To prevent, detect, and protect against forest fires, forest personnel need to define rules for determining forest fire risk. In Portugal, all municipalities must annually produce forest fire risk （FFR） maps. To pro...To prevent, detect, and protect against forest fires, forest personnel need to define rules for determining forest fire risk. In Portugal, all municipalities must annually produce forest fire risk （FFR） maps. To produce more reliable FFR maps more easily, we developed an open source model using the Modeler plugin of SEXTANTE in the program QGIS version 2.0 Dufour. The model provides all the maps involved in the FFR model （susceptibility map, hazard map, vulnerability map, economic value map, and potential loss map） and was produced according to Portuguese Forest Authority＇s （AFN, Autoridade Florestal Nacional） rules for determining the FFR. This model was tested for the Portuguese municipality Santa Maria da Feira, where 40 % of the total municipality area falls in the category ＂very high＂ or ＂high＂ fire risk. The ＂very high＂ fire risk area is mainly classified as broad-leaved forest and has the steepest slopes （〉15 %）. The distance of burned areas to roads was also analyzed; the proportion of burned areas increased with increasing distance to the main roads. In addition, 92.6 % of the ＂high＂ and ＂very high＂ risk zones were located in areas with lower elevation. These results confirmed that forest fire is strongly influenced not only by environmental factors but also by anthropogenic factors. The procedure implemented here was compared with our open source application already available in QGIS and also to the same procedure implemented in GIS pro- prietary software. Although the results were obviously the same, the model developed here presents several advan- tages over the other two approaches. Besides being faster, it is easy to change the model parameters according to user needs （i.e., to the rules of different countries）, and can be modified and adapted to other variables and other areas to create risk maps for different natural phenomena （e.g., floods, earthquakes, landslides）. The model is easy to use and to create risk and hazard maps rapidly in a free, open source environment that does not require any programming knowledge.展开更多
背景:腰椎后路椎弓根螺钉内固定已成为腰椎压缩性骨折常见的治疗方式之一,传统手术切开行椎弓根螺钉内固定通常产生较多局部肌肉组织的损伤,在微创下进行腰椎内固定是脊柱微创外科的一大进展。目的:探讨经皮微创Sextant内固定系统修复...背景:腰椎后路椎弓根螺钉内固定已成为腰椎压缩性骨折常见的治疗方式之一,传统手术切开行椎弓根螺钉内固定通常产生较多局部肌肉组织的损伤,在微创下进行腰椎内固定是脊柱微创外科的一大进展。目的:探讨经皮微创Sextant内固定系统修复腰椎骨折的临床效果,对比观察内固定前后患者目测类比评分、伤椎前后缘高度比以及脊柱后凸Cobb角变化。方法:选择58例腰椎压缩骨折患者资料进行回顾性分析。所有病例均由同一高年资骨科副主任医师(第二作者)于2008年1月至2013年12月在成都市第一人民医院骨科完成。均行经后路腰椎Sextant系统内固定。主要观察术中失血量,内固定前后目测类比评分、伤椎前后缘高度比以及脊柱后凸Cobb角变化。结果与结论:术中平均出血量40 m L,内固定后平均引流量80 m L,内固定后患者腰背部疼痛明显缓解(P<0.01),平均卧床2周即可下地行早期功能康复锻炼。内固定后伤椎前后缘高度比及后凸Cobb角均较内固定前有明显改善(P<0.05),未出现螺钉松动、断裂。说明经后路腰椎Sextant系统内固定修复腰椎压缩性骨折,能够较好的恢复椎体前缘高度、矫正脊柱后凸,并且失血量少,内固定后疼痛症状轻,便于患者术后早期功能锻炼。展开更多
文摘To prevent, detect, and protect against forest fires, forest personnel need to define rules for determining forest fire risk. In Portugal, all municipalities must annually produce forest fire risk （FFR） maps. To produce more reliable FFR maps more easily, we developed an open source model using the Modeler plugin of SEXTANTE in the program QGIS version 2.0 Dufour. The model provides all the maps involved in the FFR model （susceptibility map, hazard map, vulnerability map, economic value map, and potential loss map） and was produced according to Portuguese Forest Authority＇s （AFN, Autoridade Florestal Nacional） rules for determining the FFR. This model was tested for the Portuguese municipality Santa Maria da Feira, where 40 % of the total municipality area falls in the category ＂very high＂ or ＂high＂ fire risk. The ＂very high＂ fire risk area is mainly classified as broad-leaved forest and has the steepest slopes （〉15 %）. The distance of burned areas to roads was also analyzed; the proportion of burned areas increased with increasing distance to the main roads. In addition, 92.6 % of the ＂high＂ and ＂very high＂ risk zones were located in areas with lower elevation. These results confirmed that forest fire is strongly influenced not only by environmental factors but also by anthropogenic factors. The procedure implemented here was compared with our open source application already available in QGIS and also to the same procedure implemented in GIS pro- prietary software. Although the results were obviously the same, the model developed here presents several advan- tages over the other two approaches. Besides being faster, it is easy to change the model parameters according to user needs （i.e., to the rules of different countries）, and can be modified and adapted to other variables and other areas to create risk maps for different natural phenomena （e.g., floods, earthquakes, landslides）. The model is easy to use and to create risk and hazard maps rapidly in a free, open source environment that does not require any programming knowledge.
文摘背景:腰椎后路椎弓根螺钉内固定已成为腰椎压缩性骨折常见的治疗方式之一,传统手术切开行椎弓根螺钉内固定通常产生较多局部肌肉组织的损伤,在微创下进行腰椎内固定是脊柱微创外科的一大进展。目的:探讨经皮微创Sextant内固定系统修复腰椎骨折的临床效果,对比观察内固定前后患者目测类比评分、伤椎前后缘高度比以及脊柱后凸Cobb角变化。方法:选择58例腰椎压缩骨折患者资料进行回顾性分析。所有病例均由同一高年资骨科副主任医师(第二作者)于2008年1月至2013年12月在成都市第一人民医院骨科完成。均行经后路腰椎Sextant系统内固定。主要观察术中失血量,内固定前后目测类比评分、伤椎前后缘高度比以及脊柱后凸Cobb角变化。结果与结论:术中平均出血量40 m L,内固定后平均引流量80 m L,内固定后患者腰背部疼痛明显缓解(P<0.01),平均卧床2周即可下地行早期功能康复锻炼。内固定后伤椎前后缘高度比及后凸Cobb角均较内固定前有明显改善(P<0.05),未出现螺钉松动、断裂。说明经后路腰椎Sextant系统内固定修复腰椎压缩性骨折,能够较好的恢复椎体前缘高度、矫正脊柱后凸,并且失血量少,内固定后疼痛症状轻,便于患者术后早期功能锻炼。
