Effects of Cr content on microstructure and mechanical properties of single crystal superalloy

Two experimental single crystal superalloys with 2% Cr and 4% Cr (mass fraction) were cast in a directionally solidified furnace, while other alloying element contents were kept unchanged. The effects of Cr content on the microstructure, phase stability, tensile properties at 1100 °C and stress rupture properties at 1070 °C and 160 MPa of the single crystal superalloy were investigated. The results show that the size ofγ′ phase particles become small and uniform, and the cubic shape turns a little regular with the increase of Cr content. Theγ′ directional coarsening and rafting were observed in the 2% Cr and 4% Cr alloys after long term aging (LTA) at 1100 °C. The rafting rate ofγ′ phase increased with increasing Cr content. Needle-shaped topologically close packed (TCP) phases precipitated and grew along fixed direction in both alloys. The precipitating rate and volume fraction of TCP phases significantly increased with the increase of Cr content. The tensile property of the alloy increased and the stress rupture properties of the alloy decreased with the increase of Cr content at high temperature. The increase of Cr content increased the partition ratio of TCP forming elements, Re, W, and Mo, and the saturation degrees of these elements inγ phases increased. Therefore, the high temperature phase stability of the alloy decreased with the increase of Cr content.

Li(Sc,M)Si_(2)O_(6)∶Cr^(3+)(M=Ga^(3+)/Lu^(3+)/Y^(3+)/Gd^(3+))的近红外发光性能

荧光转换型近红外发光二极管(NIR pc-LED)具有体积小、谱带宽、峰位易调谐等优点,是新一代NIR光源发展的前沿,其关键在于研发可被蓝光有效激发的高效率宽带近红外荧光粉。LiScSi_(2)O_(6)∶Cr^(3+)荧光材料的激发波长为460 nm,发射峰位在845 nm,光谱带宽为156 nm,内量子效率为64.4%。基于该体系,本文通过M离子(M=Ga^(3+),Lu^(3+),Y^(3+),Gd^(3+))取代Sc^(3+)的方式对其性能进行调控。结果表明,引入M离子易生成杂相或发生相变,降低了材料的发光性能。本文从晶体结构出发对其调控过程进行了分析。

功能化MIL-101(Cr)修饰QCM气相传感器的组装与甲酸识别

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)是一类主要的大气污染物,对人体健康和环境均可造成危害,因此发展可快速、灵敏检测VOCs的技术具有重要意义.本文分别以乙二胺(ED)和乙醇胺(EA)修饰MIL-101(Cr),制得了MIL-101(Cr)-ED和MIL-101(Cr)-EA,采用滴涂法制备了3种负载MIL-101(Cr)材料的石英晶体微天平(QCM)气相传感器,研究了其对甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、丙酮、环己烷、二乙胺、甲酸、甲醛、氨气和乙酸的传感性能.实验结果表明,与负载MIL-101(Cr)的传感器相比,负载MIL-101(Cr)-ED和MIL-101(Cr)-EA的QCM传感器对甲酸的吸附性能显著提高,在甲酸浓度为350 mg/L时,传感器的振荡频率分别下降至-375.6和-232.1 Hz.在甲酸浓度为5~350 mg/L时,负载MIL-101(Cr)-ED的QCM传感器对甲酸响应的灵敏度为0.95 Hz·L·mg^(-1),检测限为0.95mg/L,表现出线性良好、灵敏度高、检测限低和重复性好的特点.这表明此类QCM气相传感器在VOCs实时检测方面具有良好的应用前景.

电纺丝制备磁性单晶BiFeO_(3)纳米纤维并用于Cr(VI)的可见光催化还原

本工作提出一种将溶胶凝胶与静电纺丝结合的分步快速烧结技术,成功制备了单晶BiFeO_(3)纳米纤维。通过热重差热分析(TG-DTG)、XRD、SEM、TEM、EDS、紫外可见漫反射光谱和氮气吸附脱附曲线等测试对所制备材料的结构和形貌进行表征。同时,考察了BiFeO_(3)纳米纤维在可见光下对水中Cr(VI)的光催化还原性能。结果显示,相比于传统方式制备的纳米颗粒,该材料因更大的比表面积而具有更高的光催化活性。空穴消耗剂酒石酸的加入能够促进该材料对Cr(VI)的光催化还原反应,使还原效率提高87%。总之,本文制备的BiFeO_(3)材料能在可见光下响应,并在常温下具有弱磁性,能通过磁场力回收,在环境净化领域具有广阔的应用前景。

大尺寸优质Cr^(3+)∶BeAl_(2)O_(4)晶体生长与性能研究

本文采用感应加热提拉法结合上称重自动控径技术,成功生长出大尺寸、高质量的翠绿宝石(Cr^(3+)∶BeAl_(2)O_(4))晶体。晶坯等径圆柱体尺寸达到ϕ70 mm×140 mm,晶坯质量超过2800 g。通过冷光源照射晶坯,发现晶坯中心区域ϕ10~15 mm存在气泡。采用5 mW绿光激光照射ϕ8 mm×130 mm的翠绿宝石晶体棒,晶体内部无散射颗粒。利用Zygo激光平面干涉仪对晶体棒进行测试,波前畸变为0.3λ@632.8 nm。用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定了翠绿宝石晶体的铬离子掺杂浓度,并计算出轴向浓度梯度为0.5×10^(-4)~1.9×10^(-4)cm^(-1)(摩尔分数)。用Perkin Elmer Lambda-950紫外可见近红外分光光度计测试了不同掺杂浓度的翠绿宝石晶体在室温下的吸收光谱,并计算了吸收系数。这些研究结果为翠绿宝石晶体的应用提供了重要的基础数据。

Influence of Cr addition on microstructure of a 5% Re-containing single crystal nickel-based superalloy

Based on a 5% （mass fraction） Re-containing single crystal nickel-based superalloy with 3% （mass fraction） Cr, the microstructural variation with Cr addition was investigated. The experimental results show that segregation of alloying elements was enhanced in as-cast microstructure with Cr addition; and the volume fraction of eutectic is increased. However, the solidus and liquidus temperatures are remarkably reduced. With the increase of Cr content, the average γ＇ size and volume fraction are decreased in the fully heat treated microstructure. X-ray diffraction results indicate that γ/γ＇ lattice misfit becomes more negative. According to the energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） results, Cr is mainly distributed in the γ matrix; and more y-forming elements, such as Re and W, enter the γ matrix, while the γ/γ＇ partition ratio of Cr is inversely decreased.

Cr^(3+)掺杂F^(-)修饰BaScO_(2)F钙钛矿结构宽带近红外荧光粉

Cr^(3+)掺杂的近红外荧光材料,因具有高量子效率、可调的宽带发射及在蓝色光谱范围内的强吸收特性而备受关注。通过晶体场工程,可以调节Cr^(3+)掺杂的近红外荧光材料的发射范围,但常规的阳离子取代对发射范围的调节通常限制在近红外Ⅰ区(波长<1000 nm)。在生物医学成像领域,由于生物组织的吸收、散射和自发荧光较低,在近红外Ⅱ区,能够实现更高的穿透深度及无创或微创的深部组织成像。采用高温固相法,以Ba_(2)Sc_(2)O_(5)类钙钛矿型氧化物为基体,合成了一系列基于F^(-)修饰的近红外荧光粉BaSc_(1-x)O_(2)F:xCr^(3+)(x=0.001—0.01)。通过XRD图谱和容差因子计算,证明了合成的样品具有立方钙钛矿结构。另外,通过漫反射光谱(DRS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段,确认了Cr离子的价态为Cr^(3+)。利用电子顺磁共振(EPR)对Cr^(3+)周围的晶体环境进行检测分析发现,样品在波长700—1400 nm范围内表现出近红外宽带发射,发射中心约在1040 nm处,半峰宽(FWHM)高达250 nm。表明,Cr^(3+)的发射有效覆盖了近红外Ⅱ区。同时,也证明了通过阴离子掺杂调节晶体场强度是可行的。由于PLE光谱和PL光谱在波长700—850 nm范围内存在重叠,随着Cr^(3+)掺杂浓度的增加,发射部分被重吸收,导致发射中心出现明显的红移现象。由于BaSc_(1-x)O_(2)F:xCr^(3+)近红外荧光粉的吸收峰与蓝光LED芯片能够匹配,表明其具有商业化潜力。本研究为生物医学成像领域的近红外Ⅱ区荧光粉转换LED器件提供了优异的宽带近红外光源材料。

Microstructural Characterization of the Shear Bands in Fe-Cr-Ni Single Crystal by EBSD

An investigation has been made into the microstructural characterization of the shear bands generated under high-strain rate （≈10^4 s^-1） deformation in Fe-15%Cr-15%Ni single crystal by EBSD-SEM （electron backscatter diffraction-scanning electron microscopy）, TEM （transmission electron in microscopy） and HREM （high- resolution electron microscopy）. The results reveal that the propagation of the shear band exhibits an asymmetrical behavior arising from inhomogenous distribution in plasticity in the bands because of different resistance to the collapse in different crystallographic directions; The γ-ε-α′phase transformations may take place inside and outside the bands, and these martensitic phases currently nucleate at intersections either between the twins and deformation bands or between the twins and ε-sheet. Investigation by EBSD shows that recrystallization can occur in the bands with a grain size of an average of 0.2μm in diameter. These nano-grains are proposed to attribute to the results of either dynamic or static recrystallization, which can be described by the rotational recrystallization mechanism. Calculation and analysis indicate that the strain rate inside the shear band can reach 2.50×10^6 s^-1, which is higher, by two or three orders of magnitude, than that exerted dynamically on the specimen tested.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Cr(Ⅲ) Dimer[Cr_2(8-hqn)_2Cl_4(H_2O)_2]·2(CH_3)_2CO (8-hqn=8-Hydroxyoxyquinolate)

The title complex [Cr2（8-hqn）2Cl4（H2O）2]·2（CH3）2CO （8-hqn = 8-hydroxyoxyquinolate） has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P^-1 with a = 8.719（1）, b = 9.226（1）, c = 9.717（1） A^°, α = 71.916（2）, β= 78.072（2）, γ = 76.014（2）°, V= 713.72（15） A^°^3, Z= 1, Dc= 1.597g/cm^3, F（000） = 350 and μ（MoKa） = 1.177 mm^-1, the final R = 0.0490 and wR = 0.1055 for 1616 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. It is a dimer constructed by two monomeric units [Cr（8-hqn）Cl2（H2O）] bridged by phenoxide-like oxygen atom from 8-hydroxyoxyquinolate, where the two six-coordinated Cr（Ⅲ）atoms exhibit an octahedral coordination geometry.

Noncolinear Second-Harmonic Generation Pairs and Their Scatterings in Nd3+:SBN Crystals with Needle-Like Ferroelectric Domains

Second-harmonic generation in Nd3＋ ：SBN crystal with needle-like ferroelectric with aperiodic domain structures is investigated. Two pairs of second harmonic （SH） waves appearing in lines are observed in unpoled Nd3＋ ：SBN crystals with aperiodic needle-like domains. A pair of SH waves emit from the exit face, whose intensities are angle-dependent. The angular dependence is corresponding to the spatial frequency spectrum of the aperiodic domain structure. Another pair of SH waves emit from both the side surfaces, which are mainly the scattered SH waves by needle-like domain walls and obey the theory of Rayleigh scattering.

Investigation of the high-temperature Cr：LiSrAlF6 crystal by Raman spectroscopy

In this paper, Cr-doped LiSrAlF6 crystals are investigated using high-temperature Raman spectroscopy and the single-crystal Raman spectra of Cr：LiSrAlF6 are analysed by factor group theory and comparison with other fluorides. The results indicate that Cr：LiSrAlF6 is stable below its melting point; Raman peaks located at 561,322 and 250 cm-1 are assigned to the Alg modes of AlF6, SrF6 and LiF6 octachdra, respectively; with temperature increasing, Raman peaks associated with AlF6 octahedra shift towards low frequencies, while LiF6 and SrF6 octahedra are temperature- insensitive; around the crystal melting point, three new Raman peaks occur, which are associated with the AlF6 octahedral chain structure. Finally, the microstruetural evolution of Cr：LiSrAlF6 from room temperature to its melting point is discussed based on its Raman spectra.

Crystal Growth,Spectroscopic Properties and Energy Levels of Cr^(3+):Li_2Mg_2(MoO_4)_3

This paper reported the crystal growth and spectroscopy characters of Cr^3＋：Li2Mg2（MoO4）3. The refractive index of Cr^3＋：Li2Mg2（MoO4）3 crystal is 1.87 and the hardness is 270 I-IV. This crystal shows broadband absorption property with peak wavelength at about 495 and 699 nm. The absorption crosssection is 14.75 × 10^-20 cm^2 at 495 nm and 9.63 ×10^-20 cm^2 at 699 nm, respectively. The crystal field strength and energy levels of Cr^3＋ ion were calculated based on the spectroscopic data. The Cr^3＋：Li2Mg2（MoO4）3 crystal shows broadband emission extending from 750 to 1300 nm even excited at 10 K. The room temperature emission cross section is 72×10^-20 cm^2 at 926 nm. A discussion of the relation between the spectroscopic properties and crystal field parameters of Cr^3＋：Li2Mg2（MoO4）3 crystal was presented based on the solid state spectroscopytheory.

Diode Pumped High Peak Power Quasi Q-Switched and Passively Q-Switched Nd:YVO₄Lasers at 1064 nm and 532 nm using Cr:YAG and KTP crystals

Diode end-pumped solid-state lasers have the potential to yield high quality laser beams with high efficiency for laser range finding and warning receiver applications as well as day and night military laser designation systems. In this paper we presents theoretical calculations using Advanced Dynamics Professional LASCAD software and experimental studies for a high power pigtailed fiber diode laser module of 8 W operating at 808 nm with a specially designed high efficiency cooling system, end pumped high-efficiency Nd:YVO4 laser of 3 × 3 × 10 mm rod and overall cavity length of 44 mm. To the best of our knowledge a self Q-switching effects was generated in Nd:YVO4 laser by changing the cavity dimensions and the position of the intracavity KTP crystal at certain regime of operation for the first time, in which the cavity length is reduced to be 30 mm and the distance between Nd:YVO4 rod and KTP crystal is only 1mm. Self Q-switched laser pulse at 532 nm with high peak power of 96 W, pulse width of 88 ns at FWHM and repetition rate of 400 kHz was achieved. Experimental studies of a passive Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser using Cr:YAG crystal with three different transmissions of 30%, 40% and 70% were investigated. Passive Q-switched laser pulse at 1064 nm and narrow line width of less than 1.5 nm with highest peak power of nearly 18 kW, short pulse width of less than 4 ns at FWHM and higher repetition rate of 45 kHz using Cr:YAG with transmission of 30% was achieved for the first time.

赤铁矿{001}和{012}晶面对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附差异性研究

赤铁矿是热稳定性最高的铁氧化物,其与环境污染物相互作用(吸附)对污染物的迁移、转化甚至环境归趋均具有重要影响。前人采用粗制赤铁矿研究其对污染物的吸附作用,所得结果难以准确说明其矿物表面的反应性质。基于此,采用水热法成功合成了主暴露{001}晶面、{012}晶面的赤铁矿纳米颗粒(HNPs和HNCs)。在此基础上,研究了赤铁矿不同晶面对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学和热力学特征,并考察了pH、离子强度等对赤铁矿不同晶面吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。结果表明,HNPs与HNCs对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程均遵循准二级动力学模型,且分别符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型。随着温度升高,KL与KF均减小,△H^(ɵ)<0,说明吸附过程为放热过程。HNPs与HNCs对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量随溶液pH增大均减小。结合离子强度实验结果与DFT计算得出,HNPs对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附主要以表面络合为主,推测吸附构型为单齿单核;而HNCs对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附主要由表面络合与静电吸附共同主导,推测吸附构型为双齿双核。上述结果为赤铁矿应用于环境治理提供参考。

2.79μm电光调Q Cr, Er:YSGG激光器

采用Cr, Er∶YSGG晶体作为激光增益介质,脉冲氙灯进行泵浦结合电光调Q技术,研制了2.79μm波段固体激光器。Cr, Er∶YSGG晶体中Cr^(3+)掺杂浓度为2 at.%,Er^(3+)离子掺杂浓度为30 at.%。电光晶体选用La_(3)Ga_(5)SIO_(14)(LGS)晶体作为退压调Q工作物质。分析讨论了Cr, Er∶YSGG晶体能级结构以及两种不同Cr^(3+)掺杂浓度对晶体激光性能的影响,谐振腔中输出镜透过率分别为T=70%、T=83%以及T=91%时单脉冲能量及斜效率的变化,并且利用软件模拟分析了晶体内的温度分布以及热透镜焦距随泵浦功率变化情况。结果表明,选用Cr^(3)掺杂浓度为2 at.%的Cr, Er∶YSGG晶体作为工作物质以及透过率为91%的蓝宝石作输出镜时能获得更高的输出能量及更好的光斑模式。当脉冲氙灯注入总能量为259 J,调Q延时设置为180μs,重复频率为5 Hz时,实现了最大单脉冲能量119 mJ的2.79μm激光的稳定输出,在此能量条件下测得脉冲宽度为68.65 ns,平均功率为0.595 W,斜率效率为0.11%。

Cr应力缓释层对柔性Cu_(2)ZnSn(S,Se)_(4)薄膜太阳电池性能的影响

柔性Cu_(2)ZnSn(S,Se)_(4)(CZTSSe)薄膜太阳电池中的应力是阻碍其发展的一大瓶颈。采用磁控溅射法在柔性Ti衬底和Mo背电极之间引入不同厚度的Cr缓释层,研究其对CZTSSe薄膜应力的影响。结果表明,当Cr应力缓释层厚度为80 nm时,薄膜的结晶质量最好,电池具有最佳的光电性能,相比没有Cr应力缓释层存在的情况,薄膜的残余应力从-7.15 GPa降低至-3.61 GPa,电池的光电转换效率(PCE)从2.89%提高至4.65%,增加了60.9%。Cr应力缓释层的引入不会影响CZTSSe薄膜的晶体结构,相反可有效提高薄膜的结晶质量,降低薄膜的残余应力,最终提高电池的光电性能。

基于YAG/Nd:YAG/Cr^(4+):YAG键合晶体的被动调Q亚纳秒激光器

全固态被动调Q激光器有光束质量好、脉冲宽度窄、结构紧凑等特点,在雷达探测、工业制造等领域具有广泛应用前景。对YAG/Nd:YAG/Cr^(4+):YAG键合晶体被动调Q激光器的输出特性进行了理论和实验研究,在泵浦光中心波长为808 nm、光斑直径为230μm、泵浦功率为6.72 W的泵浦条件下,获得了平均功率1.41 W、脉宽736 ps,重复频率8.46 kHz的调Q激光输出。进一步研究表明,随着泵浦光焦点远离Nd:YAG端面,激光光斑的对称性下降;且泵浦光焦点离Nd:YAG端面的距离沿晶体轴向增大时,激光阈值呈上升趋势。

SBN:Cr晶体中孤子诱导的实时平面光波导及其导光特性分析

通过数值模拟和实验对SBN:Cr晶体中的(1+1)维亮屏蔽空间孤子及其诱导的实时平面光波导的导光特性进行了研究.采用分步束传播法和Petviashvili迭代法对(1+1)维亮屏蔽空间孤子的特性进行了模拟.通过求解本征方程,对孤子诱导平面波导中存在的导波模式进行了数值求解.采用633nm的He-Ne激光作为孤子诱导光束,532nm的半导体泵浦的固体激光作为探测光,在固液同成分的SBN:Cr晶体中进行了实验研究.实验结果和数值模拟的结果符合的很好.而且结果表明SBN:Cr晶体中红光诱导的波导可以作为实时光波导.

室温下Ho∶YAG激光器输出3J的2．1μm激光

根据对２．１μｍ波长Ｃｒ，Ｔｍ，Ｈｏ∶ＹＡＧ激光器的实验研究，详细分析了冷却温度。

Cr^(4+),Yb^(3+)∶YAG晶体的生长及其吸收特性

用提拉法生长了Ｃｒ，Ｙｂ∶ＹＡＧ晶体，研究了在室温的吸收光谱特性以及氧化性气氛退火对其吸收特性的影响。在室温吸收光谱中存在着五大吸收带：在４４０ｎｍ和６０５ｎｍ存在着Ｃｒ３＋离子的两个吸收带，而且退火使其发生了明显的“红移”；在９３７ｎｍ和９６８ｎｍ处存在Ｙｂ３＋离子的两个吸收带，能与ＩｎＧａＡｓ激光二极管（ＬＤ）有效耦合，适合激光二极管泵浦；而且在１．０３μｍ处有一Ｃｒ４＋离子的吸收峰，可用作可饱和吸收体，从而可以实现对Ｙｂ３＋的自调Ｑ激光输出。在氧化性气氛下退火对晶体吸收特性及缺陷的影响是：退火使晶体的缺陷明显减少而且使Ｃｒ４＋浓度得到进一步的增加；Ｃｒ４＋离子浓度的增加主要是由于二价阳离子Ｃａ２＋进入相应的Ｙ３＋晶格所造成。并且从晶格场的角度讨论了退火使Ｃｒ３＋离子的吸收带发生“红移”