Nutrient metabolism is regulated by several factors.Social determinants of health with or without genetics are the primary regulator of metabolism,and an unhealthy lifestyle affects all modulators and mediators,leadin...Nutrient metabolism is regulated by several factors.Social determinants of health with or without genetics are the primary regulator of metabolism,and an unhealthy lifestyle affects all modulators and mediators,leading to the adaptation and finally to the exhaustion of cellular functions.Hepatic steatosis is defined by presence of fat in more than 5%of hepatocytes.In hepatocytes,fat is stored as triglycerides in lipid droplet.Hepatic steatosis results from a combination of multiple intracellular processes.In a healthy individual nutrient metabolism is regulated at several steps.It ranges from the selection of nutrients in a grocery store to the last step of consumption of ATP as an energy or as a building block of a cell as structural component.Several hormones,peptides,and genes have been described that participate in nutrient metabolism.Several enzymes participate in each nutrient metabolism as described above from ingestion to generation of ATP.As of now several publications have revealed very intricate regulation of nutrient metabolism,where most of the regulatory factors are tied to each other bidirectionally,making it difficult to comprehend chronological sequence of events.Insulin hormone is the primary regulator of all nutrients’metabolism both in prandial and fasting states.Insulin exerts its effects directly and indirectly on enzymes involved in the three main cellular function processes;metabolic,inflammation and repair,and cell growth and regeneration.Final regulators that control the enzymatic functions through stimulation or suppression of a cell are nuclear receptors in especially farnesoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/RXR ligands,adiponectin,leptin,and adiponutrin.Insulin hormone has direct effect on these final modulators.Whereas blood glucose level,serum lipids,incretin hormones,bile acids in conjunction with microbiota are intermediary modulators which are controlled by lifestyle.The purpose of this review is to overview the key players in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)that help us understand the disease natural course,risk stratification,role of lifestyle and pharmacotherapy in each individual patient with MASLD to achieve personalized care and target the practice of precision medicine.PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to identify publication related to metabolism of carbohydrate and fat in states of health and disease states;MASLD,cardiovascular disease and cancer.More than 1000 publications including original research and review papers were reviewed.展开更多
柜式气体绝缘开关设备(cubicle gas insulatedswitchgear,C-GIS)由于其全可靠性能高、小型化等特点在电力系统中得到广泛的应用。但由于C-GIS开关柜的主要绝缘介质SF6气体具有较强的温室效应,且其成本较高,迫切需要减少或不用SF6气体。...柜式气体绝缘开关设备(cubicle gas insulatedswitchgear,C-GIS)由于其全可靠性能高、小型化等特点在电力系统中得到广泛的应用。但由于C-GIS开关柜的主要绝缘介质SF6气体具有较强的温室效应,且其成本较高,迫切需要减少或不用SF6气体。针对C-GIS开关柜较低的气压条件,探讨SF6混合气体替代SF6的可行性。采用圆形平板电极模拟均匀场,研究均匀场、较低气压(0.1~0.25 MPa)下SF6与N2、CO2两种气体的二元混合气体在不同配比、不同电压形式(工频和负极性雷电冲击)作用下的击穿特性。试验结果表明,气压在0.25 MPa以下时,适当增大SF6混合气体的压强可以使其达到纯SF6相同的绝缘强度,为新型C-GIS开关柜的设计制造提供了关键的试验依据。展开更多
CO_2和CF_4气体物理化学性能稳定,液化温度低,灭弧能力强,作为潜在的SF_6替代气体引起了广泛的关注。断路器开断故障电弧过程中的喷口压力特性对气体灭弧性能和断路器结构的优化设计等都具有重要意义。为此基于一台126 k V压气式断路器...CO_2和CF_4气体物理化学性能稳定,液化温度低,灭弧能力强,作为潜在的SF_6替代气体引起了广泛的关注。断路器开断故障电弧过程中的喷口压力特性对气体灭弧性能和断路器结构的优化设计等都具有重要意义。为此基于一台126 k V压气式断路器模型,通过实验研究了不同体积分数混合比例下SF_6-CO_2和SF_6-CF_4混合气体中灭弧室喷口压力的变化特性。结果表明,SF_6-CF_4混合气体的喷口监测点压力增幅Δppeak和电流零点时刻的压力增量ΔpCZ均明显高于SF_6-CO_2混合气体,气吹电弧作用更强;两种混合气体测量点处的压力增幅Δppeak均随SF_6体积分数增加而增大,SF_6-CO_2混合气体电流零点处的压力增量ΔpCZ随SF_6体积分数增加也明显增大,而SF_6-CF_4混合气体ΔpCZ的变化较小;此外,喷口压力的建立情况对断路器热开断能力有较为重要的作用。展开更多
文摘Nutrient metabolism is regulated by several factors.Social determinants of health with or without genetics are the primary regulator of metabolism,and an unhealthy lifestyle affects all modulators and mediators,leading to the adaptation and finally to the exhaustion of cellular functions.Hepatic steatosis is defined by presence of fat in more than 5%of hepatocytes.In hepatocytes,fat is stored as triglycerides in lipid droplet.Hepatic steatosis results from a combination of multiple intracellular processes.In a healthy individual nutrient metabolism is regulated at several steps.It ranges from the selection of nutrients in a grocery store to the last step of consumption of ATP as an energy or as a building block of a cell as structural component.Several hormones,peptides,and genes have been described that participate in nutrient metabolism.Several enzymes participate in each nutrient metabolism as described above from ingestion to generation of ATP.As of now several publications have revealed very intricate regulation of nutrient metabolism,where most of the regulatory factors are tied to each other bidirectionally,making it difficult to comprehend chronological sequence of events.Insulin hormone is the primary regulator of all nutrients’metabolism both in prandial and fasting states.Insulin exerts its effects directly and indirectly on enzymes involved in the three main cellular function processes;metabolic,inflammation and repair,and cell growth and regeneration.Final regulators that control the enzymatic functions through stimulation or suppression of a cell are nuclear receptors in especially farnesoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/RXR ligands,adiponectin,leptin,and adiponutrin.Insulin hormone has direct effect on these final modulators.Whereas blood glucose level,serum lipids,incretin hormones,bile acids in conjunction with microbiota are intermediary modulators which are controlled by lifestyle.The purpose of this review is to overview the key players in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)that help us understand the disease natural course,risk stratification,role of lifestyle and pharmacotherapy in each individual patient with MASLD to achieve personalized care and target the practice of precision medicine.PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to identify publication related to metabolism of carbohydrate and fat in states of health and disease states;MASLD,cardiovascular disease and cancer.More than 1000 publications including original research and review papers were reviewed.
文摘柜式气体绝缘开关设备(cubicle gas insulatedswitchgear,C-GIS)由于其全可靠性能高、小型化等特点在电力系统中得到广泛的应用。但由于C-GIS开关柜的主要绝缘介质SF6气体具有较强的温室效应,且其成本较高,迫切需要减少或不用SF6气体。针对C-GIS开关柜较低的气压条件,探讨SF6混合气体替代SF6的可行性。采用圆形平板电极模拟均匀场,研究均匀场、较低气压(0.1~0.25 MPa)下SF6与N2、CO2两种气体的二元混合气体在不同配比、不同电压形式(工频和负极性雷电冲击)作用下的击穿特性。试验结果表明,气压在0.25 MPa以下时,适当增大SF6混合气体的压强可以使其达到纯SF6相同的绝缘强度,为新型C-GIS开关柜的设计制造提供了关键的试验依据。
文摘CO_2和CF_4气体物理化学性能稳定,液化温度低,灭弧能力强,作为潜在的SF_6替代气体引起了广泛的关注。断路器开断故障电弧过程中的喷口压力特性对气体灭弧性能和断路器结构的优化设计等都具有重要意义。为此基于一台126 k V压气式断路器模型,通过实验研究了不同体积分数混合比例下SF_6-CO_2和SF_6-CF_4混合气体中灭弧室喷口压力的变化特性。结果表明,SF_6-CF_4混合气体的喷口监测点压力增幅Δppeak和电流零点时刻的压力增量ΔpCZ均明显高于SF_6-CO_2混合气体,气吹电弧作用更强;两种混合气体测量点处的压力增幅Δppeak均随SF_6体积分数增加而增大,SF_6-CO_2混合气体电流零点处的压力增量ΔpCZ随SF_6体积分数增加也明显增大,而SF_6-CF_4混合气体ΔpCZ的变化较小;此外,喷口压力的建立情况对断路器热开断能力有较为重要的作用。
