Herpes simplex keratitis:A brief clinical overview

The aim of our minireview is to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis,clinical aspects,treatment options,management,and current literature available regarding herpes simplex keratitis(HSK).This type of corneal viral infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus(HSV),which can affect several tissues,including the cornea.One significant aspect of HSK is its potential to cause recurrent episodes of inflammation and damage to the cornea.After the initial infection,the HSV can establish a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion,a nerve cluster near the eye.The virus may remain dormant for extended periods.Periodic reactivation of the virus can occur,leading to recurrent episodes of HSK.Factors triggering reactivation include stress,illness,immunosuppression,or trauma.Recurrent episodes can manifest in different clinical patterns,ranging from mild epithelial involvement to more severe stromal or endothelial disease.The severity and frequency of recurrences vary among individuals.Severe cases of HSK,especially those involving the stroma and leading to scarring,can result in vision impairment or even blindness in extreme cases.The cornea's clarity is crucial for good vision,and scarring can compromise this,potentially leading to visual impairment.The management of HSK involves not only treating acute episodes but also implementing long-term strategies to prevent recurrences and attempt repairs of corneal nerve endings via neurotization.Antiviral medications,such as oral Acyclovir or topical Ganciclovir,may be prescribed for prophylaxis.The immune response to the virus can contribute to corneal damage.Inflammation,caused by the body's attempt to control the infection,may inadvertently harm the corneal tissues.Clinicians should be informed about triggers and advised on measures to minimize the risk of reactivation.In summary,the recurrent nature of HSK underscores the importance of both acute and long-term management strategies to preserve corneal health and maintain optimal visual function.

Interleukin 1βreceptor and synaptic dysfunction in recurrent brain infection with Herpes simplex virus type-1

Several experimental evidence suggests a link between brain Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood.Among the molecular mediators of synaptic and cognitive dysfunction occurring after Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and reactivation in the brain neuroinflammatory cytokines seem to occupy a central role.Here,we specifically reviewed literature reports dealing with the impact of neuroinflammation on synaptic dysfunction observed after recurrent Herpes simplex virus type-1 reactivation in the brain,highlighting the role of interleukins and,in particular,interleukin 1βas a possible target against Herpes simplex virus type-1-induced neuronal dysfunctions.

Black Garlic as an Antiviral for Herpes Simplex Virus-2 in Lung Cells

Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants than fresh garlic. Antioxidants play a vital role in alleviating cellular stress during viral infections. Viral infections result in oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). A prolonged state of oxidative stress can result in cell death, DNA damage, and disease progression. In this study, black garlic extract (BGE) is evaluated for its ability to mitigate cytopathic effects and oxidative stress caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections in vitro. Antiviral assays were performed to determine the percent of viral inhibition resulting from treatment with the BGE. ROS-GloTM H2O2 assays were then completed to measure the post-infection ROS levels of BGE-treated virus and cells. The results thus far suggest that BGE may inhibit viral infection and decrease levels of oxidative stress.

Autoimmune complications and clinical outcomes of herpes simplex encephalitis in children: A case series

Objective:To report the neurologic prognosis and autoimmune complications of 16 cases of childhood herpes simplex virus encephalitis.Methods:The study was conducted atŞanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital,Turkey from June 2017 to August 2019.The study included 16 pediatric patients aged between 6 months and 17 years(median age 77.7 months)who were diagnosed with herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis by pediatric infectious disease and pediatric neurology clinics.Patients were followed using patient records,and interviews at the pediatric neurology clinic or via the telephone.Clinical and demographic data,received therapies,neurologic prognosis and complications were evaluated.Results:Patients with and without autoimmune encephalitis were compared in terms of age,sex,symptom duration before treatment,initial cerebrospinal fluid protein,glucose,red blood count and white blood count but no significant difference was found.Autoimmune complications were seen in four patients.N-methyl-D-aspartate encephalitis was observed in three patients and choreoathetosis was seen in one patient.The average follow-up period was 48.3 months.Twenty-five percent of the patients were receiving multiple antiepileptic drug(AED)treatment,43.8%were receiving single AED treatment and 31.3%were not receiving AED treatment at the end of the follow-up.Motor disability was observed in 12.5%and drug-resistant epilepsy was observed in 6.3%who had autoimmune complications.Conclusions:Seizures and movement disorders were controlled with immunotherapy and autoantibodies should be studied routinely.Treatment should be started early upon recognition of autoimmune complications through follow-up by measuring autoantibody levels and clinical examination results.Effective prevention and curative treatment modalities are needed to avoid herpes simplex virus encephalitis complications.

TLE orbit determination using simplex method

Two-Line Element(TLE)datasets are the only orbital data source of Earth-orbiting space objects for many civil users for their research and applications.The datasets have uneven qualities that may affect the reliability of the propagated positions of space objects using a single TLE.The least squares approach to use multiple TLEs also suffers from the poor quality of some TLEs,and reliable error information cannot be available.This paper proposes a simplex algorithm to estimate an optimal TLE from multiple TLEs and obtain the uncertainty of each element.It is a derivative-free technique that can deal with various orbit types.Experiments have demonstrated that using the TLE estimated from the simplex method is more reliable,stable,and effective than those from the batch least squares method.As an application example,the optimal TLE and its uncertainty are used for predicting the fallen area,keeping the actual fallen site in the prediction areas.

Antiviral activity of mangiferin from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides against herpes simplex virus type 1

Objective:To evaluate the antiviral activity of pure compounds against herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1)from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides.Methods:Bioassay-guided isolation was conducted to separate the active compound and its chemical structure was elucidated by spectral analysis.In vitro antiviral efficacy of active compound was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,plaque reduction assay,and fluorescence observation.RT-PCR was used to determine the viral load and the cytokine-related gene expression after HSV-1 infection.In vivo study was also conducted to further determine antiviral efficacy of an active compound against HSV-1.Results:An active compound was isolated and elucidated as mangiferin.Mangiferin significantly inhibited the replication of HSV-1 in Vero cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC_(50))of 64.0 mg/L.Time-of-addition and time-of-removal assays demonstrated that mangiferin could effectively inhibit the replication of HSV-1 in the early stage(8 h).UL12,UL42,and UL54 gene expression levels of HSV-1 in the 64 mg/L mangiferin-treated group were markedly reduced as compared with the HSV-1 group(P<0.01).Fluorescence observation showed that mangiferin attenuated the mitochondrial damage maintainingΔΨm induced by HSV-1 in Vero cells.The expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6 was remarkably increased in the virus-infected group as compared with that in the normal group(P<0.05),the levels of these inflammatory factors dropped after treatment with mangiferin.Mangiferin significantly decreased the viral load and attenuated the HSV-1-induced up-regulation of TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6.The relative protection rate of HSV-1-infected mice could reach up to55.5%when the concentration of mangiferin was 4 g/kg.Conclusions:Mangiferin exhibits promising antiviral activity against HSV-1 in vitro and in vivo and could be a potential antiviral agent for HSV-1.

Optimization of a Single Flash Geothermal Power Plant Powered by a Trans-Critical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Using Genetic Algorithm and Nelder-Mead Simplex Method

The usage of renewable energies,including geothermal energy,is expanding rapidly worldwide.The low efficiency of geothermal cycles has consistently highlighted the importance of recovering heat loss for these cycles.This paper proposes a combined power generation cycle(single flash geothermal cycle with trans-critical CO_(2) cycle)and simulates in the EES(Engineering Equation Solver)software.The results show that the design parameters of the proposed system are significantly improved compared to the BASIC single flash cycle.Then,the proposed approach is optimized using the genetic algorithm and the Nelder-Mead Simplex method.Separator pressure,steam turbine output pressure,and CO_(2) turbine inlet pressure are three assumed variable parameters,and exergy efficiency is the target parameter.In the default operating mode,the system exergy efficiency was 32%,increasing to 39%using the genetic algorithm and 37%using the Nelder-Mead method.

Malignant form of hidroacanthoma simplex:A case report

BACKGROUND This paper presents a case of malignant hidroacanthoma simplex(HAS)and review the literature of previous cases to summarize the histopathological and immunohistochemical features and display the dermoscopic features of malignant HAS.CASE SUMMARY We present an 88-year-old Asian female with malignant HAS.The diagnosis was made according to the histopathological and immunohistochemical results after biopsy.Previous case reports of malignant HAS were retrieved from PubMed to characterize the histopathological and immunohistochemical features.We also display the dermoscopic features of malignant HAS that have not been reported.CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that prompt surgical treatment is an effective strategy for malignant HAS.Histopathology and immunohistochemistry are valuable diagnostic tools.This is the first case report to display the dermoscopic features of malignant HAS,and we speculate that dermoscopy may contribute to the diagnosis of malignant HAS.

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Central Nervous System Co-Infection

Co-infections of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by bacterial and viral pathogens are considered to be rare. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) reactivation following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is well described but most cases are related to oral or cutaneous lesions or in respiratory samples. HSV-1 CNS reactivation after Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis is a very rare event and may have significant morbidity and mortality. In this case report, we describe a 71-year-old female patient that presented with a history of abdominal pain and confusion/disorientation that had tonic-clonic seizures while in the Emergency Department. The diagnostic work-up confirmed CNS co-infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and HSV-1. Of note, beyond age, the patient had no known risk factors for both entities and recovered fully after antibiotic and antiviral therapy. This case underlines that clinicians must be aware of CNS co-infection despite being a rare diagnosis. This should be suspected particularly in patients who present an unusual clinical course of CNS infection.

Herpes simplex virus gene therapy for dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB)

The FDA has recently approved Krystal biotech's beremagene gep erpavec (B-VEC, Vyjuvek) to treat the wounds of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) patients. This represents a giant step, not only toward the treatment of this devastating disease, but also for the whole field of non-replicative (nr) recombinant HSV-1vectors for gene therapy. To view this Bench to Bedside, open or download the PDF.

A Meta-Analysis on the Correlation Between Herpes Simplex Virus Type II Infection and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in China

Objective:To systematically evaluate the relationship between herpes simplex virus type II(HSV-2)infection in pregnant women and the adverse pregnancy outcomes(preterm delivery,spontaneous abortion,stillbirth,monstrum,low birth weight,intrauterine growth retardation,premature rupture of membranes),so as to provide clinical guidance for the prevention and treatment of adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by HSV-2 infection in pregnant women.Methods:2140 articles were collected from PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and other databases for the past 20 years.According to the inclusion criteria,the literatures about the relationship between HSV-2 infection of pregnant women and adverse pregnancy outcomes were screened.The effect model was determined by heterogeneity test results,and the meta-analysis was carried out by RevMan 5.3 software.Results:The results of meta-analysis showed that the positive rate of HSV-2 was higher in the adverse pregnancy group than in the control group(odds ratio[OR]:7.92,95%confidence interval[Cl]:3.91-16.01),and the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion:HSV-2 infection will increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.Prevention and effective control of HSV-2 infection in early pregnancy can reduce the rate of adverse pregnancy outcome,which is of great significance to the promotion of eugenics.

An Inequality Concerning the Center of Simplex's Circumscribed Sphere

Let A={A_1, A_2,…, A_(n+1)} be a simplex in E^n which its center O of circumscribed sphere is in inside of A. If R and R_i are radiuses of A_i respectively (A_i={A_1, A_2,…, A_(i-1), O, A_(i+1),…,A_(n+1)} ,i=1,2,…,n+1),then we have The equality holds if and only if A is a regular simplex.

基于Simplex算法的高压直流输电分段变速率VDCOL研究

为了改善高压直流系统的故障后的恢复性能,在研究低压限流单元(voltage dependent current order limiter,VDCOL)对直流系统无功功率消耗和电压稳定性影响的基础上,提出了一种分段变速率低压限流单元(piecewise-variable-rate VDCOL,PVR-VDCOL)的控制方法,该方法通过将电压下降或恢复过程划分为几个不同的阶段,并在每个阶段根据电压水平的不同而设置不同的功率恢复速率。推导了控制器初值的计算公式,制定了利用Simplex算法优化控制器参数的流程,并重点分析了分段数目对控制器性能的影响及其确定方法。在PSCAD/EMTDC中对提出的PVR-VDCOL和传统线性VDCOL的控制效果进行了对比仿真,并对不同分段数目下的仿真结果进行了对比分析,仿真结果表明提出的PVR-VDCOL能够有效改善直流系统的恢复性能。

甘肃窑街中侏罗世植物化石Coniopteris simplex的原位孢子特征研究

通过大量的实验分析,揭示了Coniopteris simplex的原位孢子特征,甘肃窑街盆地中侏罗世Coniopteris simplex原位孢子的基本特征可以概括为:孢子为四面体形,极面观为三角形至圆三角形,顶角钝圆,三边线内凹;体积小,极面观直径为25～38μm,平均约30μm;三射线平直或微弯,其长度为半径的2/3～3/4,宽度较窄,具唇状边缘。外壁近于光滑,但具多条不规则的褶皱;无周壁;孢子的颜色以黄褐色为主。明确了Cyathidites minor可能是Coniopterissimplex孢子,后者为前者的母体植物。

基于Downhill-Simplex算法的观测数据与作物生长模型同化方法研究

以夏玉米叶面积指数(LAI)、贮存器官干重(WSO)、地上总干重(TAGP)以及土壤水分含量(SM)为结合点,建立了基于Downhill-Simplex算法的作物生长模型WOFOST同化多种地面观测数据的一般方法或流程:开展观测数据与作物生长模型同化方法的正确性验证→利用Downhill-Simplex算法进行WOFOST模型的敏感性分析→选择敏感参数组合→通过优化效果确定待优化参数→利用新的观测数据对待优化参数进行优化,从而实现了观测数据与作物生长模型的同化,提升了模型的模拟能力。同化过程中遴选出的WOFOST模型的待优化参数主要包括比叶面积、最大CO2同化速率、初始地上部总干物重、根深最大日增量和初始土壤有效水等。

基于Simplex算法的VSC-HVDC控制参数优化

以电压源换流器高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)的稳态模型为基础,根据VSC功率传输方程的直角坐标形式,采用逆系统方法和PI控制相结合的方法设计了VSC的有功功率和无功功率独立调节的VSC-HVDC控制系统。基于非线性单纯形Simplex算法,对PI控制参数进行优化。PSCAD/EMTDC下的仿真结果表明,通过参数优化,VSC-HVDC控制目标的最大误差百分比低于1.5%;同时也证明所设计的控制系统能独立控制有功功率和无功功率。

SIMPLEX算法与其他算法收敛特性的比较

编制了 SIMLPEX 程序。通过两个典型的流动传热问题,验证了程序的正确性,并将 SIMLPEX 与SIMPLE,SIMPLEC,SIMPLER 算法的收敛特性进行了比较。结果表明,不同算法的收敛特性与具体问题有关;SIMPLEX 算法虽能减少迭代次数,但由于求解过程中增加了 de,dn 方程组的求解,使达到收敛耗用的 CPU 时间增加,对于某些问题 SIMPLEX 耗用的 CPU 时间要少于 SIMPLER,但通常情况下多于SIMPLE 和 SIMPLEC;SIMPLE 算法通过选择合适的松弛因子,可以使其计算耗用的 CPU 时间少于其他算法不采用收敛加速技术时耗用的 CPU 时间。

BOTDR系统应用Simplex编码的信号快速处理方法

本文提出了一种将Simplex编码调制去噪技术与叠加平均去噪技术相结合的方法—S叠加算法。该方法是将S编码与叠加平均算法混合使用,在去噪效果相同的情况下,S叠加算法可以大幅度减少叠加次数,缩短了信号处理时间,同时,降低了随着Simplex编码长度的增加对信号解调带来的困难;对分布式光纤传感系统进行数学建模,并在此模型的基础上进行了数值分析,数据表明,S叠加算法可以大幅度减少信号的处理时间,证明了该方法的正确性和有效性。

基于Simplex算法对马奶啤酒发酵控制优化及品质分析

以马奶啤酒为考察对象,通过控制单因素实验确定四个单因素,判断步长,利用Simplex算法确定马奶啤酒发酵控制参数,结果表明:接种总量8%(干酪乳杆菌∶马克思克鲁维酵母菌=1∶2),发酵温度35℃,发酵时间48 h,蔗糖添加量9%及麦芽汁添加量30%为最佳发酵参数,此条件下的综合p H为3.30±0.02,酒精度为5.4%±0.2%vol,感官评分为79±1.4。感官指标,理化指标及卫生指标均符合《GB 19302-2010发酵乳》国标。马奶啤酒发酵控制的研究为新疆地区马乳及其制品的多样性提供了理论与实践基础。

N-SIMPLEX方法在核磁共振参数拟合中的应用

本文介绍了N-SIMPLEX计算方法的基本思想,举例说明了该方法在NMR参数拟合中的应用。