Comparative Analysis of PM10 Emission Rates from Controlled and Uncontrolled Cement Silos in Concrete Batching Facilities

This research study quantifies the PM10 emission rates (g/s) from cement silos in 25 concrete batching facilities for both controlled and uncontrolled scenarios by applying the USEPA AP-42 guidelines step-by-step approach. The study focuses on evaluating the potential environmental impact of cement dust fugitive emissions from 176 cement silos located in 25 concrete batching facilities in the M35 Mussafah industrial area of Abu Dhabi, UAE. Emission factors are crucial for quantifying the PM10 emission rates (g/s) that support developing source-specific emission estimates for areawide inventories to identify major sources of pollution that provide screening sources for compliance monitoring and air dispersion modeling. This requires data to be collected involves information on production, raw material usage, energy consumption, and process-related details, this was obtained using various methods, including field visits, surveys, and interviews with facility representatives to calculate emission rates accurately. Statistical analysis was conducted on cement consumption and emission rates for controlled and uncontrolled sources of the targeted facilities. The data shows that the average cement consumption among the facilities is approximately 88,160 (MT/yr), with a wide range of variation depending on the facility size and production rate. The emission rates from controlled sources have an average of 4.752E-04 (g/s), while the rates from uncontrolled sources average 0.6716 (g/s). The analysis shows a significant statistical relationship (p < 0.05) and perfect positive correlation (r = 1) between cement consumption and emission rates, indicating that as cement consumption increases, emission rates tend to increase as well. Furthermore, comparing the emission rates from controlled and uncontrolled scenarios. The data showed a significant difference between the two scenarios, highlighting the effectiveness of control measures in reducing PM10 emissions. The study’s findings provide insights into the impact of cement silo emissions on air quality and the importance of implementing control measures in concrete batching facilities. The comparative analysis contributes to understanding emission sources and supports the development of pollution control strategies in the Ready-Mix industry.

Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Silos under Far-Field and Near-Fault Earthquakes

Silos are strategical structures used to stockpile various types of granular materials.They are highly vulnerable to earthquake excitation and have been frequently reported to fail at a higher rate than any other industrial structure.The seismic response of silos within the near-fault region will suffer a complex combination of loadings due to the unique characteristics of the near-fault ground motions;which are usually associated with a large amplitude pulse at the beginning of either the velocity or the displacement time histories.This study aims to numerically evaluate the seismic response of reinforced concrete cylindrical silos under near-fault ground motions(NFGM)and far-field ground motions(FFGM).The assessment investigates the impact of the slenderness ratio and the para-meters’influence on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete silos.The validity of the Eurocode provisions in the structural safety of silos will also be inspected.The nonlinear time history analysis is carried out through the finite element approach by examining four silos with different slenderness ratios.The concrete damage plas-ticity model is assigned to the silo wall to simulate the nonlinear behavior of concrete in the plastic zone;while,the behavior of the stored material is represented by the Drucker-Prager plastic model.The wall-granular material interaction is considered and defined by coulomb’s friction theory.The results of the near-fault records reveal a growth up to 72.8%in the hoop stress and 160.4%in the vertical stress compared to the far-field earthquakes.Consequently,the seismic response of reinforced concrete silos is highly sensitive to the type of ground motion,and slender silos tend to impose greater structural demand under the NFGM.Additionally,The Eurocode-8 seismic provisions were adequate in the conventional far-field ground motions and less effective in the near-fault zone.

Design of infrared camouflage cloak for underground silos

The temperature difference between the exposed surface of an underground silo and the surrounding soil surface is significant,which means a silo can be easily found by infrared detection.We designed an infrared camouflage cloak consisting of an imitative layer and an insulation layer for the silos.The imitative layer is used to imitate the thermal response of the soil to the surrounding environment.The insulation layer is used to weaken the impact of the internal temperature field of the silo on the lower boundary of the imitative layer.A silo model including surrounding soil and a soil model without silo were established,and the influences of the material and thickness of each layer on the infrared camouflage effect were analyzed.The results show that when using a silicone rubber containing alumina powder with a volume fraction of 3.18% as the imitative material,its thermal inertia is in consistent with that of the soil.Meanwhile,it was found that the thickness of the imitative layer doesn't need to be greater than its thermal penetration depth to achieve the infrared camouflage,and the absence of the insulation layer will cause hot spots on the silo surface in winter to weaken the camouflage effect.The optimized thicknesses of the imitative layer and the insulation layer are 22 cm and 4 cm re spectively.The simulations indicate that with the application of the cloak,the maximum value of the absolute values of the temperature differences between the average temperatures of the silo surface and the surrounding soil surface temperatures drops from 1,59℃ to 0.31℃ in summer and from 1.92℃ to 0.21℃ in winter.This designed cloak can achieve an all-weather and full-time passive infrared camouflage.

Lateral Pressure of RC Silos with Static and Dynamic Granular Materials

This paper aims at analyzing material-induced lateral pressure of RC cylinder silo in both static and dynamic condition using the finite element method( FEM). In the finite element software ABAQUS,concrete material is modeled by concrete damaged plasticity model,and stored materials in silo is modeled by the hypoplastic theory.In terms of numerical model,shell elements( S4R) and solid elements( C3D8) are applied for model silo wall and stored materials respectively. The interaction between silo wall and stored materials is simulated by Coulomb friction model and penalty contact constrain provided by ABAQUS.The numerical results are verified with the existing experimental data that are designed to ensure the validation of such numerical model using FEM and it obtains good agreements between numerical results and experimental data. Then the material parameters are analyzed in both static and dynamic condition.According to the analysis,it is clear that critical friction angle,initial void ratio and minimum void ratio have an obvious effect on static lateral pressure while all the material parameters affect dynamic lateral pressure at different levels. In addition,differences of silo wall between elastic and plastic state are analyzed in dynamic condition. The numerical results show that it contributes to increasing dynamic pressure when silo wall enters into the plastic state. Finally,this paper discusses the time-history lateral pressure at different heights along silo wall,and analytical results indicate that larger acceleration values play main roles in producing the maximum lateral pressure at higher part of the silo wall.

Federated learning-based short-term building energy consumption prediction method for solving the data silos problem

Transfer learning is an effective method to predict the energy consumption of information-poor buildings by learning transferable knowledge from operational data of information-rich buildings.However,it is not recommended to directly use the operational data without protection due to the risk of leaking occupants’privacy.To address this problem,this study proposes a federated learning-based method to learn transferable knowledge from building operational data without privacy leaking.It trains a transferable federated model based on the operational data from the buildings similar to the target building with limited data.An advanced secure aggregation algorithm is adopted in the training process to ensure that no one can infer private information from the training data.The federated model obtained is evaluated by comparing it with the standalone model without federated learning based on 13 similar office buildings from the Building Data Genome Project.The results show that the federated model outperforms the standalone model concerning the prediction accuracy and training time.On average,the federated model achieves a 25.4%decrease in CV-RMSE when the target building has limited operational data.Even if the target building has no operational data,the federated model still achieves acceptable accuracy(CV-RMSE is 22.2%).Meanwhile,the training time of the federated model is 90%less than that of the standalone model.The research insights can help develop federated learning-based methods for solving the data silos problem in building energy management.The methodology and analysis procedures are reproducible and all codes and data sets are available on Github.

Review on application progress of federated learning model and security hazard protection

Federated learning is a new type of distributed learning framework that allows multiple participants to share training results without revealing their data privacy.As data privacy becomes more important,it becomes difficult to collect data from multiple data owners to make machine learning predictions due to the lack of data security.Data is forced to be stored independently between companies,creating“data silos”.With the goal of safeguarding data privacy and security,the federated learning framework greatly expands the amount of training data,effectively improving the shortcomings of traditional machine learning and deep learning,and bringing AI algorithms closer to our reality.In the context of the current international data security issues,federated learning is developing rapidly and has gradually moved from the theoretical to the applied level.The paper first introduces the federated learning framework,analyzes its advantages,reviews the results of federated learning applications in industries such as communication and healthcare,then analyzes the pitfalls of federated learning and discusses the security issues that should be considered in applications,and finally looks into the future of federated learning and the application layer.

欧洲筒仓荷载规范解析

本文通过对欧洲筒仓荷载规范Eurocode 1—Actions on structures—Part 4:Silos and tanks(EN 1991—4:2006)体系的介绍,并以细长筒仓为例进行了内力计算,希望对业内同仁得以借鉴和参考。

新生儿先天性腹裂外科处理后转归

目的提高先天性腹裂的诊断与治疗水平。方法先天性腹裂患儿30例,按病变严重度及合并畸形分单纯及复杂二组,采用两种不同外科干预方式:Ⅰ期修补术和Silo袋置袋后Ⅱ期修补术。这两种模式中均有产房外科早期干预患儿。结果先天性腹裂单纯组均可Ⅰ期手术7例(其中含1例双胎腹裂),存活率100%;复杂组中23例,除8例家长放弃治疗外,均行Silo袋置袋术及Ⅱ期修补术,成活率66.7%。5例死亡原因是严重腹腔感染、多脏器功能衰竭。结论Ⅰ期修补手术患儿已无死亡率,产房外科早期干预手术值得推广,Silo袋为提高腹裂患儿Ⅱ期手术修补的成功起到重要的作用。

VisIt在数值模拟软件中的应用

基于高性能计算机的科学计算可视化软件应用日益广泛,但其软件结构通常不能充分利用高性能计算环境中的各种资源,造成可视化效率不高。本文首先介绍一种分布式并行可视化工具VisIt;然后给出自主开发的数值计算集成系统的数据后处理方法;为有效管理模拟对象的计算结果,编码实现了多种数据存取管理模块,并在VisIt基础上开发了能够对数据进行读取和显示的接口程序,通过该接口可以显示多种科学数据的模拟对象信息以及诊断信息。可视化实例表明,使用基于VisIt数据后处理的数值计算系统能有效使用高性能计算环境中的资源,提高可视化效率。

12例巨型脐膨出新生儿应用新型silo袋行分期修复术后的护理

总结12例巨型脐膨出新生儿应用新型silo袋行分期修复术后的护理经验。其护理要点包括:低体温新生儿做好保暖,掌握囊膜及肠管的监护注意事项;巨型脐膨出回纳后,常引起腹内压增高,密切观察血液循环及呼吸情况;做好silo袋卡扣处皮肤护理,预防伤口感染;根据患儿喂养耐受情况做好营养支持。12例巨型脐膨出新生儿应用新型Silo袋行分期修复术,经积极处理与精心护理后病情好转,其中1例因家庭经济原因病情好转要求自动出院,余11例治愈出院。

The Scientific Evidence That Today’s Psychiatry Cripples Itself—By Excluding‘Intent’

PSYCHIATRISTS DISAGREE profoundly with lawyers,about what we human beings are capable of.The one says we have‘intent’—the other that we do not.They cannot both be right.All non-psychiatrist doctors must perforce agree with the lawyers.This paper argues that these harmful discrepancies will continue,until we undo the separate watertight human knowledge silos,which have grown up between legal procedures,general medicine,and psychiatric practice.All three would benefit.Psychiatry in particular,suffers from a grievously narrow view of scientific evidence,one which is open to fundamental criticism.There are radical differences in how the fuzzy concept of‘intent’is regarded in law,in general clinical medicine and in psychiatry.Once‘intent’is accorded its due weight,our understanding of justice,health and sanity is vastly improved,allowing us hugely more optimism.This paper is based on two earlier papers—The Scientific Evidence That‘Intent’Is Vital for Healthcare and Why Quakerism Is More Scientific Than Einstein.These are deployed here,to unpick the unhealthy tangle in which today’s psychiatry now finds itself.Its six sections are—(1)why‘intent’matters in law,in medicine&in psychiatry;(2)scientific quagmires;(3)a working definition for‘madness’;(4)“children are impressionable”;(5)“trust me,I’m a doctor”;and(6)skin heals,why can’t minds?The breakthrough is that verbal fuzziness means that words can mean different things at different times––not that they are 100%meaningless.Only a better understanding of trust,autonomy and consent can open the way to something that is painfully absent from today’s psychiatry––a cure for any and all mental disease.

基于Silo的科学计算结果数据的管理与可视化

在某数值模拟可视化软件研制中,为了对不同类型的数值模拟结果进行统一管理和可视化,采用Silo格式文件管理数值结果,并将其应用于可视化工具VisIt中。对MCNP,FDTD,Fluent等数值模拟程序计算结果中的曲线、网格及相关联的标量、矢量等数据进行提取,写为Silo格式文件,并给出了其在VisIt中的可视化效果。结果表明:不同类型的数值模拟结果数据可通过Silo格式文件进行综合管理,并可在VisIt中得到高效的可视化。

筒仓结构设计软件SILO简介

筒仓结构是一种工业构筑物。介绍了一种专门针对筒仓结构的设计软件，该软件能够自动计算作用在筒仓结构上的各种荷载，并自动进行工况组合以及配筋计算。测试表明，该软件的计算分析是稳定和高效的。

Determination of the causes and the effects of storage conditions on the quality of silo stored wheat(Triticum aestivum)in Zimbabwe

There are still cases of millers returning poor quality red wheat to the Zimbabwe Grain Marketing Board(GMB)and this has been an ongoing problem over the past few years.A larger amount of this wheat has discoloured and damaged embryos and it is discounted by millers because the germs are brittle and they crumble easily.There have been also many rejections of the red wheat particularly by major traders.Therefore there was an urgent need to investigate the causes and effects of storage conditions on the quality of silo-stored red wheat,since red wheat is one of human beings’main food supplies.A representative sample of 2.25 kg of red winter wheat was randomly collected from the common red winter wheat incoming to the Grain Marketing Board Depot for storage.This representative sample of 2.25 kg was used as the control sample and its test density was determined.The control sample was then finely ground and analysed for protein,moisture,ash,aflatoxins and falling number.The red winter wheat was then stored in six different silos for a period of 5 months,with each silo having different humidity and temperature conditions.Representative samples of 4.5 kg were randomly collected monthly from each silo during the storage period.The test densities of the representative samples were determined.These representative samples were then finely ground and analysed for protein,moisture,ash,aflatoxins,and falling number.The results of the red wheat in storage were then compared with those of the control sample and analysed by analysis of variance(ANOVA)at the 5%level of significance.Results obtained after data analysis suggest that there were significant differences in the protein content,moisture content and falling number of the wheat before and after storage.However,differences in test density,aflatoxin and ash contents of the wheat before and after storage were not statistically significant at the 5%level of significance.The deterioration in wheat quality was attributed to the high storage tempera-ture and humidity conditions.It was also concluded that the optimum conditions for wheat storage are a temperature of 15 oC and a humidity of 60%.

连体滑模筒仓滑模施工工艺与施工技术

结合工程实例,介绍了滑模装置的设计,阐述了连体滑模的施工技术,提出了保证滑模质量的各种因素及特殊部位的施工技术措施,以达到提前工期、确保质量的目的。

Discharge characteristics of coal and extraction residue from direct coal liquefaction in partial fluidization silo

Gasification of extraction residue(ER) from direct coal liquefaction with pulverized coal is an efficient way for the utilization of carbonaceous wastes, which improve the overall efficiency of direct coal liquefaction technology. The discharge characteristics of ER mixing with pulverized coal is important paraments for its gasification process, which is seldom studied in the literature. In this study, the discharge characteristics of the pulverized coal(M1) as well as its mixture with ER(M2) were systematically investigated in an atmospheric pressure partial fluidization silo with different fluidization apparent velocity. It was observed that although M2 is a viscous powder with lower flowability than M1, the mass flow rate of M2 is 65% higher than M1 at the 3.7 mm·s-1apparent gas velocity. M2 exhibits the properties of Geldart A type powder, which improves the mass flow rate and stability of the discharged material. The mass flow rate of both M1 and M2 first increases and then slowly decreases with the increase of apparent gas velocity of the fluidizing air, which means the discharge process of M1 and M2 can be optimized by the apparent gas velocity.

Detection and Analysis of 1,2-propanediol Content in Whole-crop Silage Corn

[ Objective ] The paper was to investigate the content of 1,2-propanediol in silage feed. [ Method ] Whole-crop corn was stored in laboratory bag silos and outdoor bunker silos. Bag silos were stored for 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 120 d, respectively, and fermentation products were analyzed after opening; the fermentation products, which were from three 500 t above-ground outdoor bunker silos stored for 120 d, were detected. Eight sampling points were selected for each bunker silo. [ Result] No 1,2-propanediol was detected out in laboratory bag silos, and lactic acid was dominant in fermentation products. The acetic acid content significantly increased （ P 〈 0.05 ） with the extension of storage time, whereas the acetic acid content was kept below one-third of the lactic acid content ; 1,2-propanediol and a small amount of 1-propanol were detected out in three bunker silos, and lactic acid was dominant in fermentation products, whereas the content of acetic acid was slightly lower than that of lactic acid. The differences in fermentation products from different silos and different sites in silos presented heterogeneity; except to propanediol, lactic acid bacteria and yeast, there was no significant difference in fermentation products at the top and bottom layers of silos （ P 〉0.05 ） ; there were significant differences in contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, 1,2-propanediol, and yeast between the outer and inner parts of silos （P 〈 0.05 ） ; except to pH values and acetic acid, there were significant differences in fermentation products between hunker silos （P 〈0. 05）. [ Conclusion] No 1,2-propanediol is detected out in laboratory bag silos due to relatively simple fermentation products. However, 1,2-propanediol can be detected in the bunker silos due to complex outdoor environment for silage, and the microorganisms producing 1,2-propanediol exist in silos.

PC-Based Automated Control System for Jordan Northern Grain Silo

This paper presents a PC-based automated control system operation of the Northern Grain Silo of Jordan. The system connects to a PLC (programmable logic controller) device, and combines operator interface, PLC programming and monitoring functions into one platform. The PLC portion handles direct operations control, while the PC portion handles interfacing and data intensive functions. A simulation package is developed. The package generates a graphical user interface for real-time graphic animations of the Grain Silo operation. We discuss anticipated benefits of such a system and phases of implementation.

Prediction of Particles-Air Movement in Silo during Filling Operation

Awareness of dust explosion hazards during silo filling operation is important for safety measures. Thus, information on particles-air flow field is required to assess the likelihood of the hazard. Flow field visualization via experimental investigation associated with difficulties and risks. Hence, in the present study, a modeling formulation using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT software was employed to predict an insight of flow field distribution, in terms of mean and root mean square (RMS) velocities vectors in cylindrical silo during axial filling. According to the simulation results, predicted flow field has a great influence to the silo height and distance to the silo wall due to gravitational force and movement of fugitive dust and re-circulation of air. The results showed that the predicted data were in very good agreement with experimental data obtained from the literature. The maximum error was around 10%. The study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of the particles-air behavior inside industrial equipments during filling operation.