Schlieren成像和声场可视化

Schlieren技术是利用声场引起透明媒质光折射率的变化而实现声场可视化的光学成像技术。它具有对声场无干扰、快速、瞬态成像的特点。本文利用二维光学Fourier变换分析了Schlieren技术的成像原理,在采用连续激光和高速ICCD的Schlieren成像系统中,实验研究了平面波声场和线聚焦声场中换能器光学校准方法和声压的定量检测技术。发展声场瞬态和动态成像技术,观测了声波的聚焦过程和固-液界面的声场分布和变化。这些结果表明Schlieren技术是一种有效的声场可视化和定量检测的光学成像技术。

Reconstruction of the Unsteady Supersonic Flow around a Spike Using the Colored Background Oriented Schlieren Technique

In this paper, the improved Background Oriented Schlieren technique called CBOS (Colored Background Oriented Schlieren) is described and used to reconstruct the density fields of three-dimensional flows. The Background Oriented Schlieren technique (BOS) allows the measurement of the light deflection caused by density gradients in a compressible flow. For this purpose the distortion of the image of a background pattern observed through the flow is used. In order to increase the performance of the conventional Background Oriented Schlieren technique, the monochromatic background is replaced by a colored dot pattern. The different colors are treated separately using suitable correlation algorithms. Therefore, the precision and the spatial resolution can be highly increased. Furthermore a special arrangement of the different colored dot patterns in the background allows astigmatism in the region with high density gradients to be overcome. For the first time an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) is then used to reconstruct the density field of unsteady flows around a spike-tipped model from CBOS measurements. The obtained images reveal the interaction between the free-stream flow and the high-pressure region in front of the model, which leads to large-scale instabilities in the flow.

THE CALCULATION OF THE DENSITY FIELD FROM AXISYMMETRIC SCHLIEREN INTERFEROGRAMS BY THE IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES

The schlieren interferograms used to be analyzed in a qualitative way. In this paper, by meansof the powerful computational ability and the large memory of computer; the image processing method isinvestigated for the digitalization of an axisymmetric schlieren interferogram and the determination of thedensity field. This method includes the 2-D low-pass filtering, the thinning of interferometric fringes, theextraction of physical information and the numerical integration of the density field. The image processingresults show that the accuracy of the quantitative analysis of the schlieren interferogram can be improved anda lot of time can be saved in dealing with optical experimental results. Therefore, the algorithm used here isuseful and efficient.

Density and temperature reconstruction of a flame-induced distorted flow field based on background-oriented schlieren(BOS) technique

An experimental system based on the background-oriented schlieren(BOS) technique is built to reconstruct the density and temperature distribution of a flame-induced distorted flow field which has a density gradient. The cross-correlation algorithm with sub-pixel accuracy is introduced and used to calculate the background-element displacement of a disturbed image and a fourth-order difference scheme is also developed to solve the Poisson equation. An experiment for a disturbed flow field caused by a burning candle is performed to validate the built BOS system and the results indicate that density and temperature distribution of the disturbed flow field can be reconstructed accurately. A notable conclusion is that in order to make the reconstructed results have a satisfactory accuracy, the inquiry step length should be less than the size of the interrogation window.

Two-channel model based adaptive schlieren detection algorithm for BOS system

A schlieren detection algorithm is proposed for the ground-to-air background oriented schlieren(BOS) system to achieve high-speed airplane shock waves visualization. The proposed method consists of three steps. Firstly, image registration is incorporated for reducing errors caused by the camera motion.Then, the background subtraction dual-model single Gaussian model(BS-DSGM) is proposed to build a precise background model. The BS-DSGM could prevent the background model from being contaminated by the shock waves. Finally, the twodimensional orthogonal discrete wavelet transformation is used to extract schlieren information and averaging schlieren data. Experimental results show our proposed algorithm is able to detect the aircraft in-flight and to extract the schlieren information. The precision of schlieren detection algorithm is 0.96. Three image quality evaluation indices are chosen for quantitative analysis of the shock waves visualization. The white Gaussian noise is added in the frames to validate the robustness of the proposed algorithm.Moreover, we adopt two times and four times down sampling to simulate different imaging distances for revealing how the imaging distance affects the schlieren information in the BOS system.

Schlieren Visualization of Acoustic Propagation Characteristics in a One-Dimensional Phononic Crystal

The acoustic propagation characteristics of a finite one-dimensional water-glass phononic crystal(PC)are studied using the Schlieren visualization method,which is fast and non-invasive.The band structures of this PC are measured experimentally with continuous acoustic waves incident on it using the Schlieren method,and the results are highly consistent with the theoretical calculations.The dynamic acoustic field in the PC at different frequencies is imaged and the resonance phenomena in the components of the PC are observed.The results show that the Schlieren method is an effective means of studying the interactions between acoustic waves and PCs.

Quantitative Schlieren Image-Noise Reduction Using Inverse Process and Multi-Path Integration

This report deals with introducing two new techniques based on a novel concept of complex brightness gradient in quantitative schlieren images, “inverse process” and “multi-path integration” for image-noise reduction. Noise in schlieren images affects the projections (density thickness) images of computerized tomography (CT). One spot noise in the schlieren image appears in a line shape in the density thickness image. Noise effect like an infectious disease spreads from a noisy pixel to the next pixel in the direction of single-path integration. On the one hand, the noise in the schlieren image reduces the quality of the image and quantitative analysis and is undesirable;on the other it is unavoidable. Therefore, the importance of proper noise reduction techniques seems essential and tangible. In the present report, a novel technique “multi-path integration” is proposed for noise reduction in projections images of CT. Multi-path integration is required the schlieren brightness gradient in two orthogonal directions. The 20-directional quantitative schlieren optical system presents only images of schlieren brightness in the horizontal gradient and another 20-directional optical system seems necessary to obtain vertical schlieren brightness gradient, simultaneously. Using the “inverse process”, a new technique enables us to obtain vertical schlieren brightness gradient from horizontal experimental data without the necessity of a new optical system and can be used for obtaining any optional directions of schlieren brightness gradient.

Quantitative Flow Visualization by Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry and Pitot Pressure Measurements for Leek Peeler Nozzle Jets

To optimize the leek peeling performance, a new nozzle has been developed in which the nozzle has a design Mach number of 1.68, an inner diameter of 2.0 mm at the throat, and an inner diameter of 2.3 mm at the exit. Experiments have been conducted over a range of nozzle pressure ratios from 3.0 to 6.0. Flow field issued from the new nozzle is quantitatively visualized by the rainbow schlieren deflectometry and compared with that from a conventional nozzle. Density fields in the free jets are reconstructed by the Abel inversion method for the schlieren images with the horizontal rainbow filter. The density values at the exit of the conventional nozzle obtained by the rainbow schlieren are compared with the analytical results by the flow model proposed in the past. In addition, Pitot probe surveys along the jet centerline were made to obtain the impact pressure distributions. The Mach number and velocity distributions along the jet centerline are obtained from a combination of the density and Pitot pressure data to clarify the fundamental flow structure of leek peeler nozzle jets.

Temperature Field Reconstruction in High-Temperature Gas by Using the Colored Background Oriented Schlieren Method

A 3D temperature field reconstruction method using the colored background oriented schlieren(CBOS)method is proposed to address image blurring due to the different refractive index of the multi-wavelength light and significant errors produced when the traditional background oriented schlieren(BOS)method is applied to high-temperature gas.First,the traditional method is employed to reconstruct the non-uniform 3D temperature field.Second,the CBOS method is applied to correct the distortion.Then,by analyzing the correlation coefficient among different color points of the colored background pattern,the non-uniform temperature field is reconstructed much more accurately.Finally,the experimental results are verified by applying the Runge-Kutta ray-tracing method and the thermocouple contact measurement method.The maximum average temperature error of the CBOS-reconstructed temperature field is 12.92°C,compared with the thermocouples.Therefore,an accurate three-dimensional reconstruction of the temperature field can be achieved by the proposed method effectively.

Application of Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry for Jets from Round Laval Nozzles Followed by Cylindrical Ducts

The jet from a round Laval nozzle followed by a cylindrical duct with an inner diameter of 10 mm and a length of 50 mm is investigated experimentally. The Laval nozzle has a design Mach number of 1.5. Quantitative flow visualization of the jet issued from the duct exit is performed over a range of nozzle pressure ratios from 2.0 to 4.5 using the rainbow schlieren deflectometry combined with the computed tomography to investigate the jet three-dimensional structure. The flow features of the near-field shock systems in the jets are displayed with the density contour plot at the cross-section including the jet centerline. Effects of the nozzle pressure ratio on the density profile along the jet centerline are clarified quantitatively. In addition, a comparison between the present experiment and the previous one with a conventional Laval nozzle for jet centerline density profiles is carried out to examine the effect of the cylindrical duct. Furthermore, the three-dimensional structures of overexpanded and underexpanded jets are demonstrated with the isopycnic surfaces to visualize the internal flow features.

Multi-Schlieren CT Measurements of Supersonic Microjets from Circular and Square Micro Nozzles

Instantaneous three-dimensional (3D) density distributions of a shock-cell structure of perfectly and imperfectly expanded supersonic microjets escaping into an ambient space are measured. For the 3D observation of supersonic microjets, non-scanning 3D computerized tomography (CT) technique using a 20-directional quantitative schlieren optical system with flashlight source is employed for simultaneous schlieren photography. The 3D density distributions data of the microjets are obtained by 3D-CT reconstruction of the projection’s images using maximum likelihood-expectation maximization. Axisymmetric convergent-divergent (Laval) circular and square micro nozzles with operating nozzle pressure ratio 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.67, and 3.5 have been studied. This study examines perfectly expanded, overexpanded, and underexpanded supersonic microjets issued from micro nozzles with fully expanded jet Mach numbers Mj ranging from 1.47 - 1.71, where the design Mach number is Md = 1.5. A complex phenomenon for free square microjets called axis switching is clearly observed with two types “upright” and “diagonal” of “cross-shaped”. The initial axis-switching is 45° within the first shock-cell range. In addition, from the symmetry and diagonal views of square microjets for the first shock-cells, two different patterns of shock waves are viewed. The shock-cell spacing and supersonic core length for all nozzle pressure ratios are investigated and reported.

Characteristics of Laser Produced Plasmas Obtained by Fast ICCD Photography, Schlieren Photography and Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Pulsed laser produced plasmas(LPP)are important for industrial applications and fundamental researches,and their complex,multi-physical and cross-chemical processes need to be investigated more comprehensively.In this work,images of the luminous plasma,the spatial density distribution,and the plasma parameters are experimentally investigated by using fast ICCD photography,schlieren photography,and optical emission spectroscopy.Plasmas are produced by a 1 064 nm,15 ns Nd:YAG laser.Free expanding and splitting phenomena are observed in vacuum(at the pressure of about 1×10 3Pa)and air(at the pressure of 20 Pa)using fast photography,respectively.Meanwhile,shock waves formed in the atmospheric laser produced plasma are visualized by schlieren photography.The formation of shock waves is interpreted with the Sedov-Taylor theory,and an averaged expansion velocity about 375 m/s of the shock waves is estimated during 200～1 000 ns.Atmospheric air is found to have significant confinement effects on the plasma expansions compared to that in vacuum or low pressure ambient.Based on the optical emission spectroscopy,after 1 000 ns,at 0.6 mm above the target,the plasma temperature is about 7 800 K and the electron number density is approximately 0.64×1016cm-3.

Schlieren方法中的二维空间滤波效应

在分析一维Ｓｃｈｌｉｅｒｅｎ方法不能有效显示二维弱位相分布的基础上，为有效地显示二维位相梯度分布，构造了几类二维直角空间滤波函数，并分别计算了它们的滤波效应．结果表明几类二维空间滤波都可以较大的衬度同时显示二维弱位相梯度分布，且不同形式的二维空间滤波对像面强度分布的“直流”分量有影响．

Schlieren Visualization of M arangoni Effect in Gas-Liquid Systems

这篇论文在煤气液体的质传系统集中于 Marangoni。一系列实验被进行由激光 Schlierensystem 观察 Marangoni。Marangoni 传送对流的出现的试验性的调查被介绍。Thetypical 多角形的模式并且甚至，到达混乱界面的流动被观察。Thevisual 证据被讨论， Marangoni 传送对流的典型时间和规模根据 Schlieren 图象作为 0.5 s 和 1 公里近似被获得。从水动力学不稳定性的观点， Marangoni 传送对流的机制被调查。尽管许多外部因素在界面的不稳定性上有影响，本地表面紧张坡度是为 Marangoni 传送对流的主要原因。小规模的界面的流动增加表面更新率。由于 Marangoni 的出现，因而，质传率能显著地被提高。

Investigate the Wake Flow on Houseflies with Particle-Tracking-Velocimetry and Schlieren Photography

Utilizing high-speed schlieren photography and particle-tracking-velocimetry,the wake flow of tethered houseflies is investigated.The high-speed schlieren photography is implemented on tethered houseflies inside an air container with a stable vertical temperature gradient to visualize the disturbed wake flow from the insects.The resulting photography images were then processed with the physics based optical flow method to derive the light-path averaged flow velocity.Additionally,the state of the art:Shake-the-Box system is implemented on a tethered housefly to measure the volumetric flow field in the wake of the insect,revealing interesting flow behavior and structures that can also be observed and correlated to the schlieren photography images.Comparing the dimensionless velocity magnitude of the wake flow from the two experiments,a good qualitative agreement is reached,suggesting the viability of high-speed schlieren photography in investigating the wake flow of small insects.Furthermore,the high-speed schlieren photography is successfully applied on a housefly that is taking off from the ground,visualizing the disturbed wake flow on the freely flying insect that is challenging to visualize with other methods.

Oblique shock train motion based on schlieren image processing

In this paper,shock train motion in a Mach number 2.7 duct is studied experimentally,and large numbers of schlieren images are obtained by a high-speed camera.An image processing method based on Maximum Correlation Detection(MCD)is proposed to detect shock train motion from the schlieren images,based on which the key structures,e.g.,separation positions and separation shock angles on the top and bottom walls,can be analysed in detail.The oscillations of the shock train are generated by rhombus and ellipse shafts at various excitation frequencies.According to the analysis of MCD results,the distributions of the frequency components of shock train oscillation generated by the two shafts are distinctly different,in which the motion generated by the ellipse shaft is much smoother;shock train motion is mainly characterized by the oscillation of separation position while the separation shock strength is not so sensitive to downstream disturbance;there is a hysteresis loop relation between the downstream pressure and separation position.

障碍物数量对含尘瓦斯爆炸特性影响的试验和数值模拟研究

为探究含尘瓦斯爆炸条件下不同数量障碍物的激励效应,运用中尺度激波管道和激光纹影系统,对比不同数量障碍物影响下含尘瓦斯爆炸的火焰传播和压力变化,分析爆炸流场结构的变化。通过数值模拟软件Fluent模拟含尘瓦斯爆炸,对试验结论进行补充说明。结果表明,障碍物对爆炸火焰的加速作用在单一瓦斯参与下更加强烈。煤尘的加入使得流场湍流度增大,混合爆炸释放更多能量,激波强度增大,爆炸压力提升。障碍物对火焰的影响仅在其附近有效,障碍物下游最大超压明显提升。随障碍物数量的增加,激波反复振荡、叠加,使得压力升高,湍流度增加,火焰形成射流并加速燃烧。火焰传播速度和最大超压与障碍物数量呈正相关关系。

半密闭腔室内冲击闪络电弧观测及弧后气体逸散过程研究

多腔室灭弧装置可保护绝缘子、抑制故障电弧存续,具有成为配电网线路防护增补措施的潜力。半密闭腔室作为多腔室灭弧装置的基本单元,腔室内冲击闪络电弧演变进程尚缺乏完备的观测手段和针对不同电极结构的直观对比,以及弧后气体状态的量化分析。为进一步完善半密闭腔室内电弧演变过程观测方法,优化结构设计,该文搭建了用于观测半密闭腔室电弧及弧后气体演变的高速纹影系统,对比分析了开放气隙与半密闭腔室气隙、U型电极和球形电极下半密闭腔室内冲击闪络电弧演变过程,根据纹影图像数据定义密度恢复率,并采用光流法探讨了弧后气体逸散过程中气体密度恢复和速度场分布。电弧演变过程的纹影图像表明,半密闭腔室较开放气隙具有主动“吹弧”作用,由于自感应磁场的分布差异,U型电极较球形电极加速腔室内电弧运动;弧后气体演变为近似涡环结构,促使腔室出口邻近区域气体密度率先恢复,空气自恢复能力得到提升。

气体介质与脉冲参数对纳秒脉冲放电特性的影响

在定容弹内研究了介质压力、介质成分以及纳秒脉冲电源所控制的4个脉冲参数(脉冲输出电压、脉冲宽度、脉冲次数、脉冲频率)对纳秒脉冲放电过程的影响.结果表明:介质压力上升,首个脉冲和首个击穿脉冲的电极释放电压均上升,高压维持数增加,首个击穿脉冲的放电能量上升.增大脉冲输出电压可以减少高压维持数,但不改变击穿电压.增大脉冲宽度同样不改变击穿电压,但明显提升了首个击穿脉冲的放电能量.改变容弹内介质中CO_(2)的浓度,首个脉冲和首个击穿脉冲的释放电压、放电能量、高压维持数均增加.升高脉冲频率增强了在不同环境条件下脉冲击穿能力,但不影响能量注入总量.在确保击穿的情况下,脉冲次数的增加则能显著增大脉冲注入的能量,增大粒子云团面积,有助于实际点燃过程.

先进光学诊断技术在含能材料燃烧测试中的应用进展

依据不同光学原理,从光散射、光学发射与吸收和成像三方面综述了激光诱导荧光(LIF)、相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(CARS)、粒子成像测速(PIV)、可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)、激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)、辐射法、遥感傅里叶变换红外光谱(RS-FTIR)及纹影法等光学诊断技术测试原理及在含能材料燃烧测试中的应用进展;分析了光学诊断技术在燃烧测试中相比于其他传统接触式诊断方法的优越性和各类光学诊断方法的适用性、测量对象及优缺点;展望了微观燃烧产物、火焰温度、燃烧流场速度和火焰结构等测试技术在含能材料燃烧诊断中的发展前景;指出今后的工作应向多诊断方法相结合,发展多维度测量,从而获取更丰富多维的微观数据信息。附参考文献102篇。