Damage evolution and strength attenuation characteristics of carbonaceous slate under low velocity dynamic impact

Rock is subjected to impact loading during tunnel and subsurface engineering.For understanding the damage evolution of rock under dynamic impact, mechanical research was performed on the carboniferous slate surrounding the Muzhailing tunnel under different influencing factors based on the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)experimental system. The results show that:(1)carbonaceous slate exhibits a continuous failure process, which develops more rapidly in the presence of joints;simultaneously, a negative correlation was found between the joint density and the dynamic strength of rock;(2) under different impact velocities and wavelengths, the method of using incident energy to represent the dynamic damage threshold of carbonaceous slate under high in situ stress was proposed based on the kinetic energy theorem, and the damage threshold of carbonaceous slate was calculated to be 53 J;(3) impact times is the most critical core variable and negatively correlated with peak strength and positively correlated with strain rate, maximum strain, and cumulative damage. The carbonaceous slate is subjected to repeated load impacts, which is followed by accumulation of damage, continuous strength attenuation, and internal dominant fracture expansion. In particular,when the samples break, there is only one main rupture surface, which is the most significant difference from the single impact rupture form.

Slater条件、BCQ条件、强CHIP性质和限制域最佳逼近的特征

针对广义限制域的最佳逼近问题,在允许有有限个节点的情况下,运用优化理论中的Slate条件、BCQ条件、强CHIP性质的定义,刻划了Slate条件、BCQ条件、强CHIP性质和最佳逼近的特征之间的关系.

Model test on support scheme for carbonaceous slate tunnel in high geostress zone at high depth

The Muzhailing extra-long highway tunnel and corresponding inclined shafts in Lanzhou,Gansu Province,China passes through structurally complex carbonaceous slate that is under high ground stress.Rationally-designed and effective support is of high importance for achieving safe and efficient tunnel construction.The No.2 inclined shaft of Muzhailing Tunnel was taken as the engineering background prototype,for which,a similar model test was conducted to evaluate the effect of highly pretightened constant resistance(NPR,Negative Poisson’s Ratio)anchor cable support provision to the geologically complex carbonaceous slate at different depths.Two schemes were proposed during testing:one scheme was without support and the second was with asymmetric support from highly pre-tightened constant resistance anchor cable.Digital speckle displacement analysis system and micro-groundstress sensors were employed to measure the deformation and shear stress distribution of the tunnel.The results demonstrated that through the second support scheme,the deformation of the surrounding rock could be effectively ameliorated,while this support scheme was applied on the project site of the No.2 inclined shaft,to explore the rationality of the scheme through field engineering tests.On-site monitoring indicated that the deformation of the surrounding rock was within the reasonable design range and the problem of severe tunnel deformation was effectively controlled.The research methods and related conclusions can be used as a reference for the treatment of large deformation problems in deep-buried soft rock tunnels.

Fracture propagation in sandstone and slateeLaboratory experiments, acoustic emissions and fracture mechanics

Fracturing of highly anisotropic rocks is a problem often encountered in the stimulation of unconventional hydrocarbon or geothermal reservoirs by hydraulic fracturing. Fracture propagation in isotropic material is well understood but strictly isotropic rocks are rarely found in nature. This study aims at the examination of fracture initiation and propagation processes in a highly anisotropic rock, specifically slate. We performed a series of tensile fracturing laboratory experiments under uniaxial as well as triaxial loading. Cubic specimens with edge lengths of 150 mm and a central borehole with a diameter of13 mm were prepared from Fredeburg slate. An experiment using the rather isotropic Bebertal sandstone as a rather isotropic rock was also performed for comparison. Tensile fractures were generated using the sleeve fracturing technique, in which a polymer tube placed inside the borehole is pressurized to generate tensile fractures emanating from the borehole. In the uniaxial test series, the loading was varied in order to observe the transition from strength-dominated fracture propagation at low loading magnitudes to stress-dominated fracture propagation at high loading magnitudes.

Comparison of distribution characteristics of asbestos cement slates in rural and urban regions of Korea

The toxicity of asbestos has been constantly an active research topic.Although asbestos has lots of advantages owing to its stable physicochemical properties and economic characteristics,nations enforce policies prohibiting or limiting its use because of its critical impact on human health.Especially in Korea 96% of imported asbestos are slate construction materials and with the influence of Saemaul movement,thatched roofs have been drastically replaced with slate roofs.Efforts to know the distribution characteristics of extensively used asbestos cement slates and to find out the removal method that suits the distribution characteristics are still in an insufficient state.The purpose of this work was to probe into the distribution of asbestos cement slate buildings in Korea and provide basic data of distribution characteristics for policy making in which consideration of the differences between rural and urban regions is necessary based on findings of the studies so far.It is considered helpful in many ways to solving asbestos cement slate related problems in countries where asbestos usage is increasing even after the 2000s including China.

Temperature effects on the mechanical properties of slates in triaxial compression test

High geothermal temperatures appear to be unfavorable for the construction of tunnels in slate rocks with high overburden. To investigate the mechanical characteristics of slates at various levels of geothermal temperature, conventional triaxial compression tests at different levels of confining stress were carried out at 4 different temperatures from 20℃ to 120℃. The obtained results show high confining pressures weaken the thermal effects on rock mechanical characteristics while higher temperatures enhance the effect of confining pressure.At higher levels of confining stress the thermal effects on the rock strength characteristics decrease. The higher the temperature, the larger is the effect of confining pressure on the mechanical characteristics of the slate. Increase of temperature leads to a decrease of the peak strength but increases the deformability and ductility of the slate, the thermo effect on the peak strength and Poisson's ratio is larger than on the elastic modulus. Higher temperatures reduce the shear strength of slate, the decrease is mainly caused by a decrease of the cohesion. In general, the slate samples fail in shear failure.

Alkali-Silica Reactivity and Strength of Mortars with Expanded Slate, Expanded Glass or Perlite

Lightweight aggregates are increasingly used in concrete construction. They reduce concrete selfweight furnishing a structural advantage. In contrast, the mechanical properties and durability of lightweight concrete can become the governing factor on lightweight aggregate replacement ratios. Alkali-Silica Reactison (ASR) and compressive strength of mortar samples with expanded slate, expanded glass or perlite, covering the spectrum of internal porosity and weight of lightweight aggregates, were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to evaluate the contribution of the aggregates’ porosity and chemical composition in inhibiting ASR. Perlite, owing to its highly porous microstructure and lower matter excelled in ASR expansion while chemical composition and denser microstructure of the heavier expanded slate resulted in more signified late ASR expansion and higher compressive strength. An attempt in visual inspection of ASR attack of alkali metal ions on silica-rich expanded glass using an ultra-accelerated exposure to sodium hydroxide solution was made.

高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩蠕变试验及非线性蠕变损伤模型

为克服高程障碍并降低施工风险,可采用长大隧道穿越崇山峻岭,但这些隧道往往处于深埋高地应力环境,并受到化学侵蚀影响。为了解决此问题,以丽江—香格里拉炭质板岩大变形隧道为研究对象,采用室内试验和理论推导,研究深埋炭质板岩隧道受化学侵蚀作用下的围岩变形特性。在Poyting-Thomson体蠕变体的基础上,根据模型元件的力学特性,叠加了损伤元件、化学损伤元件和非线性元件,提出高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩非线性蠕变损伤本构关系。研究结果表明:1)炭质板岩试样受化学侵蚀影响显著,侵蚀90 d试样所产生的轴向蠕变应变为侵蚀0 d试样的2.02倍,侵蚀60 d试样所产生的径向蠕变为侵蚀0 d试样的1.85倍;2)受侵蚀的炭质板岩试样在三轴压缩状态下破裂以斜向贯通裂隙为主,并产生一定的滑移错动裂隙,且沿轴线的拉伸劈裂破坏受围压作用抑制明显,未产生竖向贯通裂隙。

富水环境下强–中风化硅质板岩吸水特性及微观演化规律

为探讨富水环境下强–中风化硅质板岩的吸水特性及吸水过程微观演化规律,以玉溪至楚雄段国家高速公路旧寨隧道中的强–中风化硅质板岩为研究对象,开展浸水试验、电镜扫描试验和X射线衍射试验。试验结果表明:富水环境下强–中风化硅质板岩吸水过程可分为急速吸水阶段(0~2 h)、缓速吸水阶段(2~24 h)和平衡吸水阶段(超过24 h)等3个阶段。急速吸水阶段,岩石结构变得较为松散、孔隙及微裂隙逐步延伸发展;缓速吸水阶段,胶结物溶解、脱落,岩石结构进一步松散、孔隙及裂隙进一步发育,逐渐形成显著的贯穿性裂隙;动态平衡吸水阶段,岩石结构松散程度、孔隙及裂隙发育程度基本达到稳定状态。强–中风化硅质板岩主要矿物组成为石英和黏土矿物,随着浸水试验的进行,石英相对含量增加,黏土矿物含量不断减小;伊利石、伊蒙混层等黏土矿物遇水极不稳定,既能与水发生化学反应,转化成石英和其他黏土矿物,又能与水发生物理反应,表现出膨胀、破碎和分解等特性。研究成果可为开展强–中风化硅质板岩吸水软化特性的理论研究提供参考。

高应力炭质板岩隧道开挖支护结构受力评价研究

为探究高应力下炭质板岩隧道开挖过程中围岩位移、支护结构内力变化规律,依托渭武高速木寨岭公路隧道,采用有限差分软件FLAC3D建立三台阶七步开挖法下炭质板岩隧道的数值模型,提出强、中、弱3种支护方案;分析开挖距离对围岩位移、支护结构内力等因素的影响,并对支护设计参数合理性评价。研究结果表明:开挖过程中围岩累计沉降和收敛变形量比较:强支护<中支护<弱支护;开挖相同距离下,随着支护强度上升,支护提供的弹性抗力越强,围岩沉降和收敛变形减小;以强支护为例,支护结构轴力呈现先增大后减小的趋势,最终轴力不断上升但趋势变缓的特征,开挖距离50 m趋于稳定;支护设计参数评价时,开挖距离(50 m)结束,强、中、弱3种方案钢架受压安全系数最小值分别为3.903、3.718、3.264,#1拱顶处强支护钢架较喷射混凝土先破坏,混凝土安全系数最小值分别为3.491、2.987、2.666,#2左拱腰处喷射混凝土较钢架先破坏,故选择中支护方案,材料I25b×C25、初衬厚度26 cm、钢架距离0.8 m。研究成果可为类似软岩隧道开挖和支护结构的设计提供一定参考。

Model test of the mechanism underpinning water-and-mud inrush disasters during tunnel excavation in sandstone and slate interbedded Presinian strata

Water-and-mud inrush disasters have become a major challenge in underground engineering for the construction of tunnels in sandstone and slate interbedded Presinian strata.Disaster prediction and prevention rely in part on realistic modeling and observation of the disaster process,as well as the identification and examination of the underlying mechanisms.Based on the geological conditions and the historical records of the Xinping Tunnel on the China–Laos Railway,an engineering geological model of the water-and-mud inrush was established.A physical model test that accurately reproduced water-and-mud inrush during tunnel excavation in sandstone and slate interbedded strata was also carried out.Then,testing was conducted that examined the stress and strain,seepage pressure,and high-leakage flow of the surrounding rock.The results indicated that the water-and-mud inrush proceeded through three stages:seepage stage,high-leakage flow stage,and attenuation stage.In essence,the disaster was a catastrophic process,during which the water-resistant stratum was reduced to a critical safety thickness,a water-inrush channel formed,and the water-resistant stratum gradually failed under the influence of excavation unloading and in situ stress–seepage coupling.Parameters such as the stress and strain,seepage pressure,and flow of the surrounding rock had evident stage-related features during water-and-mud inrush,and their variation indicated the formation,development,and evolution of the disaster.As the tunnel face advanced,the trend of the stress–strain curve of the surrounding rock shifted from sluggish to rapid in its speed of increase.The characteristics of strain energy density revealed the erosion and weakening effect of groundwater on the surrounding rock.The seepage pressure and the thickness of the water-resistant stratum had a positive linear relationship,and the flow and thickness a negative linear relationship.There was a pivotal point at which the seepage pressure changed from high to low and the flow shifted from low to high.The thickness of the water-resistant stratum corresponding to the pivotal point was deemed the critical safety thickness.

采用超导磁选回收白云鄂博矿钾板岩中钾长石试验研究

我国长石资源丰富,但富矿资源少,可被直接开采利用的优质钾长石资源并不多,绝大部分需通过富集才能达到工业应用的标准。内蒙古白云鄂博矿床是世界闻名的Fe-Nb-REO超大型矿床,钾板岩属于白云鄂博矿体上部围岩。在包头钢铁(集团)公司对该铁矿40余年的开采中,已剥离的富钾板岩作为废石在矿区大量堆存,总量超过3亿t,每年新增剥离富钾板岩达200万t,白云鄂博矿区钾板岩资源丰富,为提高白云鄂博矿物的综合利用,实现钾长石资源的可持续发展,提出从白云鄂博矿钾板岩中回收钾长石。长石矿物常与其他杂质矿物共生,特别是其中的铁等少量杂质元素,影响钾长石精矿的品质和应用,因此,有效去除高铁钾板岩中铁矿物和云母等硅酸盐类含铁杂质是提高钾长石品位的关键。对白云鄂博高铁富钾板岩进行工艺矿物学分析,确定了“破碎-磨矿-永磁磁选-超导磁选”工艺流程,针对K_(2)O品位12.66%、Na_(2)O品位为0.6%、TFe品位5.55%的钾板岩原矿,在磨矿细度为-0.074 mm占92%的条件下,经永磁磁选和超导磁选,最终获得K_(2)O品位为15.53%、回收率为54.21%、TFe品位为0.55%的钾长石精矿。结果表明,利用永磁+超导磁选工艺可以实现从钾板岩中高效回收钾长石,为综合回收利用白云鄂博矿钾板岩中的钾长石提供了新的途径。

金属材料应力释放工艺对陶瓷岩板内部应力释放影响的初步探讨

陶瓷岩板的大面积商业化应用大幅提高了建筑陶瓷材料在室内装饰领域的应用面积。但由于陶瓷岩板的面积尺寸较大,生产过程中残余应力在陶瓷岩板内部非均匀分布,严重影响了陶瓷岩板的可加工性能。本研究使用超声波探伤仪对陶瓷岩板进行扫描,探测陶瓷岩板的内部是否存在宏观裂纹;通过应力仪电阻应变仪监测陶瓷岩板的残余应力释放情况;通过调节全自动振动时效仪的激振器振动频率和振动时间消除陶瓷岩板在生产过程中产生的残余应力,提高陶瓷岩板的可加工性能。

边坡碳质板岩原位剪切试验研究

岩石的参数是分析滑坡区稳定性状况的重要基础条件,以包钢巴润矿业滑坡区为工程背景,对主要由黑云母碳质板岩组成的松散岩体边坡进行稳定性研究。采用现场原位剪切试验、理论计算与数字图像处理技术相结合的方法,拟合原位剪切试验结果;基于最小二乘法确定现场岩体内摩擦角与黏聚力,分析原位剪切试验的节理面数字三维形貌,通过分形维数实现剪切结构面复杂程度的定量表征。结果表明,原位试验过程中,在0~1 MPa法向应力下得到的剪切应力,拟合优度为0.98;而文献[14]研究法向应力在3~14 MPa情况下的4组试验得到的剪切应力,拟合优度为0.75;剪切后的岩体在样品垂直方向120~240 mm产生剪切结构面,结构面发生剪断破坏的同时,伴随有剪胀破坏;剪切结构面形貌复杂程度较大,分形维数数值为1.68。原位剪切试验与图像形貌数学分析思路为现场岩体的物理力学参数预测与定量表征提供重要参考。

法国接收SLATE狙击手探测系统

正法军武器装备总署近日接收了80套由雷诺军用卡车公司研发的SLATE狙击手探测系统,用于安装在VAB4×4装甲车上,该系统将使装甲车的乘员能够探测敌方火力的位置并做出快速反应。该系统的核心组件是一套名为PILARw的声学探测系统,可与VAB4×4装甲车上的"保护者"

文化记忆理论下传统村落建筑的保护研究——以镇宁高荡村布依族石板房为例

石板房作为布依族传统建筑的代表,肩负着传统村落民族文化记忆传承的重担。随着城镇化的快速发展,传统村落面临文化记忆遗忘危机。在乡村振兴的大背景下,以石板房为传承民族文化记忆的符号,深入理解石板建筑的文化与价值,借助文化记忆理论提出石板房的保护与创新路径,传承与重构传统村落建筑的文化记忆,可为传统村落文化的可持续发展提供理论和实践指导。

小型机载高光谱成像仪在高山峡谷地区遥感地质岩性解译应用

【研究目的】水利工程项目通常位于地势险峻的山区,交通不便、环境恶劣,勘察工作十分艰苦。同时,视界限制使地质人员不能整体上掌握地质体的面貌,尤其在高山峡谷地区,人力、物力及时间成本耗费巨大。高光谱遥感技术在地质领域中的应用主要集中在地物分布反演方向,通过未知地物与已知矿物之间相同的特征吸收峰来判定地物种类,利用其极高的光谱分辨率、空间分辨率和“图谱合一”的特性,可对高山峡谷区的地物目标进行精细分类,从而提高地质调查工作的效率,降低风险。【研究方法】中水北方勘测设计研究院利用中国地质调查局南京地质调查中心自主研发的高效率小型机载高光谱成像光谱仪,首次对位于甘南藏族自治州迭部县高山峡谷地带的工作区进行高光谱遥感对地探测,获取了工作区航空高光谱影像数据。采用最小噪声分离法、波段比值分析法对高光谱遥感数据进行岩性解译。【研究结果】结果表明:以白龙江为界,以北大部分为板岩及第四系黄土,以南则大部分为灰岩。解译结果与已知区域地质图岩性分布一致。【结论】本次研究验证了国产高光谱成像仪的可靠性与实用性,同时提高了水利工程前期地质勘查工作的效率和水平,并提供了险要地形地质勘察的一手资料。

Numerical analysis of anisotropic stiffness and strength for geomaterials

In numerical modelling,selection of the constitutive model is a critical factor in predicting the actual response of a geomaterial.The use of oversimplified or inadequate models may not be sufficient to reproduce the actual geomaterial behaviour.That selection is especially relevant in the case of aniso-tropic rocks,and particularly for shales and slates,whose behaviour may be affected,e.g.well stability in geothermal or oil and gas production operations.In this paper,an alternative anisotropic constitutive model has been implemented in the finite element method software CODE_BRIGHT,which is able to account for the anisotropy of shales and slates in terms of both deformability and strength.For this purpose,a transversely isotropic version of the generalised Hooke’s law is adopted to represent the stiffness anisotropy,while a nonuniform scaling of the stress tensor is introduced in the plastic model to represent the strength anisotropy.Furthermore,a detailed approach has been proposed to determine the model parameters based on the stressestrain results of laboratory tests.Moreover,numerical analyses are performed to model uniaxial and triaxial tests on Vaca Muerta shale,Bossier shale and slate from the northwest of Spain(NW Spain slate).The experimental data have been recovered from the literature in the case of the shale and,in the case of the slate,performed by the authors in terms of stress-strain curves and strengths.A good agreement can be generally observed between numerical and experi-mental results,hence showing the potential applicability of the approach to actual case studies.Therefore,the presented constitutive model may be a promising approach for analysing the anisotropic behaviour of rocks and its impact on well stability or other relevant geomechanical problems in aniso-tropic rocks.

上海基底地层格架的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及微体化石特征制约

基底地层特征对构造单元和地震地质背景认识具有重要意义。上海位于扬子克拉通和华夏造山系的交界区,同时位于江南造山带北东侧,构造位置比较特殊,但长期以来对其基底地层特征的认识比较薄弱。本文对典型钻孔揭露的变质岩、凝灰岩开展了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和疑源类化石分析,斜长角闪岩和花岗质糜棱岩分别获得1091.1±8.8 Ma、1753±24 Ma的原岩年龄,片麻岩获得上交点年龄2445±27 Ma、下交点年龄581±110 Ma,安山质糜棱岩206Pb/238U谐和年龄有2708~2447 Ma、1371~1097 Ma和956~903 Ma三个区间,凝灰岩获得801±13 Ma、774±12 Ma的原岩年龄,板岩中含较多炭化剧烈的Leiosphaeridia化石。认为区内基底自下而上可划分出金山群、惠南板岩和河上镇群,分别形成于古元古代初期—中元古代、青白口纪早—中期和青白口纪晚期,总体年龄特征表现出与华夏造山系的亲缘性特征。2447~2507 Ma、1753 Ma、1091.1 Ma、801~774 Ma和581±110 Ma等建造和改造事件是对凯若兰超大陆、哥伦比亚超大陆、罗迪尼亚超大陆和冈瓦纳超大陆汇聚裂解过程的响应。