A New Species of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Shaanxi, China

Simulium （Simulium） liubaense, sp. nov. is described based on the female specimens collected from Liuba, Shaanxi Province, China. This species is assigned to the variegotum-group of the subgenus Simulium, and is closely related to S. （S.）jingfui Cai and An, 2008, S. （S.） taiwanicum Takaoka, 1979, S. （S.） hackeri Edwards 1928, S. （S.） chamlongi Takaoka and Suzuki, 1984. However it is clearly differentiated from them by the structure of cibarium, genital fork, genital plate, paraproct and cercus of the female. All the specimens are kept in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing.

A New Species of Subgenus Simulium (Tetisimulium)(Diptera:Simuliidae) from Qinghai,China

Simulium (Tetisimulium) xiaodaoense sp. nov. is described based on the female specimens collected from Qinghai, China. This species is assigned to the subgenus Tetisimulium, and is closely related to S. (T.) tachengense An and Mahe, 1994 and S. (T.) wutaishanense An and Yan, 2003. However, it is clearly differentiated from them by the structure of gonapophyses, genital fork, genital plate, paraproct and cercus of the female. All the specimens are kept in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing.

A new species of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Tibet, China

Simulium （Simulium） hanbini sp. nov. is described based on the female specimens collected from Chayu district, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. This species is assigned to the variegotum-group of the subgenus Simulium, and is closely related to S. （S.） jingfui Cai ＆ An, 2008, and S. （S.） liubaense Liu ＆ An, 2009. However, it is clearly differentiated from them by the claws without basal tooth, shapes of sensory vesicle and cibarium of the female. All the specimens are kept in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing.

A New Species of the Genus Simulium (Diptera:Simuliidae) from Henan Province

In the present paper, a new species, Simulium （Nevermannia） henanense sp. nov., from Henan, China, is described. The type specimens are deposited in the Department of Biology of Guiyang Medical College.

The black flies from Huangshan Mountain, Anhui Province, China with the description of a new species of Simulium(Simulium)(Diptera: Simuliidae)

A new species, Simulium （Simulium） huangshanense sp. nov., is described based on the adult, pupal and mature larval stages collected from Huang Mountain in Anhui Province, China. This species is assigned to the griseifrons-group of the subgenus Simulium, and is morphologically most similar to S. （S.） grossifilum Takaoka ＆ Davies, 1995 from West Malaysia and S. （S.） hengshanense Bi ＆ Chen, 2004 from Hunan Province in China. However it is clearly differentiated from them by the shapes of the anterior gonapophyses and cocoon.

A new species of Simulium(Simulium)(Diptera: Simuliidae) from Hainan Island, China

A new species in the subgenus Simulium Latreille s. str. in the genus Simulium is described and illustrated. Simulium（Simulium） sanyaense sp. nov. is from the Sanya District on Hainan Island China. This new species is assigned to the tuberosum-group of the subgenus Simulium and is closely related to Simulium（S.） nitidithorax Puri（1932）, Simulium（S.） brevipar Takaoka and Davies（1995）, Simulium（S.） tianchi Chen, Zhang and Yang（2003）, and Simulium（S.） sigiti Takaoka and Hadi（1991）. However, it is differentiated from them by the genital plate, the enlarged sensory vesicle and the shape of cibarium in the female, and the pupal gill lacking a pit-like cuticular organ.

五条蚋(Simulium quinquestriatum)不同地理种群遗传多样性的ISSR标记研究

为阐明五条蚋(S.quinquestriatum)不同地理种群的遗传多样性,应用ISSR技术对我国五条蚋8个地理种群的遗传多样性及其分化进行了研究分析。构建了中国五条蚋8个种群160个体的ISSR指纹图谱。8条引物扩增出111条ISSR条带,其中96条为多态性条带,占总扩增条带数的86.47%,每个种群显示了各自独特的ISSR图谱。ISSR标记的遗传多样性分析结果表明:五条蚋在物种水平表现出较高的遗传多样性(P=86.4%,A=1.991 0±0.094 9,AE=1.553 2±0.334 5,H=0.323 1±0.157 9,I=0.484 7±0.203 7);在种群水平表现出较低的遗传多样性(P=78.37%,A=1.492 1±0.499 7,AE=1.316 6±0.370 0,H=0.180 1±0.206 6,I=0.265 5±0.295 0);分子方差(AMOVA)分析结果表明五条蚋种群间的遗传分化为59%,种群内部的遗传分化程度为41%;种群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.59,种群间基因流(Nm)为0.347 5。说明五条蚋不同地理种群间遗传分化程度高,地理屏障(高山和平原等)以及栖息地片段化是导致其遗传分化形成的主要因素。

Comparative Larvicidal Property of Leaf Extract of Chromolaena odorata L (Composidae) and Chlopyrifos (Organophosphorus Compound) on Simulium Larvae

To assess the phytochemical properties of Chromoleana odorata in the control of blackflies to help check the problem of environmental pollution from the use of chemical insecticides. Methods Dried pulverized leaves of Chromolaena odorata （100 g） were soaked in distilled water for 24 hours and the extract was filtered, marc pressed and evaporated over water bath. Stock solution of the dried mass （1 g） was concentrated by dissolving in 100 mL of water. Serial dilutions （100 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, 0.01 mg/L, and 0.001 mg/mL） of both the extract and Chlopyrifos （organo phosphorus） were prepared and toxicity was tested on the larvae of Simulium species. Results The chemical compound recorded 100% larval mortality at all concentrations while the plant extract recorded 100% larval mortality in three （100, 10, and 1 mg/mL） of its diluent concentration. The percentage of larval mortality by chemical compound and plant extract was statistically insignificant （t = 0.2456, P〉0.05）, but the mortality rate was significant within 30 rain interval of exposure time （t= 3.756, P〈0.05）. The LCs0 of the plant extract was determined at about 0.001 mg/mL concentration. This showed that the plant extract had an appreciable larvicidal property close to that of the chemical compound. Conclusion This result indicates the usefulness of plant materials in the control of obnoxious insect vectors of mn. It also opens additional approach to the management of environment from toxic chemicals that are non-biodegradable and cause environmental imbalance in the ecosystem.

尼日利亚西南部奥孙河沿线黑蝇Simulium damnosum Theobald complex的形态分类研究(双翅目：蚋科)(英文)

黑蝇Simulium damnosumsensu lato是由多个姊妹种组成的复合体,这些种在生态学和盘尾丝虫病的传播方面各不相同。本文对奥孙河沿线的尼日利亚西南部森林区域的黑蝇S. damnosum s.l.复合体的组成以及成虫的形态学特征进行了研究。本研究所用的黑蝇S. damnosum s.l.成虫标本来源于奥孙河沿线的3个区,分别是Osun Eleja,Osun Ogbere和Osun Budepo。标本采集通过人体诱捕的方式,采集时间从2008年2月至2009年6月上午7:00到下午6:00,每两周采集1次。通过观察成虫的翅毛簇(wing tufts)和其他形态特征,对其进行分类研究。结果表明:存在同域分布的森林种和稀树草原种。在奥孙河沿线3个区内,森林种为优势种,占总捕获量的99.18%,而稀树草原种仅占0.82%;森林种和稀树草原种在多度上存在显著差异(P<0.05)。所捕获的所有稀树草原种的翅毛簇均为灰白色,而捕获的森林种的翅毛簇颜色存在显著差异(P<0.05)。为了更清楚地揭示该地区黑蝇S. damnosum s.l.的物种组成,建议进行更深入的研究。

Physico-chemical indices of breeding sites of Simulium damnosum in the lower Cross River Basin, Nigeria

To determine the factor influencing the abundance development and distribution of Simulium damnosum(S.I) immature stages in the lower Cross River Basin, Nigeria, the physico-chemical characteristics of water at breeding sites were analysed longitudinally over a 12 month period. Analysis of the water samples showed that water current correlated positively and significantly(p<0.05), with dissolved oxygen(r = 0.95 vs 0.10); conductivity(r = 0.95 vs 0.81); hydrogen ion concentration(r = 0.03 vs 0.46); and biochemical oxygen demand(r = 0.80 vs 0.64); from Agbokim Waterfalls and Afi River respectively. The result indicates that these parameters and low ionic concentration are the most essential requirement for the development of S. damnosum pre-imaginal stages. Amplitudes of annual variability as measured by co-efficient of variation varied between the parameters. From the trends in hydrological variables it was deduced that the integrated impact of precipitation, input of surface runoff and municipal effluents played an overriding role in determining the absolute levels and temporal pattern in the water quality attributes. Of the 3578 pre-imaginal stages of S. damnosum collected, 52.52% and 47.4% were collected from Agbokim Waterfall and Afi River respectively. There was a significant difference(p<0.05) in the number of pre-imaginal stages collected from both sites. The highest number of pre_imaginal stages of S. damnosum collected were at the peak of rain(July—September) indicating that S. damnosum in the River Basin is a wet season breeder. The need for long term laboratory colonization of blackfly immature stages becomes imperative especially how these parameters could be exploited in control programme through the testing of larvicides without adverse ecological damage to the aquatic habitat.

Polytene chromosomes of an Indian Himalayan black fly Simulium (Nevermannia) praelargum (Diptera:Simuliidae)

High quality polytene chromosome maps （n=3） of a Himalayan Simuliid Simulium praelargum Datta, 1973 are presented and represent the first cytological description of a taxon found in the feuerborni group, subgenus Nevermannia. Polytene chromosomes one （I） and two （II） are metacentric, chromosome three （III） is submetacentric with the length of each chromosome occupying 37.25 %, 31.36 % and 31.34 % of the total complement length, respectively. Typical simuliid diagnostic intergeneric chromosomal markers are found within the polytene complement of this species. The nucleolar organizer （N.O.） is found at the base of the short arm of chromosome one （IS）, the Ring of Balbiani （R.B.）, double bubble （D.B.） and triad occur in the short arm of chromosome two （IIS）, the Parabalbiani Ring （EB.） and grey band （gb） occur in the long arm of chromosome two （IIL） and the Blister （BL） and Capsule （Ca） occur in the short arm of chromosome three （IIIS）.Terminal bands at the end of IIIS are heterochromatinized and present atypically with respect to other simuliid fauna. Populations studied so far are unique among the Simuliidae in that they exhibit chromosome structural monomorphism. These high resolution polytene chromosome maps will form the basis for future cytological characterization and phylogenetic comparisons amongst members of the feuerborni group

A new species in the subgenus Simulium(Diptera:Simuliidae)from Yunnan,China

A new species,Simulium(Simulium)setiferorum sp.nov.,is described from Yunnan Province,China.This species is assigned to the venustum species-group in the subgenus Simulium and is morphologically most similar to S.(S.)xinbinen Sun,1994 from Liaoning in China.However,it is clearly differentiated by the shape of the genitalia.A key to the female adults of the venustum species-group of China is provided.

山蚋亚属(Montisimulium)分类地位的探究(双翅目:蚋科)

本文就蚋科Simuliidae山蚋亚属Simulium(Montisimulium)的分类地位进行了讨论。并对其鉴别特征,分类沿革进行了概述,同时附有我国已知种类及分布名录。

EFFECT OF TOURISM ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF LARVAL BLACKFLIES (DIPTERA：SIMULIUM) IN PALNI HILLS OF SOUTH INDIA

The effect of tourism on the distribution of larval blackflies during three different seasons of Palni hills was investigated.Six streams were selected(Kumbakkarai,Moolayar,Kurusedi,Silver cascade Pampar and Guntar) for this study,of which,three streams(Silver cascade Pampar and Guntar) were in peak of Palni hills(Kodaikanal town areas) and easy access to the tourists.The remaining three streams(Kumbakkarai,Moolayar and Kurusedi) were in downhill areas.The physico-chemical and stream parameters analyses indicated that the most tourist accessible site of Silver cas-cade stream had poor water quality and the predominant of larval blackfly population when compared to other sampling streams.The highest population of larval blackflies was observed during winter followed by summer and northeast monsoon.Since the effect of tourism causes pollution to streams,which in turn to promote the population of blackfly larvae and affect the other insect community in streams.

Quasi-likelihood techniques in a logistic regression equation for identifying Simulium damnosum s.l.larval habitats intra-cluster covariates in Togo

The standard methods for regression analyses of clustered riverine larval habitat data of Simulium damnosum s.l.a major black-fly vector of onchoceriasis,postulate models relating observational ecological-sampled parameter estimators to prolific habitats without accounting for residual intra-cluster error correlation effects.Generally,this correlation comes from two sources:(1)the design of the random effects and their assumed covariance from the multiple levels within the regression model and(2)the correlation structure of the residuals.Unfortunately,inconspicuous errors in residual intracluster correlation estimates can overstate precision in forecasted S.damnosum s.l.riverine larval habitat explanatory attributes regardless how they are treated(e.g.independent,autoregressive,Toeplitz,etc.).In this research,the geographical locations for multiple riverine-based S.damnosum s.l.larval ecosystem habitats sampled from two preestablished epidemiological sites in Togo were identified and recorded from July 2009 to June 2010.Initially,the data were aggregated into PROC GENMOD.An agglomerative hierarchical residual cluster-based analysis was then performed.The sampled clustered study site data was then analyzed for statistical correlations using monthly biting rates(MBR).Euclidean distance measurements and terrain-related geomorphological statistics were then generated in ArcGIS.A digital overlay was then performed also in ArcGIS using the georeferenced ground coordinates of high and low density clusters stratified by annual biting rates(ABR).The data was overlain onto multitemporal sub-meter pixel resolution satellite data(i.e.QuickBird 0.61m wavbands).Orthogonal spatial filter eigenvectors were then generated in SAS/Geographic Information Systems(GIS).Univariate and nonlinear regression-based models(i.e.logistic,Poisson,and negative binomial)were also employed to determine probability distributions and to identify statistically significant parameter estimators from the sampled data.Thereafter,Durbin–Watson statistics were used to test the null hypothesis that the regression residuals were not autocorrelated against the alternative that the residuals followed an autoregressive process in AUTOREG.Bayesian uncertainty matrices were also constructed employing normal priors for each of the sampled estimators in PROC MCMC.The residuals revealed both spatially structured and unstructured error effects in the high and low ABR-stratified clusters.The analyses also revealed that the estimators,levels of turbidity,and presence of rocks were statistically significant for the high-ABR-stratified clusters,while the estimators distance between habitats and floating vegetation were important for the low-ABR-stratified cluster.Varying and constant coefficient regression models,ABRstratified GIS-generated clusters,sub-meter resolution satellite imagery,a robust residual intra-cluster diagnostic test,MBR-based histograms,eigendecomposition spatial filter algorithms,and Bayesian matrices can enable accurate autoregressive estimation of latent uncertainity affects and other residual error probabilities(i.e.heteroskedasticity)for testing correlations between georeferenced S.damnosum s.l.riverine larval habitat estimators.The asymptotic distribution of the resulting residual adjusted intra-cluster predictor error autocovariate coefficients can thereafter be established while estimates of the asymptotic variance can lead to the construction of approximate confidence intervals for accurately targeting productive S.damnosum s.l.habitats based on spatiotemporal field-sampled count data.

贵阳厌蚋全线粒体基因组及蚋科(双翅目∶长角亚目)昆虫比较线粒体基因组分析

为测定和分析贵阳厌蚋Simulium guiyangense Chen,Liu and Yang,2016全线粒体基因组序列,明确蚋科昆虫的遗传多样性,探究其系统地位及蚋科昆虫内部的系统发育关系,本研究对贵阳厌蚋的线粒体基因组进行测序和注释,比较分析了已公布的蚋科昆虫线粒体基因组特征结构,并基于不同的数据集和方法对其系统发育关系进行了重建。结果显示,贵阳厌蚋线粒体基因组序列总长为16491 bp(GenBank登录号:ON227412),共包含13个蛋白质编码基因(PCGs)、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和1个控制区。A、T、G、C碱基的含量分别为37.63%、35.59%、11.18%、15.60%。除COI使用TTG作为起始密码子外,其余均以ATN作为起始密码子。除ND4使用TAG作为终止密码子外,其余均采用TAA作为终止密码子。蚋科昆虫的蛋白质编码基因具有明显的AT偏向性,tRNA Ser(AGN)因缺少DHU臂均不能形成典型的三叶草结构,16S rRNA、12S rRNA多数位点变异率为0~25%。系统发育结果支持蛙蠓科Corethrellidae与蚊科Culicidae为姐妹群关系,奇蚋科Thaumaleidae和蚋科Simuliidae为姐妹群关系,蚋亚属Simulium为并系,与短蚋亚属Odagmia和厌蚋亚属Boophthora构成了布蚋亚属Byssodon的姐妹群。

装饰短蚋线粒体全基因组序列测定与分析

目的测定和注释装饰短蚋(Simulium ornatum)线粒体全基因组序列,并在线粒体基因组水平上分析短蚋亚属与蚋亚属、纺蚋亚属之间的系统发育关系。方法采用长PCR扩增加引物步移法和总DNA测序法对装饰短蚋线粒体全基因组序列进行扩增测序,应用邻接法重建装饰短蚋与其近缘物种的系统发育关系。结果装饰短蚋线粒体基因组序列全长为15640 bp,包括13个蛋白质编码基因(PCGs)、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因及1个控制区(CR),A、T、C、G碱基含量分别为38.1%、36.4%、14.7%、10.8%;基于13个PCGs序列构建的系统发育关系表示为{[(S.ornatum+S.variegatum)+S.maculatum]+S.aureohirtum}+S.quinquestriatum,基于DNA条码序列构建系统发育关系表示为{[(S.ornatum+S.variegatum)+S.quinquestriatum]+S.maculatum}+S.aureohirtum。结论短蚋亚属与蚋亚属杂色蚋组(variegatum group)的亲缘关系最近,利用线粒体全基因组进行系统发育分析DNA条码序列具有更高的分辨率。

蚋属三新种记述(双翅目:蚋科)

本文对 2 0 0 1年在青海格尔木地区进行的蚋类调查中发现的 3个蚋类新种青海蚋 (Simuliumqing haiensesp nov .)、格尔木蚋 (S germuensesp nov .)和沙柳蚋 (S arenicolasp nov)进行了形态学描述。

四川蚋属二新种记述 (双翅目,蚋科)(英文)

记述了采自四川省泸定县的蚋属蚋亚属2新种,尖板蚋Simulium (Simulium )acontumsp .nov .和矛板蚋Simulium (Simulium)lonchatumsp .nov .前者隶属于淡足蚋组malyschevi group ,后者隶属于杂色蚋组variegatum group ,二者均以雄虫生殖腹板的形态特征命名。模式标本存放于贵阳医学院生物学教研室。1 尖板蚋,新种Simulium (Simulium)acontumsp .nov .(图1～18)新种依据其雌性盾片无纵纹,爪具小的亚基齿,生殖板内缘宽分离和雄性生殖腹板后缘具齿,蛹呼吸丝6条以及茧简单并具前侧窗等特征,隶属于淡足蚋组malyschevi group。新种又依其雄性生殖腹板和蛹茧的特征:雄性后足基跗节膨大;蛹头胸部几乎无疣突;呼吸丝粗细递减,幼虫后颊裂箭形,肛板具宽大的翼状前臂等综合特征,可与该组已知其它的蚋种区别。正模♀,副模6♀♀,8♂♂,16蛹,2 1幼虫。采自泸定县药王庙小溪中水草。2 矛板蚋,新种Simulium (Simulium )lonchatumsp .nov .(图19～35 )新种根据其雌爪具亚基齿,生殖腹板内缘具深凹,端内角尖、内弯而光裸等特征,似应隶属于杂色蚋组variegatum group ,近似于印度的S .(S .)nilgiricum、泰国的S .(S .)barnesi和S .(S .)chamlongi、马来西亚的S .(S .)hackeri以及中国的S .(S .)taiwanicum和S .(S .) qianense。

兴义维蚋成熟幼虫消化道组织学研究

应用石蜡连续切片技术对兴义维蚋成熟幼虫(具鳃斑)消化道的组织学结构进行研究。其消化道由前肠、中肠和后肠等3部分组成。前肠分为咽、食道和前胃,口内侧上方内陷形成一对形状不规则的上唇腺,咽前段存在骨化食窦,食道内陷形成套管样前胃。中肠以4个大型胃盲囊为起点,根据肠壁细胞形态差异分为3个区域。后肠由幽门、回肠和直肠组成,回肠与直肠结构差异明显。4条马氏管从中肠与后肠的分界处分出。纺织腺形态特异。