念密度泛函参数均与瑞德西韦相近,因此推测该化合物也可能是一种潜在的SARS-CoV-2病毒RNA聚合酶的抑制剂。最终,通过分子对接实验进一步证实了化合物6对SARS-CoV-2 RNA聚合酶的潜在抑制能力。本文有望为候选药物的进一步筛选提供一种量子化学计算辅助手段。

Screening key target genes for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)based on bioinformatics and gene network

Background:To provide a reference for the clinical development of drugs to suppress severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).Methods:Retrieving genes related to SARS-CoV-2 with Genecards database and then importing the obtained gene data into the database of Database for Annotation,Visualization and Integrated Discovery(DAVID)(Version 6.8)to collect relevant information on pathways and genes.Genes enriched in the first 20 most significant pathways and genes with gene occurrence frequency≥6 were respectively imported into the STRING database to construct protein-protein interaction(PPI)network diagrams,and the two network diagrams were compared.Results:In the two network graphs,RELA,MAPK1,MAPK3,PIK3CA,PIK3R1,MAPK8,JAK1,STAT1,TNF,IL6,MAPK14,and IL1B ranked higher,and the occurrence frequency of the first 20 pathways was≥10.Conclusion:The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is associated with multiple pathways such as influenza A,TNF signaling pathway,chemokine signaling pathway,toll-like receptor signaling pathway,T cell receptor signaling pathway et al.RELA,MAPK1,MAPK3,PIK3CA,PIK3R1,MAPK8,JAK1,STAT1,TNF,IL6,MAPK14 and IL1B are closely related to SARS-CoV-2 and need further study.Gene interaction network and pathway analysis of diseaseassociated genes will help us to screen the key target genes of SARS-CoV-2 and provide a reference for the clinical development of effective drugs.

Single-nucleus transcriptomic profiling of multiple organs in a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) causes diverse clinical manifestations and tissue injuries in multiple organs.However, cellular and molecular understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated pathology and immune defense features in different organs remains incomplete. Here, we profiled approximately 77 000single-nucleus transcriptomes of the lung, liver,kidney, and cerebral cortex in rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta) infected with SARS-CoV-2 and healthy controls. Integrated analysis of the multiorgan dataset suggested that the liver harbored the strongest global transcriptional alterations. We observed prominent impairment in lung epithelial cells, especially in AT2 and ciliated cells, and evident signs of fibrosis in fibroblasts. These lung injury characteristics are similar to those reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Furthermore, we found suppressed MHC class I/II molecular activity in the lung, inflammatory response in the liver, and activation of the kynurenine pathway,which induced the development of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Analysis of the kidney dataset highlighted tropism of tubule cells to SARS-CoV-2, and we found membranous nephropathy(an autoimmune disease) caused by podocyte dysregulation. In addition, we identified the pathological states of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the cerebral cortex, providing molecular insights into COVID-19-related neurological implications. Overall, our multi-organ single-nucleus transcriptomic survey of SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques broadens our understanding of disease features and antiviral immune defects caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection,which may facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions for COVID-19.

检测SARS-CoV-2的电化学生物传感器研究进展

电化学传感器因具有灵敏、便携、稳健性高、小型化、成本低、无需前处理、检测快速等优点,在严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)检测领域受到广泛关注。该文介绍了致病菌SARSCoV-2的组成部分,综述了基于病毒表面的刺突蛋白、病毒内部核衣壳蛋白和核糖核酸(RNA)3种可特异性检测SARS-CoV-2的电化学生物传感器的研究进展,并对比了3种类型电化学生物传感器的检出限、检测时间、动态监测范围等关键参数。同时与其他检测SARS-CoV-2的方法进行对比,分析了电化学生物传感器的优劣势;最后指出了未来可通过优化检测电极材料及反应条件、修饰检测探针等方面提升电化学生物传感器性能,以实现对新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者的早发现、早隔离及早治疗,同时为设计现场快速诊断COVID-19设备提供有力支撑。

Long noncoding RNA TFAP2A-AS1 exerts promotive effects in non-small cell lung cancer progression via controlling the microRNA-548a-3p/CDK4 axis as a competitive endogenous RNA

In this study,we mainly focus on probing expression profile and detailed functions of long non-coding RNA TFAP2A antisense RNA 1(TFAP2A-AS1)in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Moreover,the mechanisms played by TFAP2A-AS1 were unraveled comprehensively.Herein,a notable overexpressed TFAP2A-AS1 in NSCLC was observed by TCGA and our own cohort.An increased TFAP2A-AS1 level displayed a negative correlation with the overall survival of patients with NSCLC.Loss-of-function approaches illustrated that the absence of TFAP2A-AS1 weakened NSCLC cell proliferation,colony formation,migration and invasion in vitro.Also,interference of TFAP2A-AS1 caused in vivo tumor growth suppression.Mechanistically,TFAP2A-AS1 could negative regulate microRNA-584-3p(miR-584-3p)as a competitive endogenous RNA.Furthermore,cyclin-dependent kinase 4(CDK4),a direct target of miR-584-3p,was positively controlled by TFAP2A-AS1 in a miR-5184-3p-dependent manner.Rescue function experiments corroborated that the anticancer activities of TFAP2A-AS1 deficient on the oncogenicity of NSCLC cells were reversed by downregulating miR-584-3p or overexpressing CDK4.To sum up,TFAP2A-AS1 exhibits cancerpromoting roles in NSCLC through the adjustment of miR-584-3p/CDK4 axis.

Quantitative and qualitative subgenomic RNA profiles of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory samples: A comparison between Omicron BA.2 and non-VOC-D614G

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants are notorious for their transmissibility,but little is known about their subgenomic RNA(sgRNA)expression.This study applied RNA-seq to delineate the quantitative and qualitative profiles of canonical sgRNA of 118 respiratory samples collected from patients infected with Omicron BA.2 and compared with 338 patients infected with non-variant of concern(non-VOC)-D614G.A unique characteristic profile depicted by the relative abundance of 9 canonical sgRNAs was reproduced by both BA.2 and non-VOCD614G regardless of host gender,age and presence of pneumonia.Remarkably,such profile was lost in samples with low viral load,suggesting a potential application of sgRNA pattern to indicate viral activity of individual patient at a specific time point.A characteristic qualitative profile of canonical sgRNAs was also reproduced by both BA.2 and non-VOC-D614G.The presence of a full set of canonical sgRNAs carried a coherent correlation with crude viral load(AUC¼0.91,95%CI 0.88–0.94),and sgRNA ORF7b was identified to be the best surrogate marker allowing feasible routine application in characterizing the infection status of individual patient.Further potentials in using sgRNA as a target for vaccine and antiviral development are worth pursuing.

RNA barcode segments for SARS-CoV-2 identification from HCoVs and SARSr-CoV-2 lineages

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the pathogen responsible for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),continues to evolve,giving rise to more variants and global reinfections.Previous research has demonstrated that barcode segments can effectively and cost-efficiently identify specific species within closely related populations.In this study,we designed and tested RNA barcode segments based on genetic evolutionary relationships to facilitate the efficient and accurate identification of SARS-CoV-2 from extensive virus samples,including human coronaviruses(HCoVs)and SARSr-CoV-2 lineages.Nucleotide sequences sourced from NCBI and GISAID were meticulously selected and curated to construct training sets,encompassing 1733 complete genome sequences of HCoVs and SARSr-CoV-2 lineages.Through genetic-level species testing,we validated the accuracy and reliability of the barcode segments for identifying SARS-CoV-2.Subsequently,75 main and subordinate species-specific barcode segments for SARS-CoV-2,located in ORF1ab,S,E,ORF7a,and N coding sequences,were intercepted and screened based on single-nucleotide polymorphism sites and weighted scores.Post-testing,these segments exhibited high recall rates(nearly 100%),specificity(almost 30%at the nucleotide level),and precision(100%)performance on identification.They were eventually visualized using one and two-dimensional combined barcodes and deposited in an online database(http://virusbarcodedatabase.top/).The successful integration of barcoding technology in SARS-CoV-2 identification provides valuable insights for future studies involving complete genome sequence polymorphism analysis.Moreover,this cost-effective and efficient identification approach also provides valuable reference for future research endeavors related to virus surveillance.

Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein RNA binding domain reveals potential unique drug targeting sites

The outbreak of coronavirus disease(COVID-19)caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus continually lead to worldwide human infections and deaths.Currently,there is no specific viral protein-targeted therapeutics.Viral nucleocapsid protein is a potential antiviral drug target,serving multiple critical functions during the viral life cycle.However,the structural information of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein remains unclear.Herein,we have determined the 2.7 A crystal structure of the N-terminal RNA binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein.Although the overall structure is similar as other reported coronavirus nucleocapsid protein N-terminal domain,the surface electrostatic potential characteristics between them are distinct.Further comparison with mild virus type HCoV-OC43 equivalent domain demonstrates a unique potential RNA binding pocket alongside theβ-sheet core.Complemented by in vitro binding studies,our data provide several atomic resolution features of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein N-terminal domain,guiding the design of novel antiviral agents specific targeting to SARS-CoV-2.

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and RNA dependent RNA polymerase as targets for drug and vaccine development: A review

The present pandemic has posed a crisis to the economy of the world and the health sector.Therefore,the race to expand research to understand some good molecular targets for vaccine and therapeutic development for SARS-CoV-2 is inevitable.The newly discovered coronavirus 2019(COVID-19)is a positive sense,single-stranded RNA,and enveloped virus,assigned to the beta CoV genus.The virus(SARS-CoV-2)is more infectious than the previously detected coronaviruses(MERS and SARS).Findings from many studies have revealed that S protein and RdRp are good targets for drug repositioning,novel therapeutic development(antibodies and small molecule drugs),and vaccine discovery.Therapeutics such as chloroquine,convalescent plasma,monoclonal antibodies,spike binding peptides,and small molecules could alter the ability of S protein to bind to the ACE-2 receptor,and drugs such as remdesivir(targeting SARS-CoV-2 RdRp),favipir,and emetine could prevent SASR-CoV-2 RNA synthesis.The novel vaccines such as mRNA1273(Moderna),3LNP-mRNAs(Pfizer/BioNTech),and ChAdOx1-S(University of Oxford/Astra Zeneca)targeting S protein have proven to be effective in combating the present pandemic.Further exploration of the potential of S protein and RdRp is crucial in fighting the present pandemic.

RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶的结构特征及其靶向抑制剂的开发

新型冠状病毒肺炎是由新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)感染导致的急性呼吸道传染性疾病。自2019年爆发以来,SARS-CoV-2在世界范围内引起大流行,严重威胁人类的生命安全。目前,已有的疫苗尚不能提供完全的机体免疫保护。因此,开发广谱有效的抗病毒抑制剂是当下热门的研究方向。SARS-CoV-2属于RNA病毒,其RNA依赖性的RNA聚合酶(RNA dependent RNA polymerase,RdRp)在不同RNA病毒中具有高度保守性,是抗病毒抑制剂研发的重要靶标。RdRp是RNA病毒复制的核心组成部分,具有典型的右手杯状结构特征。本文重点介绍近年爆发并持续流行的新型冠状病毒RdRp的结构特征,以及靶向抑制剂的研发进展。同时,选取了其它几种有代表性的致病RNA病毒:流感病毒、轮状病毒、人类鼻病毒、丙型肝炎病毒和寨卡病毒,介绍了它们RdRp的结构特征及其靶向抑制剂的开发。本研究比较了抑制剂靶点结构的异同及抑制效果差异,并分析了可能导致该差异的原因。最后,本文总结讨论了目前针对RdRp抑制剂相关研究的瓶颈问题,为未来针对突发性的RNA病毒传染病的抗病毒抑制剂开发提供新思路。

系统鉴定与分析新型冠状病毒感染心肌细胞内的A-to-I RNA编辑事件

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)感染增加了心肌损伤的风险,其致病分子机制还不是很清楚。本文比较了SARS-CoV-2感染心肌细胞(感染组)与未感染病毒心肌细胞(对照组)中RNA编辑的变化,以期从RNA编辑角度了解SARS-CoV-2感染对心肌细胞的影响。首先,从GEO数据库中下载SARS-CoV-2感染的人诱导多能干细胞衍生的心肌细胞(human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte,hiPSC-CM)的原始测序数据(GSE150392);然后,用SPRINT软件识别RNA编辑位点(RNAediting site,RES),比较感染组和对照组心肌细胞编辑水平的变化;最后,对编辑位点进行分析和注释,并进行相关基因的功能分析。结果显示,总共检测到约92899个碱基替换位点,其中87670个被鉴定为A-to-I RES,这些A-to-I编辑位点发生在Alu区域上的有78978个;A-to-I编辑位点倾向于成簇分布,主要分布在内含子、基因间区等区域;与对照组相比,感染组中编辑水平显著上调的A-to-I RES有102个,显著下调的有94个,这些含有显著差异RES的基因参与的病毒感染相关的GO(Gene Ontology)生物学过程主要富集于病毒过程、病毒生命周期和响应病毒感染的防御等,并且其KEGG(kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)功能通路也富集在病毒感染等方面,而筛选的含有高质量A-to-I RES、组间编辑水平存在显著差异的11个基因的功能则富集于内吞、细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用、蛋白酶体、烟酸和烟酰胺代谢以及铁死亡等方面。本研究结果表明,SARS-CoV-2感染影响了心肌细胞中A-to-I的RNA编辑,这类RNA编辑事件的发生体现了宿主心肌细胞对病毒感染的一种响应机制。

Repurposable drugs for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza sepsis with scRNA-seq data targeting post-transcription modifications

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has impacted almost every part of human lifeworldwide,posing amassive threat to human health.The lack of time for new drug discovery and the urgent need for rapid disease control to reduce mortality have led to a search for quick and effective alternatives to novel therapeutics,for example drug repurposing.To identify potentially repurposable drugs,we employed a systematic approach to mine candidates from U.S.FDA-approved drugs and preclinical small-molecule compounds by integrating gene expression perturbation data for chemicals from the Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures project with a publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing dataset from patients withmild and severe COVID-19(GEO:GSE145926,public data available and accessed on 22 April 2020).We identified 281 FDA-approved drugs that have the potential to be effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection,16 of which are currently undergoing clinical trials to evaluate their efficacy against COVID-19.We experimentally tested and demonstrated the inhibitory effects of tyrphostin-AG-1478 and brefeldin-a,two chemical inhibitors of glycosylation(a post-translational modification)on the replication of the single-stranded ribonucleic acid(ssRNA)virus influenza A virus as well as on the transcription and translation of host cell cytokines and their regulators(IFNs and ISGs).In conclusion,we have identified and experimentally validated repurposable anti-SARS-CoV-2 and IAV drugs using a systems biology approach,which may have the potential for treating these viral infections and their complications(sepsis).

Alternative Role of Motif B in Template Dependent Polymerase Inhibition

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-Co V-2) relies on the central molecular machine RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(Rd Rp) for the viral replication and transcription. Remdesivir at the template strand has been shown to effectively inhibit the RNA synthesis in SARS-Co V-2 Rd Rp by deactivating not only the complementary UTP incorporation but also the next nucleotide addition. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the second inhibitory point remains unclear. In this work, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations and demonstrated that such inhibition has not directly acted on the nucleotide addition at the active site. Instead, the translocation of Remdesivir from +1 to-1 site is hindered thermodynamically as the posttranslocation state is less stable than the pre-translocation state due to the motif B residue G683. Moreover, another conserved residue S682 on motif B further hinders the dynamic translocation of Remdesivir due to the steric clash with the 1′-cyano substitution. Overall,our study has unveiled an alternative role of motif B in mediating the translocation when Remdesivir is present in the template strand and complemented our understanding about the inhibitory mechanisms exerted by Remdesivir on the RNA synthesis in SARS-Co V-2 Rd Rp.

SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity:the good,the bad,and the"goldilocks"

An ancient conflict between hosts and pathogens has driven the innate and adaptive arms of immunity.Knowledge about this interplay can not only help us identify biological mechanisms but also reveal pathogen vulnerabilities that can be leveraged therapeutically.The humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the focus of intense research,and the role of the innate immune system has received significantly less attention.Here,we review current knowledge of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the various means SARS-CoV-2 employs to evade innate defense systems.We also consider the role of innate immunity in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and in the phenomenon of long COVID.

Anemoside B4 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro and in vivo

Objective: Anemoside B4(AB4), the most abundant triterpenoidal saponin isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis, inhibited influenza virus FM1 or Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced pneumonia. However, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect of AB4 has not been unraveled. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antiviral activity and potential mechanism of AB4 in inhibiting human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in vivo and in vitro.Methods: The cytotoxicity of AB4 was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK8) assay. SARS-CoV-2 infected HEK293T, HPAEpiC, and Vero E6 cells were used for in vitro assays. The antiviral effect of AB4 in vivo was evaluated by SARS-CoV-2-infected hACE2-IRES-luc transgenic mouse model. Furthermore,label-free quantitative proteomics and bioinformatic analysis were performed to explore the potential antiviral mechanism of action of AB4. Type Ⅰ IFN signaling-associated proteins were assessed using Western blotting or immumohistochemical staining.Results: The data showed that AB4 reduced the propagation of SARS-CoV-2 along with the decreased Nucleocapsid protein(N), Spike protein(S), and 3C-like protease(3CLpro) in HEK293T cells. In vivo antiviral activity data revealed that AB4 inhibited viral replication and relieved pneumonia in a SARS-CoV-2 infected mouse model. We further disclosed that the antiviral activity of AB4 was associated with the enhanced interferon(IFN)-β response via the activation of retinoic acid-inducible gene Ⅰ(RIG-1) like receptor(RLP) pathways. Additionally, label-free quantitative proteomic analyses discovered that 17 proteins were significantly altered by AB4 in the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infections cells. These proteins mainly clustered in RNA metabolism.Conclusion: Our results indicated that AB4 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication through the RLR pathways and moderated the RNA metabolism, suggesting that it would be a potential lead compound for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.

Ciclopirox inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication by promoting the degradation of the nucleocapsid protein

The nucleocapsid protein(NP)plays a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 replication and is the most abundant structural protein with a long half-life.Despite its vital role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)assembly and host inflammatory response,it remains an unexplored target for drug development.In this study,we identified a small-molecule compound(ciclopirox)that promotes NP degradation using an FDA-approved library and a drug-screening cell model.Ciclopirox significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication both in vitro and in vivo by inducing NP degradation.Ciclopirox induced abnormal NP aggregation through indirect interaction,leading to the formation of condensates with higher viscosity and lower mobility.These condensates were subsequently degraded via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway,ultimately resulting in a shortened NP half-life and reduced NP expression.Our results suggest that NP is a potential drug target,and that ciclopirox holds substantial promise for further development to combat SARS-CoV-2 replication.

Environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater systems and related environments in Wuhan:April to May of 2020

Wastewater-based epidemiology(WBE)has emerged as an effective environmental surveillance tool in monitoring fecal-oral pathogen infections within a community.Congruently,SARS-Co V-2,the etiologic agent of COVID-19,has been demonstrated to infect the gastrointestinal tissues,and be shed in feces.In the present study,SARS-Co V-2 RNA was concentrated from wastewater,sludge,surface water,ground water,sediment,and soil samples of municipal and hospital wastewater systems and related environments in Wuhan during the COVID-19 middle and low risk periods,and the viral RNA copies quantified using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-q PCR).From the findings of this study,during the middle risk period,one influent sample and three secondary effluents collected from waste water treatment plant 2,as well as two samples from Jinyintan Hospital wastewater system influent were SARS-Co V-2 RNA positive.One sludge sample collected from Guanggu Branch of Tongji Hospital,which was obtained during the low risk period,was also positive for SARS-Co V-2 RNA.These study findings demonstrate the significance of WBE in continuous surveillance of SARS-Co V-2 at the community level,even when the COVID-19 prevalence is low.Overall,this study can be used as an important reference for contingency management of wastewater treatment plants and COVID-19 prevention and control departments of Wuhan.

The relationship between SARS-COV-2 RNA positive duration and the risk of recurrent positive

Background:The management of discharge COVID-19 patients with recurrent positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA is challenging.However,there are fewer scientific dissertations about the risk of recurrent positive.The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between SARS-COV-2 RNA positive duration(SPD)and the risk of recurrent positive.