实时三平面超声心动图与双平面Simpson’s法评价心肌梗死患者左心室收缩功能的相关性分析

目的探讨实时三平面超声心动图(RT-3PE)与二维超声心动图(2DE)双平面Simpson’s法测量心肌梗死患者左室容积和左心室射血分数(LVEF)的相关性。方法应用RT-3PE和二维超声心动图(2DE)双平面Simpson’s法同期测量30例心肌梗死患者的左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左室收缩末期容积(LVESV)和LVEF,并将两种方法的测值进行相关性分析。结果 RT-3PE法和2DE双平面法所测的LVEDV、LVESV和LVEF之间均无统计学意义(P>0.05),且相关性良好(r分别为0.89、0.96和0.86,P<0.01)。结论实时三平面超声心动图可以实时在线测定心肌梗死患者左心室容积和左室射血分数,为临床上定量分析心肌梗死患者左心室容积和左室射血分数提供了一种检查快速、简便和无创的新方法。

ECG-G-MRI Simpson’s法评价心功能的重复性探讨

在使用某一技术连续评价心脏功能时，必须证明具有可靠的重复性，Semtka认为，电影MRI技术，通过覆盖整个心室的Simpson’s法直接计算心室的容量和重量，而不是应用几何公式推算，所以，测定的正常和形态异常的心室容量和重量均具有可靠的观察者间和研究间的重复性．

Schur Convexity and the Dual Simpson’s Formula

In this paper, we show that some functions related to the dual Simpson’s formula and Bullen- Simpson’s formula are Schur-convex provided that f is four-convex. These results should be compared to that of Simpson’s formula in Applied Math. Lett. (24) (2011), 1565-1568.

A GENERALIZATION OF SIMPSON'S RULE

Let TA(f)=integral form n= to 1/2(P_~n(x) + P_b^n(x))dx and let TM(f)=integral form n= to P_((+b)/2)^(n+1)(x)dx, where P_c^n denotes the Taylor polynomial to f at c of order n, where n is even. TA and TM are reach generalizations of the Trapezoidal rule and the midpoint rule, respectively. and are each exact for all polynomial of degree ≤n+1. We let L(f) = αTM(f) + (1-α)TA(f), where α =(2^(n+1)(n+1))/(2^(n+1)(n+1)+1), to obtain a numerical integration rule L which is exact for all polynomials of degree≤n+3 (see Theorem l). The case n = 0 is just the classicol Simpson's rule. We analyze in some detail the case n=2, where our formulae appear to be new. By replacing P_(+b)/2)^(n+1)(x) by the Hermite cabic interpolant at a and b. we obtain some known formulae by a different ap- proach (see [1] and [2]). Finally we discuss some nonlinear numerical integration rules obtained by taking piecewise polynomials of odd degree, each piece being the Taylor polynomial off at a and b. respectively. Of course all of our formulae can be compounded over subintervals of [a, b].

New indices to balanceα-diversity against tree size inequality

The number and composition of species in a community can be quantified withα-diversity indices,including species richness(R),Simpson’s index(D),and the Shannon-Wiener index(H΄).In forest communities,there are large variations in tree size among species and individu-als of the same species,which result in differences in eco-logical processes and ecosystem functions.However,tree size inequality(TSI)has been largely neglected in studies using the available diversity indices.The TSI in the diameter at breast height(DBH)data for each of 99920 m×20 m forest census quadrats was quantified using the Gini index(GI),a measure of the inequality of size distribution.The generalized performance equation was used to describe the rotated and right-shifted Lorenz curve of the cumulative proportion of DBH and the cumulative proportion of number of trees per quadrat.We also examined the relationships ofα-diversity indices with the GI using correlation tests.The generalized performance equation effectively described the rotated and right-shifted Lorenz curve of DBH distributions,with most root-mean-square errors(990 out of 999 quadrats)being<0.0030.There were significant positive correlations between each of threeα-diversity indices(i.e.,R,D,and H’)and the GI.Nevertheless,the total abundance of trees in each quadrat did not significantly influence the GI.This means that the TSI increased with increasing spe-cies diversity.Thus,two new indices are proposed that can balanceα-diversity against the extent of TSI in the com-munity:(1−GI)×D,and(1−GI)×H’.These new indices were significantly correlated with the original D and H΄,and did not increase the extent of variation within each group of indices.This study presents a useful tool for quantifying both species diversity and the variation in tree sizes in forest communities,especially in the face of cumulative species loss under global climate change.

The Effect of <i>Miscanthus</i>Cultivation on the Biodiversity of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), Spiders and Harvestmen (Arachnida: Araneae and Opiliones)

In-crop invertebrate biodiversity of the perennial rhizomatous biomass crop Miscanthus was compared to the in-crop invertebrate biodiversity of adjacent agricultural land-uses. Ground beetles and arachnids (spiders and harvestmen) were used as indicators of invertebrate biodiversity and caught using pitfall traps over two years. Biodiversity measurements used were species richness, biomass, abundance, Simpson’s Index, and rarity values. The Miscanthus plantation had a significantly lower ground beetle and arachnid species richness, biomass and abundance than an adjacent mixed-use arable field and a significantly lower ground beetle biomass and abundance than an adjacent grassland. Reduced weed vegetation and lack of insects that feed on Miscanthus are likely to be significant factors. The findings contradict the conclusions of a previous study of Miscanthus impact on butterflies. This is the first major study to assess the in-crop biodiversity of an established plantation and shows that Miscanthus invertebrate biodiversity is poor in established plantations, when compared to adjacent conventional agricultural land-uses.

Quantifyingα-diversity as a continuous function of location——a case study of a temperate forest

α-diversity describes species diversity at local scales.The Simpson’s and Shannon-Wiener indices are widely used to characterizeα-diversity based on species abundances within a fixed study site(e.g.,a quadrat or plot).Although such indices provide overall diversity estimates that can be analyzed,their values are not spatially continuous nor applicable in theory to any point within the study region,and thus they cannot be treated as spatial covariates for analyses of other variables.Herein,we extended the Simpson’s and Shannon-Wiener indices to create point estimates ofα-diversity for any location based on spatially explicit species occurrences within different bandwidths(i.e.,radii,with the location of interest as the center).For an arbitrary point in the study region,species occurrences within the circle plotting the bandwidth were weighted according to their distance from the center using a tri-cube kernel function,with occurrences closer to the center having greater weight than more distant ones.These novel kernel-basedα-diversity indices were tested using a tree dataset from a 400 m×400 m study region comprising a 200 m×200 m core region surrounded by a 100-m width buffer zone.Our newly extendedα-diversity indices did not disagree qualitatively with the traditional indices,and the former were slightly lower than the latter by<2%at medium and large band widths.The present work demonstrates the feasibility of using kernel-basedα-diversity indices to estimate diversity at any location in the study region and allows them to be used as quantifiable spatial covariates or predictors for other dependent variables of interest in future ecological studies.Spatially continuousα-diversity indices are useful to compare and monitor species trends in space and time,which is valuable for conservation practitioners.

The Role of High Precision Arithmetic in Calculating Numerical Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transforms

In order to find stable, accurate, and computationally efficient methods for performing the inverse Laplace transform, a new double transformation approach is proposed. To validate and improve the inversion solution obtained using the Gaver-Stehfest algorithm, direct Laplace transforms are taken of the numerically inverted transforms to compare with the original function. The numerical direct Laplace transform is implemented with a composite Simpson’s rule. Challenging numerical examples involving periodic and oscillatory functions, are investigated. The numerical examples illustrate the computational accuracy and efficiency of the direct Laplace transform and its inverse due to increasing the precision level and the number of terms included in the expansion. It is found that the number of expansion terms and the precision level selected must be in a harmonious balance in order for correct and stable results to be obtained.

High Accuracy Arithmetic Average Discretization for Non-Linear Two Point Boundary Value Problems with a Source Function in Integral Form

In this article, we report the derivation of high accuracy finite difference method based on arithmetic average discretization for the solution of Un=F(x,u,u′)+∫K(x,s)ds , 0 x s < 1 subject to natural boundary conditions on a non-uniform mesh. The proposed variable mesh approximation is directly applicable to the integro-differential equation with singular coefficients. We need not require any special discretization to obtain the solution near the singular point. The convergence analysis of a difference scheme for the diffusion convection equation is briefly discussed. The presented variable mesh strategy is applicable when the internal grid points of the solution space are both even and odd in number as compared to the method discussed by authors in their previous work in which the internal grid points are strictly odd in number. The advantage of using this new variable mesh strategy is highlighted computationally.

Calculation of Complete Absorption and Intensity of Optical Radiation Spectrum of HeI (λ= 5875Å) with Fine Structure

Theoretical calculations which account for the complete absorption and intensity for the optical radiation He I (λ= 5875 ?) spectral line with fine structure of the transition 23P2,1,0 - 33D3,2,1 during He nanosecond discharge are presented. For different values of the absorption parameter (χ 0?), the absorption quantity A of the three components distorted as a result of reabsorption multiple process has been numerically obtained and graphically presented. The theoretical results for small values of χ 0? (≤4) give a good agreement with the experimental data in literature.

Fuzzy Henstock-Kurzweil Triple Integral

In this article, we use the Hausdorf distance to treat triple Simpson’s rule of the Henstock triple integral of a fuzzy valued function as well as the error bound of the method. We also introduce δ-fine subdivisions for a Henstock triple integral and numerical example is presented in order to show the application and the consequence of the method.

Developing Skills in Intra-Workplace Rehabilitation Education: II

This study aimed to develop an educational model that integrates three elements: knowledge, skills, and attitudes—developing the educational model proposed in the previous Paper I—and to widely investigate and characterize previous learning-related models. The basic educational model proposed here is my seven-step process model of rehabilitation practice. Knowledge consists of four aspects: 1) clinical, 2) psychological, 3) environmental, and 4) disability;skills consist of two steps: 5) identifying intervention points and 6) setting feasible goals;and attitudes 7) of communicating and sharing policies and paths with patients, families, and other professionals. This constitutes the process of rehabilitation practice, and a framework that integrates the three elements is developed here. This study focuses on integrating knowledge, skills, and attitudes into what Bloom described as “the integration of instruction and assessment” so that learners and instructors can reconcile them. Therefore, a typology that explains each other for advancing and deepening individual skills is adopted. In Bloom’s original taxonomy of educational goals, the cognitive domain has five layers in the pyramid of knowledge;the psychomotor domain of Simpson’s has seven layers, and Bloom’s affective domain is represented by five in another pyramid. In addition, the above seven layers of the process model and the seven layers of the skill level of the Dreyfus model were brought together. The integration of the above five typologies becomes a useful educational evaluation model when the relationships are clarified.

Developing Skills in Intra-Workplace Rehabilitation Education: II

This study aimed to develop an educational model that integrates three elements: knowledge, skills, and attitudes—developing the educational model proposed in the previous Paper I—and to widely investigate and characterize previous learning-related models. The basic educational model proposed here is my seven-step process model of rehabilitation practice. Knowledge consists of four aspects: 1) clinical, 2) psychological, 3) environmental, and 4) disability;skills consist of two steps: 5) identifying intervention points and 6) setting feasible goals;and attitudes 7) of communicating and sharing policies and paths with patients, families, and other professionals. This constitutes the process of rehabilitation practice, and a framework that integrates the three elements is developed here. This study focuses on integrating knowledge, skills, and attitudes into what Bloom described as “the integration of instruction and assessment” so that learners and instructors can reconcile them. Therefore, a typology that explains each other for advancing and deepening individual skills is adopted. In Bloom’s original taxonomy of educational goals, the cognitive domain has five layers in the pyramid of knowledge;the psychomotor domain of Simpson’s has seven layers, and Bloom’s affective domain is represented by five in another pyramid. In addition, the above seven layers of the process model and the seven layers of the skill level of the Dreyfus model were brought together. The integration of the above five typologies becomes a useful educational evaluation model when the relationships are clarified.

Relationship between Prosopis juliflora invasion and livelihood diversification in the South Afar region,Northeast Ethiopia

This study assessed the effects of Prosopis juliflora invasion on livelihood diversification and evaluated the determinants of livelihood diversification in two districts in the South Afar region of Northeast Ethiopia.Using random sampling method,154 households and 2 focus groups composed of 10 individuals were selected from four sites in the two districts.The relationship between P.juliflora invasion and incomes obtained from P.juliflora varied across the study sites.In Awash Fentale District and Amibara District,11.0%and 3.2%of households,respectively,earned income from P.juliflora charcoal production.In total,14.3%of households were involved in charcoal production.In addition,19.9%of households earned income from selling P.juliflora pods and wood materials in the two districts.With the exception of income from P.juliflora charcoal production,the sex of households did not affect incomes from other livelihood activities.Moreover,household educational attainment significantly affected income obtained from vegetables,fruits,and cereal crops.Male householders were engaged in more diverse livelihood activities than female householders.Reversing the severe invasion of P.juliflora on grazing and woodlands in the region is advisable through integrated natural resources,pastoralist participation,and multidisciplinary research strategies.

实时三维超声心动图测量左心室容积与射血分数的应用价值

目的探讨单心动周期全容积实时三维超声心动图(sRT-3DE)测量左心室容积与射血分数的应用价值。方法将86例病人分为心脏结构正常组与异常组,同时采用sRT-3DE和二维Simpson’s法测量左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)和左心室射血分数(LVEF),并与磁共振成像(MRI)测量值进行比较分析。结果Simpson’s法测量LVEDV和LVESV低于MRI,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。sRT-3DE所测各值与MRI的相关性均高于Simpson’s;Bland-Altman分析显示sRT-3DE所测各值与MRI之间一致性高于Simpson’s法。同一医师采用sRT-3DE两次测量比较和不同医师采用sRT-3DE测量比较均有良好的相关性和一致性。结论sRT-3DE可快速、准确测量左心室容积。

药物经济学评价中Markov模型的周期内校正方法探讨

目的:为减少药物经济学研究中Markov模型的误差提供参考。方法:参考国外相关文献,解释Markov模型误差产生的原理,并介绍常用的半周期法、梯形法、Simpson’s 1/3法、Simpson’s 3/8法、生命表法及其在Excel、TreeAge软件中的实现方法。结果与结论:Markov模型因离散化过程而产生误差,使用周期内校正方法可校正这一误差。半周期法是最常用的校正方法,是通过增加第1周期一半的结果并减去最后1周期一半的结果进行校正;梯形法的校正是以区间首尾端点值的均值代表该区间,以直角梯形的面积作为累计的结果;Simpson’s 1/3法和Simpson’s 3/8法则在梯形法的基础上在区间中插值并以插值点所在的连续曲线代表整个曲线;寿命表法的校正中,生存人年数为该年龄组的组距与该年龄组和下一年龄组尚存人数的均值的乘积,生存人年数则为各年龄组生存总人年数的总和。在Excel中,可根据方法原理设置函数来实现校正;而在TreeAge软件中,可通过设置Init Rwd、Incr Rwd、Final Rwd的函数表达式来实现校正。在使用Markov模型进行药物经济学评价时,对于周期校正方法的选择,若从建模的易用性、适用情形的广泛性等角度出发,建议使用梯形法;从结果的精确性角度出发,则建议使用Simpson’s 1/3法,以提高Markov模型的准确度。

四维左心房自动定量分析技术评价左心房容积及功能的临床研究

目的探讨四维左心房自动定量(4D Auto LAQ)技术对非选择性连续患者左心房的容积及功能的应用价值。方法187例入选患者中成功分析143例患者。应用4D Auto LAQ技术及Simpson’s双平面技术分别获取左房整体射血分数(LAEF)、左房最大容积指数(LAVImax)、左心房舒张末期容积(LAVmax)、左心房收缩末期容积(LAVmin),同时记录分析时间,比较2种技术所测参数的准确性及可重复性。结果4D Auto LAQ技术及Simpson’s双平面技术所测值相关性高(r值:LAVmax 0.91,LAVmin 0.89,LAVI0.90,LAEF 0.54;P<0.01)、一致性较好[平均测量差异:LAVmax10.1 mL,LAVmin 3.1 mL,LAVI 6.4 mL,LAEF 10.0%;一致性区间:LAVmax(-30.7-50.9)mL,LAVmin(-32.2-38.4)mL,LAVI(-21.2-34.1)mL,LAEF(-19.8-39.8)%]。4D Auto LAQ技术对不同心动周期各测量值相关性好(r值:LAVmax 0.99,LAVmin 0.98,LAVImax 0.99,LAEF 0.92;P<0.01),一致性区间为[LAVmax(-8.9-7.9)mL,LAVmin(-7.9-10.8)mL,LAVI(-7.9-10.8)mL/m2,LAEF(-14.8-9.1)%]。4D Auto LAQ技术各测量值在观察者内部、观察者间的重复性均较好(组内相关系数均>0.8,变异系数均<10%),且优于Simpson’s双平面法。4D Auto LAQ技术技术用时较Simpson’s双平面法明显减少,分别为(30.87±5.05)s、(60.20±5.05)s,(P<0.05)。结论4D Auto LAQ技术评价左心房容积及功能用时更短,重复性好,具有临床推广价值。

实时三维全容积法、Simpson′s法和面积-长度法评估左房容积的比较

目的比较实时三维全容积法、Simpson′s法和面积-长度法评估左房容积的价值。方法选择63例住院患者。胸骨旁长轴切面应用M型超声测量左房前后径,心尖四腔心切面分别用面积-长度法、Simpson′s法和实时三维全容积法测量左房容积。所有测量均在左室收缩末期,二尖瓣开放之前。结果实时三维全容积法、Simpson′s法和面积-长度法测量并计算的左房容积指数(左房容积/体表面积)分别为(24.0±3.8)ml/m2、(23.5±4.1)ml/m2和(24.1±4.3)ml/m2(P>0.05)。实时三维全容积法测量结果与Simpson′s法、面积-长度法的报告有较好的相关性(r1=0.87、r2=0.84,P<0.01)。标化的左房内径(左房前后径/体表面积)与上述三种方法的相关性较差。结论实时三维全容积法测量左房容积与Simpson′s法、面积-长度法均能准确方便地评价左房的大小和功能。

3DEA、2DBP技术在冠心病PCI术后患者左室收缩功能评估中的应用

目的 研究三维超声心动图自动定量(3DEA)、二维双平面Simpson’s法(2DBP)技术在冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后患者左室收缩功能评估中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2019年4月至2021年4月期间我院收治的75例行PCI术的冠心病患者的临床资料,分别于术前、术后3个月采用心脏核磁共振(CMR)、3DEA、2DBP技术测量患者左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)。以CMR为金标准,分别将3DEA、2DBP技术测量结果与CMR测量结果进行比较;并比较3DEA、2DBP技术测量左心室功能参数的分析时间。结果 与术前比较,三种检查方法术后3个月的LVEDV、LVESV水平均降低(P<0.05),LVEF水平均升高(P<0.05);术前及术后3个月,3DEA技术测量各左心室功能参数结果与CMR测量结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),2DBP技术测量各左心室功能参数结果与CMR、3DEA技术测量结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3DEA技术分析时间明显短于2DBP技术(P<0.05);与2DBP技术相比,3DEA技术与CMR测量的左心室功能参数的相关性更高,负性偏倚值更小。结论 3DEA技术可准确量化左室收缩功能,且检测效率较2DBP技术更高,可一定程度替代CMR成为冠心病PCI术后患者的随访评估项目。

Importance of Modeling Heterogeneities and Correlation in Reservoir Properties in Unconventional Formations: Examples of Tight Gas Reservoirs

We present lithofacies classifications for a tight gas sandstone reservoir by analyzing hierarchies of heterogeneities.We use principal component analysis(PCA)to overcome the two level of heterogeneities,which results in a better lithofacies classification than the traditional cutoff method.The classical volumetric method is used for estimating oil/gas in-place resources in the petroleum industry since its inception is not accurate because it ignores the heterogeneities of and correlation between the petrophysical properties.We present the importance and methods of accounting for the heterogeneities of and correlation between petrophysical properties for more accurate hydrocarbon volumetric estimations.We also demonstrate the impacts of modeling the heterogeneities and correlation in porosity and hydrocarbon saturation for hydrocarbon volumetric estimations with a tight sandstone gas reservoir.Furthermore,geoscientists have traditionally considered that small-scale heterogeneities only impact subsurface fluid flow,but not impact the hydrocarbon resource volumetric estimation.We show the importance of modeling small-scale heterogeneities using fine cell size in reservoir modeling of unconventional resources for accurate resource assessment.