Characterization of depth-related microbial communities in lake sediment by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified 16S rRNA fragments

The characterization of microbial communities of different depth sediment samples was examined by a culture-independent method and compared with physicochemical parameters, those are organic matter （OM）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, pH and redox potential （Eh）. Total genomic DNA was extracted from samples derived from different depths. After they were amplified with the GC-341 f/907r primer sets of partial bacterial 16S rRNA genes, the products were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. The profile of DGGE fingerprints of different depth sediment samples revealed that the community structure remained relatively stable along the entire 45 cm sediment core, however, principal-component analysis of DGGE patterns revealed that at greater sediment depths, successional shifts in community structure were evident. The principle coordinates analysis suggested that the bacterial communities along the sediment core could be separated into two groups, which were located 0-20 cm and 21-45 cm, respectively. The sequencing dominant bands demonstrated that the major phylogenetic groups identified by DGGE belonged to Bacillus, Bacterium, Brevibacillus, Exiguobacterium, γ-Proteobacterium, Acinetobacter sp. and some uncultured or unidentified bacteria. The results indicated the existence of highly diverse bacterial community in the lake sediment core.

Analysis of interspecies adherence of oral bacteria using a membrane binding assay coupled with polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling

Information on co-adherence of different oral bacterial species is important for understanding interspecies interactions within oral microbial community. Current knowledge on this topic is heavily based on pariwise coaggregation of known, cultivable species. In this study, we employed a membrane binding assay coupled with polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） to systematically analyze the co-adherence profiles of oral bacterial species, and achieved a more profound knowledge beyond pairwise coaggregation. Two oral bacterial species were selected to serve as ＂bait＂： Fusobacterium nucleatum （F. nucleatum） whose ability to adhere to a multitude of oral bacterial species has been extensively studied for pairwise interactions and Streptococcus mutans （S. mutans） whose interacting partners are largely unknown. To enable screening of interacting partner species within bacterial mixtures, cells of the ＂bait＂ oral bacterium were immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes which were washed and blocked to prevent unspecific binding. The ＂prey＂ bacterial mixtures （including known species or natural saliva samples） were added, unbound ceils were washed off after the incubation period and the remaining cells were eluted using 0.2 mol.L1 glycine. Genomic DNA was extraeted, subjeeted to 16S rRNA PCR amplification and separation of the resulting PCR produets by DGGE. Selected bands were recovered from the gel, sequenced and identified via Nucleotide BLAST searches against different databases. While few bacterial species bound to S. mutans, consistent with previous findings F.. nucleatum adhered to a variety of bacterial species including uncultivable and uneharacterized onesl This new approach can more effectively analyze the co-adherence profiles of oral bacteria, and could facilitate the systematic study of interbacterial binding of oral microbial species.

Variations in Laboratory-Scale Actinomycete Communities Exposed to Cadmium as Assessed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Profiles

The actinomycete populations and functions in cadmium （Cd） contaminated soil were investigated by the cultivation- independent molecular methods. The genomic DNA was extracted and purified from soil adulterated with various con- centrations of Cd in the laboratory. The partial 16S rDNA genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） using specific primers bound to evolutionarily conserved regions within these actinomycete genes. The diversity in PCR- amplified products, as measured by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （EGGE）, was used as a genetic fingerprint of the population. Principle component analysis and Shannon-Weaver diversity index （H） analyses were used to analyze the DGGE results. Results showed that the two principal components accounted for only a low level of the total variance. The value H in contaminated soil was lower than that in the control at later stages of cultivation, whereas at earlier stages it was higher. Among the six sampling time points, the first, fifth and sixth weeks had the highest values of H. Significantly negative correlations between bioavallable Cd concentration and H values existed in the samples from weeks 2 （R = 0.929, P 〈 0.05） and 4 （R = 0.909, P 〈 0.05）. These results may shed light on the effect of Cd on the soil environment and the chemical behavior and toxicity of Cd to actinomycetes.

核酸适配体筛选中单链DNA制备方法的研究进展

核酸适配体是人工合成的短链核酸,作为分子识别元件,能够与各类靶标物质高特异性、高亲和力的结合,分为单链DNA和RNA两种类型。其中单链DNA适配体由于其稳定性比RNA适配体更好而更受欢迎,因此得到广泛应用。核酸适配体筛选通常是通过配体指数富集系统进化技术(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX)实现的,筛选能否成功在很大程度上取决于其最关键的单链制备步骤,即将双链DNA转化为相应的单链DNA。目前,存在许多方法可以制备单链DNA,包括热变性法、生物素-链霉亲和素亲和分离法、变性胶电泳分离法、核酸外切酶消化法、不对称聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)法等。本文在总结文献报道的基础上,具体阐述了各种单链DNA制备方法的原理、优缺点及近5年的应用情况,并对这些单链DNA制备方法进行了比较和展望,以期能为成功筛选各类靶标的核酸适配体提供参考。

Monitoring of microbial community structure and succession in the biohydrogen production reactor by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE)

To study the structure of microbial communities in the biological hydrogen produc-tion reactor and determine the ecological function of hydrogen producing bacteria,anaerobic sludge was obtained from the continuous stirred tank reactor(CSTR)in different periods of time,and the diversity and dynamics of microbial communities were investigated by denaturing gra-dient gel electrophoresis(DGGE).The results of DGGE demonstrated that an obvious shift of microbial population happened from the beginning of star-up to the 28th day,and the ethanol type fermentation was established.After 28 days the structure of microbial community became stable,and the climax community was formed.Comparative analysis of 16S rDNA sequences from reamplifying and sequencing the prominent bands indicated that the dominant population belonged to low G+C Gram-positive bacteria(Clostridium sp.and Ethanologenbacterium sp.),β-proteobacteria(Acidovorax sp.),γ-proteobacteria(Kluyvera sp.),Bacteroides(uncultured bacte-rium SJA-168),and Spirochaetes(uncultured eubacterium E1-K13),respectively.The hydrogen production rate increased obviously with the increase of Ethanologenbacterium sp.,Clostridium sp.and uncultured Spirochaetes after 21 days,meanwhile the succession of ethanol type fer-mentation was formed.Throughout the succession the microbial diversity increased however it decreased after 21 days.Some types of Clostridium sp.Acidovorax sp.,Kluyvera sp.,and Bac-teroides were dominant populations during all periods of time.These special populations were essential for the construction of climax community.Hydrogen production efficiency was de-pendent on both hydrogen producing bacteria and other populations.It implied that the co-metabolism of microbial community played a great role of biohydrogen production in the reactors.

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting of soil bacteria in the vicinity of the Chinese Great Wall Station, King George Island, Antarctica

Bacterial diversity was investigated in soil samples collected from 13 sites around the Great Wall Station, Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of 16S rRNA genes. The classes α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria, as well as the phylum Actinobacteria, were found to be the dominant bacteria in the soils around the Great Wall Station. Although the selected samples were not contaminated by oil, a relationship between soil parameters, microbial biodiversity, and human impact was still seen. Sample sites in human impacted areas showed lower bacterial biodiversity （average H′= 2.65） when compared to nonimpacted sites （average H′= 3.05）. There was no statistically significant correlation between soil bacterial diversity and total organic carbon （TOC）, total nitrogen, or total phosphorus contents of the soil. Canonical correlation analysis showed that TOC content was the most important factor determining bacterial community profiles among the measured soil parameters. In conclusion, microbial biodiversity and community characteristics within relatively small scales （1.5 km） were determined as a function of local environment parameters and anthropogenic impact.

3种植物精油对调理牛排优势腐败菌的抑菌性

为明确调理牛排的优势腐败菌并筛选出抑菌性、专一性强的植物精油,通过传统培养基法结合聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术筛选出调理牛排的优势腐败菌,并通过抑菌圈、最小抑菌浓度、最小杀菌浓度及细菌生长曲线,从丁香精油、豆蔻精油、黑胡椒精油中选出抑菌性最强的植物精油。结果表明:优势腐败菌为深蓝紫色杆菌(Janthinobacterium lividum)、恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)和热杀索丝菌(Brochothrix thermosphacta);丁香精油的抑菌圈直径均大于10 mm,2~4μL/mL的精油添加量就能明显抑制优势腐败菌的生长繁殖;豆蔻精油抑菌性稍弱;黑胡椒精油对3株优势腐败菌均无明显抑菌效果。

SDS-PAGE法检测动物肌肉蛋白质加热终点温度的研究

为了探索检测动物组织蛋白质热变性程度的方法,分别对猪、牛、羊、鸡、鱼五种新鲜动物肌肉组织进行不同温度的热处理(新鲜未加热、50、60、70、80、90、100℃),对处理后的样品提取蛋白质进行十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析。结果显示,同种动物组织经不同温度热处理,所得电泳图谱具有较大差异,电泳条带的数量随温度的升高逐渐减少,猪、牛、羊三种动物肌肉组织加热到80℃后,电泳图谱不再变化,达到加热终点温度;鸡和鱼的肌肉组织加热到70℃后,电泳图谱不再变化,达到加热终点温度。不同种动物组织经相同温度热处理所得电泳图谱显示:猪、牛、羊三种动物组织蛋白质的电泳图谱相似,与鸡和鱼组织蛋白质的电泳图谱差异显著。

江西部分地区微小扇头(牛)蜱中肠优势菌群分析

分析不同地区、不同宿主微小牛蜱中肠内容物优势菌群。利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术对江西省宜春、萍乡、万载、新余四个地区的牛、羊体表微小牛蜱中肠细菌群落的结构进行分析。微小牛蜱体内细菌主要有8种,分别为立克次氏体、柯克斯氏体、犬埃立克体、克雷伯氏菌、肠杆菌、假单胞菌、孔雀立克次氏体、弯曲芽孢杆菌。牛体表微小牛蜱肠道优势菌主要为柯克斯氏体和立克次氏体。萍乡地区微小牛蜱除以上两种菌外,还含有犬埃立克体。克雷伯氏菌仅见于新余地区。山羊体表微小牛蜱肠道菌数量少于黄牛体表的微小牛蜱,其优势菌主要为假单孢菌。不同地区、不同宿主微小牛蜱中肠内容物优势菌群存在一定差异。

亚铁离子对罗非鱼片细菌生长的影响

采用2 g/100 mL的氯化亚铁溶液处理罗非鱼片,定期取样测定鱼片的感官评分、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)和三甲胺(trimethylamine,TMA)含量,结合聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)分析亚铁离子对鱼片上细菌生长的影响。结果表明,氯化亚铁处理鱼片的感官较好,菌落总数、TVB-N和TMA含量较对照鱼片明显降低,对照鱼片和氯化钠处理鱼片在4℃冷藏9 d,菌落总数、TVB-N和TMA含量超过国家标准规定限量,而氯化亚铁处理鱼片的菌落总数、TVB-N和TMA含量未超标。通过PCR-DGGE分析可知,氯化亚铁处理鱼片在冷藏初期的菌相复杂,冷藏6 d后,腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)、嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter)数量增多,假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)数量减少,但Pseudomonas在整个菌相中依旧数量最多,仍是优势菌。

红曲醋酿造过程中菌群动态分析

红曲醋是在多菌种共同作用下发酵酿造而成,其酿造周期与微生物有着重要关系。研究通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)和高通量测序对红曲醋中的微生物菌群结构进行分析,并借助热图分析醋中的优势菌群,为揭示红曲醋中的微生物演替规律提供依据,并对缩短永春老醋酿造周期奠定基础。高通量测序研究结果发现,红曲醋中的优势菌群是乳酸菌(Lactobacillus)、醋酸菌(Acetobacter)、红球菌(Rhodococcus)、苍白杆菌(Ochrohactrum)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、沉积物杆状菌(Sediminibacterium)、不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)、甲基杆菌(Methylobacterium)、酵母菌(Saccharomycetales sp.)、解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)、子囊菌(Ascomycota sp.)、假丝酵母菌(Candida xylopsoci)和毛孢壳属(Coniochaetaceae sp.)。芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)与酵母菌(Saccharomycetales sp.)有拮抗作用,红曲霉菌(Monascus purpureus)与克拉菌(Cryocola)、无氧芽孢菌(Anoxybacillus)、沙雷氏菌(Serratia)、微杆菌(Microbacterium)、甲基杆菌(Methylobacterium)有较强的促进作用。

PCR-DGGE技术分析韩式大酱与中式大酱中微生物多样性

微生物在大酱发酵过程中起到至关重要的作用,并与大酱的风味与质量密切相关,因此研究大酱中微生物的多样性有重要意义。该研究选择加工工艺不同的韩式大酱与中式大酱为对象,采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术,通过PCR扩增、切胶回收、PCR测序等分析不同大酱中的微生物多样性。结果表明,大酱中的微生物由于制作工艺的不同存在明显差异。在韩式大酱中,细菌如芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、四联球菌属(Tetragenococcus)、嗜盐单胞菌属(Halomonas),真菌如根毛霉属(Rhizomucor)、青霉菌属(Penicillium)、毛霉属(Mucor)、外瓶霉属(Exophiala)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)等分布广泛。在中式大酱中,乳酸菌如片球菌属(Pediococcus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、明串珠菌属(Leucanostoc)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),酵母如鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)分布较多。与中式大酱相比,韩式大酱中的真菌种类更丰富。研究结果为进一步探讨传统发酵大酱品质提供了理论依据。

不同性状窖泥的细菌群落结构与酸酯含量分析

为了解不同性状窖泥细菌群落结构及酸酯代谢的差异,分别选取新窖泥、趋老熟窖泥和老熟窖泥,对其细菌16S r DNA的V3区进行变性梯度凝胶电泳分析和同源性比较,并结合窖泥主要有机酸及有机酸酯含量进行了典型相关分析。结果表明,老熟窖泥的细菌多样性指数及均匀度指数高于新窖泥和趋老熟窖泥,得到的39个优势条带,进行细菌DNA测序可分为14类;Clostridium XIVa、Aminobacterium均只在老熟窖泥中检测到;新窖泥和趋老熟窖泥与Lactococcus、Lactobacillus、乳酸、乳酸乙酯含量正相关,老熟窖泥与Clostridiales、己酸、己酸乙酯和丁酸含量正相关。

鉴定水稻品种的微卫星标记筛选

选用58个水稻微卫星标记,对目前应用较广的28份杂交水稻亲本材料进行多态性分析,并比较了其中14个标记应用3.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和6.0%非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的检测结果。研究表明,所应用的标记可将所有供试水稻材料区分开,不同标记的多态性检测能力差异较大;两种检测方法所得结果高度一致,但非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分辨率较高、带型清晰,能更准确反映水稻材料间的差异。对于一般水稻材料而言,选用12个标记可将不同材料区别开的几率大于99.9%,但要区分遗传相似性较高的材料,则可能需挑选高多态性标记和(或)增加检测的标记数。

多功能农药降解基因工程菌株m-CDS-1环境释放安全评价

【目的】为了评价多功能农药降解基因工程菌株m-CDS-1的环境释放中间试验水平的安全性。【方法】通过农药检测、平板计数、Most probable number-PCR(MPN-PCR)和Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(DGGE)等方法在江苏大丰进行了工程菌株m-CDS-1田间降解农药效果、定殖动态和对土壤微生物群落结构影响的研究。【结果】投加1.01×107CFU/g干土的工程菌株m-CDS-1在30d时均能完全降解10.71mg/kg的甲基对硫磷和1.29mg/kg的呋喃丹。平板计数表明工程菌株m-CDS-1在土壤中快速下降;MPN-PCR检测结果显示,在4d,15d和30d时,0～10cm混合土壤中该工程菌株的数目分别为2.15±0.98×106CFU/g干土,3.70±4.66×104CFU/g干土和检测不出。工程菌株m-CDS-1的投加不会对土壤可培养三大微生物菌群数量产生显著影响;基于细菌16S rDNA V3区的DGGE分析结果表明,施加农药对细菌菌落结构有显著影响,4d,11d,30d时农药施用区与空白对照区的图谱相似性分别为17.16%,49.81%和75.01%,但到60d时的相似性为98.62%。工程菌株m-CDS-1释放在前期对细菌群落结构有一定影响,4d,11d和30d工程菌株释放区相对于空白的相似性分别为49.57%,38.30%和83.30%。在60d时,空白、施药和施菌小区的图谱相似性都在90%以上。【结论】工程菌株m-CDS-1不仅可同时高效降解甲基对硫磷和呋喃丹,仍保持了实验室内的原有特性,而且不会成为优势菌群长期在土壤环境中存在,也不会对土壤微生物群落结构造成长期影响。

PCR-DGGE技术在农田土壤微生物多样性研究中的应用

变性梯度凝胶电泳技术 ( DGGE)在微生物生态学领域有着广泛的应用。研究采用化学裂解法直接提取出不同农田土壤微生物基因组 DNA,并以此基因组 DNA为模板 ,选择特异性引物 F357GC和 R518对 1 6Sr RNA基因的 V3区进行扩增 ,长约 2 30 bp的 PCR产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳 ( DGGE)进行分离后 ,得到不同数目且分离效果较好的电泳条带。结果说明 ,DGGE能够对土壤样品中的不同微生物的 1 6Sr RNA基因的 V3区的 DNA扩增片断进行分离 ,为这些 DNA片断的定性和鉴定提供了条件。与传统的平板培养方法相比 ,变性梯度凝胶电泳 ( DGGE)技术能够更精确的反映出土壤微生物多样性 ,它是一种有效的微生物多样性研究技术。

PCR-DGGE技术用于湖泊沉积物中微生物群落结构多样性研究

采用PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱技术比较南京市玄武湖、奠愁湖和太湖不同位置的表层沉积物微生物群落结构，研究结果表明，三湖泊沉积物微生物的16SrDNA的PCR扩增结果约为626bp，为16S rDNA V3～V5区特异性片段。玄武湖和莫愁湖表层沉积物中大约有20种优势菌群，且同一湖泊不同采样点DGGE图谱的差异性不大，细菌群落结构具有较高的相似性，而太湖样品DGGE条带的数目和位置表现出明显差异，且不同采样点图谱的差异性较大。三湖泊除具有特征性的微生物种属外，还分布约5个相同的细菌种群，可能与沉积物的理化性质和水生植被的影响相关。对DGGE图谱中7条主带进行回收、扩增和测序，结果显示其优势菌群具有不同的序列组成，其中5个序列与Genebank中已登录的细菌种群的同源性≥99％，2个序列的同源性为96％和93％，其中2个相似的细菌类群目前尚未获得纯培养。

堆肥化过程中微生物群落的动态

通过变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和平板计数法对堆肥化过程中微生物的区系动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,在堆肥化过程中,微生物数量总的趋势是细菌的数量最多,放线菌次之,真菌的数量最少,中温微生物的数量始终高于高温微生物.当发酵结束后,中温微生物的数量低于发酵初始水平,高温放线菌和高温真菌的数量试验结束后高于初始水平,高温细菌的数量在整个堆肥化过程中变化不大.通过DGGE分析表明,发酵过程中细菌的种类发生了明显的更迭现象.发酵初期Bdellovibrio、Clostridiabacterium、Bacillus、Clostridium等占优势,中期Beta proteobacterium、Petrobacter succinimandens、Nitrospiraebacterium、Clostridium等占优势,后期Clostridium、Beta proteobacterium、Paenibacillus等占优势,而在整个堆肥化过程中Clostridium都是优势种.

秸秆还田后土壤微生物群落结构变化的初步研究

通过实验室条件下的小麦秸秆粉和油菜秸秆粉的还土试验,结合常规的分析手段和基于DNA的分子技术(变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)及测序技术),初步研究了秸秆粉还田后土壤物理化学特性及生物学特性的变化。结果表明,培养60d后,秸秆还田土壤的肥力明显提高,其纤维素酶活性明显增强。DGGE图谱表明,对照土壤(S)以及处理土壤(SW和SR),在培养过程中,β-Proteobacteria类细菌组成都在发生变化。对其中一个样品的DGGE条带进行了割胶测序,测序结果表明,大部分条带代表的微生物是未培养的或不可培养的。采用传统分离培养技术,从秸秆还田土壤中分离了2株纤维素降解菌。以上结果说明,秸秆还田具有良好的土壤综合效应。

变性梯度凝胶电泳技术在微生物多样性研究中的应用

变性梯度凝胶电泳是不依赖于培养的、依据DNA分子的大小和所带电荷分析微生物多样性和动态变化的分子生物学技术,具有检测极限低、分析速度快及重复性好等优点。主要对变性梯度凝胶电泳原理、特点及其在微生物多样性应用方面进行综述。