Research on the maceral characteristics of Shenhua coal and efficient and directional direct coal liquefaction technology

In this research,molecular structure models were developed respectively for Shenhua coal vitrinite concentrates(SDV)and inertinite concentrates(SDI),on the basis of information on constitutional unit of Shenhau coal and elemental analysis results obtained from^(13)C-NMR analysis characterization,FTIR analysis characterization,X-ray diffraction XRD and XPS analysis characterization.It can be observed from characterization data and molecular structure models that the structure of SDV and SDI is dominated by aromatic hydrocarbon,with aromaticity of SDI higher than that of SDV;SDV mainly consists of small molecule basic structure unit,while SDI is largely made from macromolecular structure unit.Based on bond-level parameters of the molecular model,the research found through the autoclave experiment that vitrinite liquefaction process goes under thermodynamics control and inertinite liquefaction process under dynamics control.The research developed an efficient directional direct coal liquefaction technology based on the maceral characteristics of Shenhua coal,which can effectively improve oil yield and lower gas yield.

Composition analysis of Compound Shenhua Tablet,a seven-herb Chinese medicine for IgA nephropathy:evaluation of analyte-capacity of the assays

Compound Shenhua Tablet,a medicine comprising seven herbs,is employed in treating IgA nephropathy.This study aimed to meticulously analyze its chemical composition.Based on a list of candidate compounds,identified through extensive literature review pertinent to the tablet’s herbal components,the composition analysis entailed the systematic identification,characterization,and quantification of the constituents.The analyte-capacity of LC/ESI-MS-based and GC/EI-MS-based assays was evaluated.The identified and characterized constituents were quantified to determine their content levels and were ranked based on the constituents’daily doses.A total of 283 constituents,classified into 12 distinct categories,were identified and characterized in the Compound Shenhua Tablet.These constituents exhibited content levels of 1−10982μg·g^(−1),with daily doses of 0.01−395μmol·d^(−1).The predominant constituents,with daily doses of≥10μmol·d^(−1),include nine organic acids(citric acid,quinic acid,chlorogenic acid,cryptochlorogenic acid,gallic acid,neochlorogenic acid,isochlorogenic acid C,isochlorogenic acid B,and linoleic acid),five iridoids(specnuezhenide,nuezhenoside G13,nuezhenidic acid,secoxyloganin,and secologanoside),two monoterpene glycosides(paeoniflorin and albiflorin),a sesquiterpenoid(curzerenone),a triterpenoid(oleanolic acid),and a phenylethanoid(salidroside).Additionally,there were 83,126,and 55 constituents detected in the medicine with daily doses of 1–10,0.1–1,and 0.01–0.1μmol·d^(−1),respectively.The combination of the LC/ESI-MS-based and GC/EI-MS-based assays demonstrated a complementary relationship in their analyte-capacity for detecting the constituents present in the medicine.This comprehensive composition analysis establishes a solid foundation for further pharmacological research on Compound Shenhua Tablet and facilitates the quality evaluation of this complex herbal medicine.

Effects of Fufang Shenhua Tablet(复方肾华片) on the Expression of Toll-Like Receptors during Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats

Objective： To investigate the impact of a traditional Chinese medicinal compound known as Fufang Shenhua Tablet （复方肾华片, SHP） on the expression of Toll-like receptors （TLRs） during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury （IRI）-induced acute kidney injury （AKI） in rats. Methods： A total of 28 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups： （1） pseudo-operation control group, （2） ischemia-reperfusion model group, （3） Astragaloside group, （4） high-dose SHP group, and （5） low-dose SHP group. There were four rats in the pseudo-operation group and six rats in each of the other groups. The accepted ischemia-reperfusion model was established after a 7-day gavage intervention, and pathological changes and renal function were observed, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） to detect interleukin 8 （IL-8） and interferon gamma （IFN-r） levels, as well as immunohistochemical staining to detect altered levels of TLR2 and TLR4 expression in renal tissue. Results： After 24 h, renal pathological damage and the expression levels of serum creatinine （Scr）, IL-8, IFN- r, TLR2, and TLR4 were significantly higher in the model group as compared with the pseudo-operation group （P〈0.05）. In addition, at 24 h the above indicators decreased significantly in the Astragaloside group, high- dose SHP group and low-dose SHP group as compared with the ischemia-reperfusion model group （P〈0.05）. TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels were significantly reduced in the SHP treatment and Astragaloside group as compared with the pseudo-operation group （P〈0.05）. Further, the high-dose SHP group showed significantly less renal damage score and decreased levels of TLR expression than those of low-dose SHP group and Astragaloside group （all P〈0.05）. Conclusion： SHP can alleviate the renal structural and functional damage caused by IRI-induced AKI in rats by reducing the damage of renal pathology, which may reduce inflammatory cytokine levels by downregulating the expression of TLRs in renal tissue in a dose-dependent manner.

神华铁路动态货物列车开行方案编制优化研究

重载铁路作为我国大型战略物资的重要运输通道,其货物流向及列车径路较为简单。货物列车开行方案既是货物运输组织的重要计划,也是影响货主装运需求与货运到达时限的关键。以神华铁路为研究对象,以重车作业时间与空车延误时间最小化为目标,构建神华铁路动态开行方案编制优化模型,并设计两阶段遗传-禁忌搜索算法的求解策略。最后以包神南线与神朔线作为实例验证,优化后总目标函数值为30010min,其中重车运输作业时间30010min,空车延误时间0min。实现了重空车的合理接续,最大化的保障了货主运输需求,证明了上述模型与算法的有效性。

Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Shenhua Tablet(肾华片)on Toll-Like Receptors in Rat Model of Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Objective: To investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of Shenhua Tablet(肾华片, SHT) on the toll-like receptors(TLRs)-mediated signaling pathways in a rat model of kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI). Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham surgery, model control, astragaloside(150 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)), low-and high-dose SHT(1.5 and 3.0 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1), repectively) groups. One week after drug treatment, rats underwent surgery to establish the IRI models. At 24 h and 72 h after the modeling, serum creatinine(Scr) and blood urea nitrogen(BUN) were analyzed; pathological damage were scored after periodic acid-Schiff staining. TLR2, TLR4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88(My D88) protein and m RNA expressions were detected by inmmunohistochemistry, Western blot and qPCR. Tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) protein expressions were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Compared with the sham group, the model group exhibited severe change in renal function(Scr: 189.42±21.50, P<0.05), pathological damage(damage score: 4.50±0.55, P<0.05), and the expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, TNF-α, IL-6 were significantly higher than other groups. Meanwhile, the levels of TLRs in model group showed upward tendency from 24 to 72 h, unparalleled with pathological and functional changes. The aforementioned parameters were alleviated to a certain extent, and, in addition to TLRs, presented the obvious downward trending from the 24 to 72 h after the intervention in the SHT and astragaloside groups relative to the model(P<0.05); in particular, the most significant mitigation of these changes was observed in the SHT-H group(P<0.05). Conclusions: TLRs may be an important spot to treat and research in acute kidney injury. SHT could effectively mitigate renal injuries and promote recovery of IRI injuries through suppression of degeneration induced by up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels in the My D88-dependent signaling pathway and exhibit some dose dependence.

Effects of Compound Shenhua Tablet(复方肾华片) on Renal Tubular Na^+-K^+-ATPase in Rats with Acute Ischemic Reperfusion Injury

Objective： To observe the effect of Compound Shenhua Tablet （复方肾华片, SHT） on the sodium- potassium-exchanging adenosinetriphosphatase （Na＋-K＋-ATPase） in the renal tubular epithelial cells of rats with acute ischemic reperfusion and to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of SHT on renal ischemic reperfusion injury （RIRI）. Methods： Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the sham surgery group, model group, astragaloside group [150 mg/（kg.d）], SHT low-dose group [1.5 g/（kg,d）] and SHT high-dose group [3.0 g/（kg.d）], with 10 rats in each group. After 1 week of continuous intragastric drug administration, surgery was performed to establish the model. At either 24 or 72 h after the surgery, 5 rats in each group were sacrificed, blood biochemistry, renal pathology, immunoblot and immunohistochemical examinations were performed, and double immunofluorescence staining was observed under a laser confocal microscope. Results： Compared with the sham surgery group, the serum creatinine （SCr） and blood urea nitrogen （BUN） levels were significantly increased, Na＋-K＋-ATPase protein level was decreased, and kidney injury molecule-1 （KIM-1） protein level was increased in the model group after the surgery （P〈0.01 or P〈0.05）. Compared with the model group, the SCr, BUN, pathological scores, Na＋-K＋-ATPase, and the KIM-1 protein level of the three treatment groups were significantly improved at 72 h after the surgery （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. And the SCr, BUN of the SHT low- and high-dose groups, and the pathological scores of the SHT high-dose group were significantly lower than those of the astragaloside group （P〈0.05）. The Iocalizations of Na＋-K＋-ATPase and megalin of the model group were disrupted, with the distribution areas overlapping with each other and alternately arranged. The severity of the disruption was slightly milder in three treatment groups compared with that of the model group. The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that the SHT high-dose group had a superior effect as compared with the astragaloside group and the SHT low-dose group. Conclusions： The SHT effectively alleviated RIRI caused by ischemic reperfusion, promoted the recovery of the polarity of renal tubular epithelial cells, and protected the renal tubules. The therapeutic effects of SHT were superior to those of astragaloside as a single agent.

Synergetic Management Theory for Coal-Based Energy Engineering and the Engineering Practice of Shenhua

To deal with problems in synergetic development of coal-based energy engineering,this paper,guided by the philosophy of engineering,proposes the synergetic management philosophy of "factors coordination,systems synergy,dynamic optimization and three-dimension planning." The paper also establishes the synergetic management system characterized by systems factor synergy,resource-environment synergy and systems boundary extension and supported by the "two-wheel driven"management innovation and technological innovation.In addition,the paper presents a multi-objective dynamic optimization model for energy engineering,designed based on Shenhua's own engineering practice,to analyze Pareto optimal solution in three scenarios:best resource allocation,minimal environmental impact and maximal value creation.This provides important reference to synergetic development strategies and decision-making in engineering management.

基于药效学优化参花方提取工艺及其治疗银屑病的谱效关系研究

目的建立参花方不同工艺提取物的HPLC指纹图谱,评价其治疗银屑病的谱效关系,为参花方的新药开发提供依据。方法采用HPLC法建立参花方水提、醇提、水提醇沉提取物的指纹图谱,分析样品之间相似度;采用咪喹莫特诱导建立银屑病样小鼠模型,考察不同提取物对小鼠皮损的治疗作用;以小鼠皮损组织的银屑病皮损面积和严重程度指数(PASI)评分和表皮厚度为药效指标,借助灰色关联度法分析各共有峰与抗银屑病的谱效关系。结果共标定出18个共有峰,相似度均不低于0.922,指认出4个特征峰(指认峰1为苦参碱,峰5为绿原酸,峰12为木犀草苷,峰17为蒙花苷)。3种提取物均能降低小鼠皮损的PASI评分及表皮厚度,其中水提物药效最佳;共有峰中与银屑病药效指标PASI评分及表皮厚度有较大关联性的峰分别有16个及15个。结论本研究建立了参花方指纹图谱的质量评价方法,水提法为最优提取工艺,其抗银屑病作用是多种成分共同作用的结果。

神华煤3 mm存查煤样稳定性研究

研究了神华煤3 mm存查煤样随存储时间的延长,各主要检测项目特性值的变化情况。通过选择有代表性的6个神华煤品种,邀请11家实验室参与协同试验,试验项目包括水分、灰分、挥发分、全硫、发热量、氢6项,持续71 d。汇总并分析实验数据,结果显示,参与试验6个品种煤的发热量明显不稳定,随时间延长具有显著降低趋势,且线性相关性较好,并创新性地给出了发热量降低的估计公式。灰分、挥发分、全硫、氢的特性值较为稳定,随时间变化较小。本次研究为科学合理处理煤炭贸易中的复检质量偏差问题提供了数据支持。

卷积神经网络的神华关键配件状态自动跟踪研究

为避免关键配件异常状态带来的神华铁路货车运行安全隐患,提出基于卷积神经网络的神华关键配件状态自动跟踪方法。神华关键配件状态图像作为卷积神经网络的输入数据,经过卷积和池化操作后获得神华关键配件状态检测结果,并将其作为图像第一帧的状态,然后利用核相关滤波训练获得的回归模型估计图像下一帧的状态,实现神华关键配件状态自动跟踪。实验结果表明:该方法能够获得较为完整、清晰的神华关键配件状态图像;不同神华关键配件状态检测的MCC值均在0.8以上,且能够在异常状态发生之前得到状态检测结果;各时刻的神华关键配件状态跟踪结果与实际结果完全相同。

张岱年论张载神化思想与相关争鸣评析

张岱年推崇张载,将其作为古典哲学唯物论的重要代表。早在1937年《中国哲学大纲》中,张岱年就强调张载在宇宙本根论上是一种唯物论。1950年代以后,张岱年反复阐扬张载的气一元论唯物思想,认为神从属于气,是气的一种微妙变化。张岱年也指出张载思想中在宇宙论、认识论方面都还有唯心论残余。与张岱年不同,吕世骧、邓冰夷、陈玉森、高羽、周清泉认为张载思想是一种“客观唯心论”。在他们看来,张载思想体系中,神是第一位和根本性存在。无论是以张载思想为唯物还是唯心,实际上只是揭示了张载思想的某些特征。张载思想中的“神”既非形下之物,也非宗教之神或主体之心,同时神也贯通在“物”与“心”之中;神是“一”,又内含着“二”的矛盾性,是变化的动力因。

330 MW贫煤锅炉燃用100%神华烟煤数值模拟及热态调试

某电厂330 MW机组锅炉原设计煤种为平顶山贫煤,计划改烧100%神华烟煤。为提高锅炉运行的安全性和经济性,利用CFD软件对改造方案开展数值模拟计算,分析预测炉膛内的温度场、炉内结焦结渣和NO_(x)浓度排放等情况。数值计算结果表明:锅炉燃烧系统改造后,在燃用100%神华烟煤时,炉膛温度场饱满均匀,近壁处氧量相对提高,火焰温度峰值降低,NO_(x)排放大幅度降低。锅炉热态调试后,炉内未发现明显结焦情况,NO_(x)排放量为255 mg/m^(3)(标况下),飞灰含碳量小于1.40%,近水冷壁处氧量最小值为0.95%~2.01%。

神华煤干粉气化适应性工业试验研究

煤种适应性一直是气化炉能否高效运行的重要影响因素,不同的煤气化技术对气化煤煤质的要求不同。针对新开发用于干粉气化的神优3煤,为验证其在气流床粉煤气化炉上的适应性,在航天气化炉上开展了不同神优3煤与神优2煤配比的气化工业试验及气化操作模拟优化研究。工业试验结果表明:试验过程中各工艺参数均未出现较大的波动,稳定性好,且各阶段气化有效气体积分数均保持在约90%;随着神优3煤掺混量的增加,碳转化率和冷煤气效率增加,比氧耗和比煤耗减少,神优3煤用于干粉气化具有良好的气化性能及煤种适应性。模拟计算结果表明:在最佳氧煤比条件下操作,比煤耗可降低0.37%~1.47%,比氧耗可降低1.00%~4.17%。

中国神华ESG表现对企业财务绩效影响分析

在当前国内致力于实现低碳绿色发展转型的背景下,企业能否通过自身履行ESG实践获得企业财务绩效的提升,对于推动实现高质量发展具有重大现实意义。选取了中国神华2020—2022年的相关数据,从案例公司识别的关键ESG议题出发,分维度分析了其ESG实施情况,并基于企业指标进一步分析。通过分析发现,实施ESG有助于提高企业的财务绩效。

神华煤焦的孔隙表征与氧化失重关联性研究

选取神混、石炭两种煤焦,分别在700℃、800℃下制焦,对其进行了比表面积、孔容积等表征分析,并与氧化失重曲线进行关联分析,发现四个样品的脱附曲线与吸附曲线未形成闭合回线,并且相对压力越低,分离越显著。神混、石炭两种煤焦中,孔容积分布以中孔和大孔为主,两者比例超过了75%,但比表面积以微孔为主,比例超过了68%。神混煤焦的比表面积、总孔容积远大于石炭煤焦,这与神混煤焦的着火和燃尽特性优于石炭煤焦一致。

水热处理对神华煤质的影响

结合水热处理煤的元素、灰分、挥发分分析以及IR光谱研究，讨论了水热处理对神华煤溶胀、抽提及液化性能的影响。结果表明，较高温度下水热处理存在明显的加氢作用，H／C摩尔比高于原煤；水热处理具有脱挥发分和脱灰作用，水热处理温度升高挥发分降低，灰分增加；水热处理的气态产物主要是CO2，250℃以上产生CO和CH4，其中CO2产率不受水热处理温度影响，CO和CH4产率则随水热处理温度升高而增加；水热处理降低了神华煤的溶胀性能，CS2／NMP混合溶剂抽提减小了抽余物在NMP溶剂中的溶胀度；适当温度水热处理能够提高CS2／NMP抽提率，但是索氏抽提性能有所降低；250℃～300℃水处理能够提高液化转化率，但是油气收率低于原煤，前沥青烯收率显著高于原煤。IR光谱分析表明，水热处理改变了煤分子中氢键等非共价键作用，其中较高温度水热处理将导致醚键、酯键等弱共价键水解和芳环侧链的断裂。

肾华片治疗IgA肾病(气阴两虚证)多中心随机对照临床观察

目的以血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂福辛普利为阳性对照药,评价中药复方肾华片治疗IgA肾病气阴两虚证的疗效及安全性。方法采用前瞻性、多中心、双盲双模拟、随机对照试验设计方案,将131例IgA肾病气阴两虚证患者随机分为福辛普利组(66例)和肾华组(65例),治疗12周,观察尿蛋白定量、血肌酐、尿素氮、内生肌酐清除率、中医主症积分等疗效指标以及肝功能、不良事件等安全性指标。结果两组的基线人口学特征及肉眼血尿、高血压、肾功能不全发生率、总病程、尿蛋白、中医主症积分、肾脏病理Kata-fuchi积分、肾小球积分、肾小管间质积分、血管积分、Lee分级情况等临床特征无统计学差异。治疗12周后福辛普利组和肾华组的24h尿蛋白分别较治疗前下降(0.26±0.92)g/24h和(0.26±0.95)g/24h(P<0.01),两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。福辛普利组和肾华组中医主症积分分别下降1.74±2.12和2.52±2.34(P<0.01),两组差异有显著性(P<0.05)。与基线比较,两组的血肌酐、尿素氮、内生肌酐清除率均无明显变化(P>0.05),治疗后两组中医兼症积分均明显下降(P<0.01),但组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。观察过程中两药不良事件发生率差异无显著性,且均未发生严重不良事件。结论与阳性对照药福辛普利相似,肾华片可以降低IgA肾病气阴两虚证患者的尿蛋白,明显改善临床证候,无严重不良反应。

神华煤结渣倾向和结渣机制研究

神华煤是我国储量大、发热量高的优质动力煤,但因其灰熔点低、易结渣,燃用神华煤的锅炉经常遇到严重的结渣问题。该文在0.25MW燃烧试验台架上对比研究2个典型煤种,即神华煤和新汶煤(高结渣倾向和低结渣倾向)的结渣动态过程,使用扫描电镜(二次电子成像)和X射线衍射仪分别研究了神华煤燃烧过程中不同部位沉积样品的形貌学和晶相组成。结合灰污热流仪测试结果,提出了沉积灰渣的平均脱落周期和平均热流衰减幅度2个指标,这2个指标能够较好地定量判断不同煤种的结渣倾向。易结渣神华煤的脱落周期和平均热流衰减幅度分别为Tsh≥270min和Aq≥92.7kW/m2;而不易结渣新汶煤的脱落周期和平均热流衰减幅度分别为Tsh=58.5min和Aq=23.77kW/m2。重点分析了高铁神华煤中铁的存在形式和转化过程,理论分析和试验结果表明,导致高铁神华煤结渣的一个重要因素是煤中硅酸盐形式含铁矿物质颗粒在炉内产生的粘附性熔融颗粒。

神华煤直接液化残渣中重质油组分的分子结构

对0．1t／d煤直接液化连续实验装置中获取的神华煤液化残渣的重质油组分进行分子结构的研究，通过元素分析、分子量的测定等常规方法的分析和傅立叶变换红外光谱分析、核磁共振、裂解色谱质谱等物理仪器方法的分析，得到了重质油组分的平均分子量为339，平均分子式为C25H31O0．2N0.26，主要结构是2～3环的芳香烃，其中有些已部分饱和成环烷烃，芳香环及饱和环上存在烷基取代基，取代基的链长不一，平均为9～10个碳，以及含有少量氧和氮原子处在环上形成杂环．

基于热重-红外-质谱联用技术定量分析燃煤气体产物

为了准确定量表征燃煤过程中的多组分混合气体产物,以在氮气气氛中神华混煤热解过程为例,采用热重-红外-质谱联用技术,结合脉冲热分析法,研究煤热解多组分气体产物的逸出特性,重点讨论载气流量、炉温、红外光谱检测分辨率及扫描次数等参数对气体定量测量的影响,分别建立红外光谱以及质谱定量标定工作曲线,确定CO2和CH4的平均析出量.结果表明,神华混煤热解主要生成CO2,CH4,H2,CO,H2O以及含C-H、C-O、C=O等官能团的气体;红外光谱标定信号主要受载气流量和分辨率的影响;红外光谱和质谱定量结果存在差异;神华混煤热解过程中每毫克煤样析出CO2和CH4的平均量分别为65.9和24.1μg.