We aimed to clarify the sleep status before delirium onset among older adults receiving home care. The sleep status of 21 participants aged ≥65 years was monitored while they slept with a sensor placed under their be...We aimed to clarify the sleep status before delirium onset among older adults receiving home care. The sleep status of 21 participants aged ≥65 years was monitored while they slept with a sensor placed under their bedding, after ruling out insomnia and dementia. The incidence of delirium was 28.6%;delirium onset occurred within an average of 2.7 (SD = 12) days after the start of home care among those whose care environment was changed due to hospital discharge or moving. Increased interrupted sleep and activity during sleep indicated that sleep fragmentation occurred before delirium onset. In conclusion, individuals aged ≥65 years and those whose care environment has changed should be screened for delirium because the time to delirium onset is short. Further, interventions to monitor the sleep status and prevent delirium onset should be implemented from the day home care begins.展开更多
BACKGROUND A limited number of studies have demonstrated that sleeping in the left lateral decubitus(LLD)decreases nocturnal reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)compared to right lateral decub...BACKGROUND A limited number of studies have demonstrated that sleeping in the left lateral decubitus(LLD)decreases nocturnal reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)compared to right lateral decubitus(RLD)and supine.AIM This systematic review summarizes the association between sleeping in the LLD position and nocturnal reflux in patients with GERD.METHODS Studies published up to July 17,2023,in MEDLINE,EMBASE,and CENTRAL were searched.Eligible studies were randomized and nonrandomized studies assessing the effect of sleeping in LLD compared to RLD and supine in reducing nocturnal reflux in GERD patients.Outcomes include the acid exposure time(AET)(%time in pH<4),acid clearance time(ACT)(in sec/episode),number of reflux episodes,and improvement in N-GSSIQ scores.RESULTS Two nonrandomized studies showed decreased AET and ACT in LLD sleep position in comparison to RLD(mean difference[MD]-2.03[95%CI:-3.62 to-0.45];-81.84[95%CI:-127.48 to-36.20],respectively)and supine position(MD-2.71[95%CI:-4.34 to-1.09];-74.47[95%CI:-116.26 to-32.69],respectively).There was no difference in AET and ACT between RLD sleep position and supine.Furthermore,one randomized controlled trial investigating the use of electronic sleep positional therapy,which increased the duration of LLD sleep and decreased the duration of RLD sleep compared to sham,showed nocturnal symptoms improvement(improved N-GSSIQ score,increased reflux-free nights,and resolution of nocturnal reflux symptoms).CONCLUSION Current evidence suggests that sleeping on the left side could reduce nocturnal reflux and improve GERD-related quality of life,therefore warranting interventions that promote LLD sleep position.展开更多
Background: A special pillow was designed to redistribute mechanical stress during sleeping in order to slow down the formation of facial skin wrinkles. Objective: To investigate whether sleeping on a specially design...Background: A special pillow was designed to redistribute mechanical stress during sleeping in order to slow down the formation of facial skin wrinkles. Objective: To investigate whether sleeping on a specially designed pillow reduces facial skin wrinkles. Participants and Methods: A 28-day pilot study was carried out in which fifteen healthy female volunteers aged 23 - 55 years (mean age 35. 6 ± 8.5) slept on an antiwrinkle pillow. Evaluation of facial wrinkles was conducted before commencing the study (T0), following at 14 days (T14), and at 28 days (T28) when the study ended. Wrinkle density was assessed by computerized analysis of 2D images of participants’ faces. Results: A statistically significant decrease in wrinkle density was detected while smiling around both eyes, around the right eye in a relaxed facial expression, on average in all observed facial areas, around the left periorbital area in participants who predominantly slept on their left side of the body, but not on the frontal area. Limitations: A 3D camera could be used to better visualize and analyze wrinkle density. Conclusions: Sleeping on the specially designed pillow reduces facial wrinkles.展开更多
This paper summarises efforts to control Sleeping sickness [Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)] by Tsetse flies and Trypanosomiaisis (T & T) control for the 7 consecutive years although started a decade ago in Ta...This paper summarises efforts to control Sleeping sickness [Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)] by Tsetse flies and Trypanosomiaisis (T & T) control for the 7 consecutive years although started a decade ago in Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA). These efforts are critical for curbing HAT incidences and HAT epidemics. HAT cases have had profound negative impacts on human health, affecting local residents and international travel as well as tourism industry resulting into human and animal health burden and reduction in tourism income. Understanding the current efforts is essential in the proper planning and decision making on developing effective control strategy against T & T control. In this paper, we summarize the recent efforts in the control of T & T in National Parks and discuss the constraints faced. The information will enable TANAPA and other concerned authorities to make informed decision on optimal ways of controlling HAT in National Parks. The results show that much control efforts have so far concentrated in Serengeti, Ruaha, Tarangire and Katavi National Parks where tsetse fly challenges are high. A total 21,143 (average 3020) Insecticide Treated Targets (ITT) were deployed in different areas in the parks and 82,899 (average 20,725) cars entering these parks were sprayed from 2007/2008 to 2014/2015 and 2007/2008 to 2010/2011 respectively. Deployed ITTs lead to a drastic reduction of FTDs of the two dominant tsetse species to 1.3 and 1.4 of G. swynnertoni and G. pallidipes respectively, and the decline was significant at P = 0.011. The major challenges faced include tsetse re-invasion in controlled areas;resurgence of HAT cases when control efforts are relaxed, ITT maintenance and inadequate health education programs. The control strategy should be continuous and scaled up as failure to implement an effective and sustainable system for HAT control will increase the risk of new epidemic that would impede tourism development.展开更多
In an era where the health-damaging effects of wheat flour (gluten) are increasingly recognized, rice flour has become an important alternative for many people, yet its psychophysiological effects remain largely unkno...In an era where the health-damaging effects of wheat flour (gluten) are increasingly recognized, rice flour has become an important alternative for many people, yet its psychophysiological effects remain largely unknown. Here, we report the potential beneficial effects of rice flour for sleep disturbances in stressed mice. Four-week-old male ddY mice were reared in social isolation for 4 weeks. The control group was reared in a social group. Rice flour was given orally in food to isolated mice at a dose of 2.5 w/w% and 5.0 w/w% for 4 weeks from the start of isolation rearing. MF food was given to the control group. Pentobarbital-induced (40 mg/kg, i.p.) time to sleep induction and righting reflex was measured to determine the effects of rice flour on sleep behavior. Blood samples were obtained after the experiments, and serum corticosterone was measured. Sections from the prefrontal cortex and the brainstem were isolated to measure serotonin, dopamine and interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations. We found that the administration of rice flour dose-dependently improved time to sleep and reduced sleep time in socially isolated mice. Blood corticosterone concentrations, which increased after isolation stress, were decreased after the administration of rice flour. Serotonin and dopamine concentrations in the prefrontal cortex which decreased after isolation stress improved after the administration of rice flour. Brainstem IL-6 concentrations increased after isolation stress, but decreased dose-dependently after rice flour administration. Our results suggest that rice flour reverses sleep disturbances in mice induced by social isolation.展开更多
The RAND Corporation reported that insufficient sleep causes an economic loss of $138 billion (2.92% of GDP) in Japan every year. In this study, we investigated the sleep improvement effect of a novel innovative sleep...The RAND Corporation reported that insufficient sleep causes an economic loss of $138 billion (2.92% of GDP) in Japan every year. In this study, we investigated the sleep improvement effect of a novel innovative sleeping mattress called “AiR SI” (Nishikawa Co., Ltd.) to find a simple method to solve the problem of sleep deprivation. We conducted a 2-week randomized, open-label, crossover, self-controlled study in 14 healthy adults in their 30s to 50s (control: 1 week, AiR SI: 1 week), with sleep quality as the primary endpoint as well as salivary components (cortisol, melatonin) and autonomic nervous function (sympathetic nerve, parasympathetic nerve) as secondary endpoints. Trends toward improvement in sleep were suggested for all the endpoints, regardless of differences in the subject background. The results suggested that the use of AiR SI for 1 week not only improved sleep but normalized both the endocrine and autonomic functions as well. We conclude that, by using a sleeping mattress with a high sleep improvement effect, the user may easily achieve higher labor productivity and have a lower mortality risk. Eliminating sleep deprivation with a sleeping mattress may lead to a reduction in national economic losses and ultimately produce significant economic effects.展开更多
In the past, efforts have been made to determine the influence of sleep quantity and its deprivation, on functioning efficiency of human beings. However, determination of sleeping patterns that could improve intellect...In the past, efforts have been made to determine the influence of sleep quantity and its deprivation, on functioning efficiency of human beings. However, determination of sleeping patterns that could improve intellectual performance has been largely neglected. This study is designed to discover the effects of different sleeping patterns on academic performance among medical students. A descriptive study was carried out in King Edward Medical University in Lahore, Pakistan during a six-month time span from May 11th, 2011 to September 30th, 2011. Of the total population of 1350 students in King Edward Medical University, 591 undergraduates were included in the study. A questionnaire designed on sleeping patterns and academic performance was distributed in May 2011. What was described as outstanding students were greater in number in group 4 (7/19) 36.8% and group 6 (6/19) 31.6%. Above average students with sleeping patterns were in group 4 (13/37) 35.1% and group 6 (10/37) 27%. Average students were shown to have sleeping patterns of group 4 (11/25) 44% and group 6 (7/25) 28%. Below average students were shown to have sleeping patterns of group 4 (3/3) 100%. Most of our students had a reduction in the total amount of sleeping hours throughout the years. Midnight to 6 o’clock in the morning with an afternoon nap was the sleeping pattern that was most commonly seen in all groups. We concluded that different sleeping patterns do not affect the performance of medical students in the academic prospective. Many other factors may be involved in the lack of significant achievement, in order to prove that the sleeping patterns are not related to the academic performance, and more data would need to be collected.展开更多
INTRODUCTION For Chinese students of English,grammar learning is so important that their textbooks inevitably entail grammar sections organized in a linear way.These students treat grammar learning as the stepping sto...INTRODUCTION For Chinese students of English,grammar learning is so important that their textbooks inevitably entail grammar sections organized in a linear way.These students treat grammar learning as the stepping stone on their way of English learning.They hope to have a good command of grammar both for their present learning and for their further studies.For their present learning,their linguistic knowledge is tested and assessed through展开更多
Background: Despite overwhelming evidence for gender differences in sleep quality as well as gender-specific changes of sleep parameters with respect to habitual sleeping arrangements, studies on snorers and their bed...Background: Despite overwhelming evidence for gender differences in sleep quality as well as gender-specific changes of sleep parameters with respect to habitual sleeping arrangements, studies on snorers and their bed partners have ignored the influence of individual quality of sleep as a potential co-factor. Objective: The objective of this study was to record subjective and objective sleep parameters and to analyze the effects of alternating of sleeping arrangements in snorers and their bed partners. Methods: Habitual snorers and their bed partners were recruited via newspaper articles not stating the exact purpose of the study. Both filled out a 90-day sleep diary. During this time, we recorded subjective and objective sleep parameters in the snorers and their bed partners via wrist actigraphy and sleep diaries for 14 days. For statistical analysis, we used two-sided t-tests and Spearman’s Rho. Results: The dataset included 45 snorers (11 females) and 45 bed partners (34 females) with a mean age of 47 ± 13 and 43 ± 12 years. Screening for sleep apnea yielded snoring without OSAS, mild-, moderate- and severe OSAS in 27 (60%), eight (18%), three (7%) and six (15%) snorers. PSQI total scores were significantly lower in snorers than in bed partners (4 ± 2 vs. 6 ± 4, p = 0.002). We could not find a significant correlation between subjective and objective sleep latency and efficiency. Couples who changed their sleeping arrangement were significantly younger than those who habitually slept alone or together (p = 0.01). Subjective sleep parameters of snorers or bed partners were not related to the number of consecutive nights spent either together or apart. Conclusions: Our study confirmed the weak correlation of subjective and objective sleep parameters in pairs with snoring problems. Couples changing their sleeping arrangement were the youngest among the whole group, but their separation of sleeping arrangements did not improve subjective sleep parameters.展开更多
词数:356阅读难度:建议阅读时间:4分钟Through his work,he’s determined that people who don’t get enough sleep tend to be less healthy and have lower energy levels than those who get the recommended amount of shut eye p...词数:356阅读难度:建议阅读时间:4分钟Through his work,he’s determined that people who don’t get enough sleep tend to be less healthy and have lower energy levels than those who get the recommended amount of shut eye per night.After analyzing the results of 20 separate studies,he’s found a strong correlation between how much people sleep and how展开更多
Purpose: The purpose of this study was the comparative effects on fatigue and sleep of aroma hand massage vs. hand massage among hospice patients in a hospital. Methods: The design of this study was a nonequivalent co...Purpose: The purpose of this study was the comparative effects on fatigue and sleep of aroma hand massage vs. hand massage among hospice patients in a hospital. Methods: The design of this study was a nonequivalent comparison group pretest-posttest design. This study was performed from May to December 2012 in a hospice ward. A total of 30 hospice patients in a hospice ward participated in the study (17 in an aroma massage group and 13 in a massage group). The Piper Fatigue Scale was used to measure the fatigue level. The quantity of sleep was measured using sleep hours and the quality of sleep using the Verran & Snyder-Halpern sleep scale (1987). The aroma massage group used 1:1 lavender and bergamot diluted to 1% with 100 ml jojoba carrier oil. The massage group used carrier oil without an essential oil. Each treatment was performed for 10 minutes prior to the subject’s sleeping time, once a day and for 5 days. Data were analyzed using t-test, x<sup>2</sup>-test, Fisher’s exact test and the repeated measures ANOVA with the SPSS program. Results: The increase in the fatigue and decrease in the sleep quantity were lower in the aroma hand massage compared to the only hand massage but they were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The quality of sleeping improved in the aroma hand massage group compared to the control group even though it was not significant. For the further studies, assessing and respecting the patient’s aroma preference were important considerations when providing aromatherapy and the appropriation of using 1% essential oil to dilute needs to be tested for the hospice patients in the further studies展开更多
Studies have found a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and chronic kidney disease(CKD)risk,but limited research evaluated the association of reallocating excessive sleep to other behavior with CKD.We includ...Studies have found a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and chronic kidney disease(CKD)risk,but limited research evaluated the association of reallocating excessive sleep to other behavior with CKD.We included 104538 participants from the nationwide cohort of the Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals:A Longitudinal Study,with self-reported time of daily-life behavior.Using isotemporal substitution models,we found that substituting 1 h of sleeping with sitting,walking,or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with a lower CKD prevalence.Leisure-time physical activity displacement was associated with a greater prevalence reduction than occupational physical activity in working population.In stratified analysis,a lower CKD prevalence related to substitution toward physical activity was found in long sleepers.More pronounced correlations were observed in long sleepers with diabetes than in those with prediabetes,and they benefited from other behavior substitutions toward a more active way.The U-shaped association between sleep duration and CKD prevalence implied the potential effects of insufficient and excessive sleep on the kidneys,in which the pernicious link with oversleep could be reversed by time reallocation to physical activity.The divergence in the predicted effect on CKD following time reallocation to behavior of different domains and intensities and in subpopulations with diverse metabolic statuses underlined the importance of optimizing sleeping patterns and adjusting integral behavioral composition.展开更多
We examined the criteria for sleeping place selection in a social band of Rhinopithecus bieti(black-and-white snubnosed or golden monkeys)living in the mountainous Samage Forest,Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve,Yunn...We examined the criteria for sleeping place selection in a social band of Rhinopithecus bieti(black-and-white snubnosed or golden monkeys)living in the mountainous Samage Forest,Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve,Yunnan,China.We performed principal component analysis and found that slope aspect,tree height and trunk diameter were likely key variables influencing selection of sleeping places.Sleeping sites were preferentially located in mixed deciduous/conifer forest.The monkeys slept exclusively in evergreen trees,of which 82%were conifers(mostly Picea likiangensis and Tsuga dumosa)and 18%evergreen oaks(Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon and Quercus spp.).Sleeping trees were tall(mean 30.5 m),had high boles(mean 18.4 m),large diameters(mean 62.6 cm)and large crown areas(mean 57.9 m^(2)).A comparative analysis of phytological and architectural features between trees in“sleeping site plots”(n=18)and trees in“non-sleeping-site plots”(n=66)revealed that diameter,crown surface area and tree height were significantly(P<0.01)larger in the former compared with the latter.All investigated roosting sites were situated on steep mountain slopes.Valleys and mountain ridges were avoided.We also detected re-use of roosting sites on several occasions,but not on consecutive nights.It is most likely that a mix of factors(stability of trees,access to food,unit cohesion,monitoring potential)explains the pattern of sleeping site preference,but predation at night seems to be only slightly important.Climate appears to have a profound influence on patterns of sleeping site selection in the monkeys’harsh temperate habitat.This is demonstrated by the monkeys’preference for mixed forest at medium elevations over montane fir forest at high elevations and slopes instead of ridges,with reduced exposure to wind and precipitation inherent in the former.We also emphasize the possibly substantial role that non-environmental factors(the nature of social organization and socio-behavioral strategies)play in determining sleeping site use in R.bieti and other primates.展开更多
文摘We aimed to clarify the sleep status before delirium onset among older adults receiving home care. The sleep status of 21 participants aged ≥65 years was monitored while they slept with a sensor placed under their bedding, after ruling out insomnia and dementia. The incidence of delirium was 28.6%;delirium onset occurred within an average of 2.7 (SD = 12) days after the start of home care among those whose care environment was changed due to hospital discharge or moving. Increased interrupted sleep and activity during sleep indicated that sleep fragmentation occurred before delirium onset. In conclusion, individuals aged ≥65 years and those whose care environment has changed should be screened for delirium because the time to delirium onset is short. Further, interventions to monitor the sleep status and prevent delirium onset should be implemented from the day home care begins.
文摘BACKGROUND A limited number of studies have demonstrated that sleeping in the left lateral decubitus(LLD)decreases nocturnal reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)compared to right lateral decubitus(RLD)and supine.AIM This systematic review summarizes the association between sleeping in the LLD position and nocturnal reflux in patients with GERD.METHODS Studies published up to July 17,2023,in MEDLINE,EMBASE,and CENTRAL were searched.Eligible studies were randomized and nonrandomized studies assessing the effect of sleeping in LLD compared to RLD and supine in reducing nocturnal reflux in GERD patients.Outcomes include the acid exposure time(AET)(%time in pH<4),acid clearance time(ACT)(in sec/episode),number of reflux episodes,and improvement in N-GSSIQ scores.RESULTS Two nonrandomized studies showed decreased AET and ACT in LLD sleep position in comparison to RLD(mean difference[MD]-2.03[95%CI:-3.62 to-0.45];-81.84[95%CI:-127.48 to-36.20],respectively)and supine position(MD-2.71[95%CI:-4.34 to-1.09];-74.47[95%CI:-116.26 to-32.69],respectively).There was no difference in AET and ACT between RLD sleep position and supine.Furthermore,one randomized controlled trial investigating the use of electronic sleep positional therapy,which increased the duration of LLD sleep and decreased the duration of RLD sleep compared to sham,showed nocturnal symptoms improvement(improved N-GSSIQ score,increased reflux-free nights,and resolution of nocturnal reflux symptoms).CONCLUSION Current evidence suggests that sleeping on the left side could reduce nocturnal reflux and improve GERD-related quality of life,therefore warranting interventions that promote LLD sleep position.
文摘Background: A special pillow was designed to redistribute mechanical stress during sleeping in order to slow down the formation of facial skin wrinkles. Objective: To investigate whether sleeping on a specially designed pillow reduces facial skin wrinkles. Participants and Methods: A 28-day pilot study was carried out in which fifteen healthy female volunteers aged 23 - 55 years (mean age 35. 6 ± 8.5) slept on an antiwrinkle pillow. Evaluation of facial wrinkles was conducted before commencing the study (T0), following at 14 days (T14), and at 28 days (T28) when the study ended. Wrinkle density was assessed by computerized analysis of 2D images of participants’ faces. Results: A statistically significant decrease in wrinkle density was detected while smiling around both eyes, around the right eye in a relaxed facial expression, on average in all observed facial areas, around the left periorbital area in participants who predominantly slept on their left side of the body, but not on the frontal area. Limitations: A 3D camera could be used to better visualize and analyze wrinkle density. Conclusions: Sleeping on the specially designed pillow reduces facial wrinkles.
文摘This paper summarises efforts to control Sleeping sickness [Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)] by Tsetse flies and Trypanosomiaisis (T & T) control for the 7 consecutive years although started a decade ago in Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA). These efforts are critical for curbing HAT incidences and HAT epidemics. HAT cases have had profound negative impacts on human health, affecting local residents and international travel as well as tourism industry resulting into human and animal health burden and reduction in tourism income. Understanding the current efforts is essential in the proper planning and decision making on developing effective control strategy against T & T control. In this paper, we summarize the recent efforts in the control of T & T in National Parks and discuss the constraints faced. The information will enable TANAPA and other concerned authorities to make informed decision on optimal ways of controlling HAT in National Parks. The results show that much control efforts have so far concentrated in Serengeti, Ruaha, Tarangire and Katavi National Parks where tsetse fly challenges are high. A total 21,143 (average 3020) Insecticide Treated Targets (ITT) were deployed in different areas in the parks and 82,899 (average 20,725) cars entering these parks were sprayed from 2007/2008 to 2014/2015 and 2007/2008 to 2010/2011 respectively. Deployed ITTs lead to a drastic reduction of FTDs of the two dominant tsetse species to 1.3 and 1.4 of G. swynnertoni and G. pallidipes respectively, and the decline was significant at P = 0.011. The major challenges faced include tsetse re-invasion in controlled areas;resurgence of HAT cases when control efforts are relaxed, ITT maintenance and inadequate health education programs. The control strategy should be continuous and scaled up as failure to implement an effective and sustainable system for HAT control will increase the risk of new epidemic that would impede tourism development.
文摘In an era where the health-damaging effects of wheat flour (gluten) are increasingly recognized, rice flour has become an important alternative for many people, yet its psychophysiological effects remain largely unknown. Here, we report the potential beneficial effects of rice flour for sleep disturbances in stressed mice. Four-week-old male ddY mice were reared in social isolation for 4 weeks. The control group was reared in a social group. Rice flour was given orally in food to isolated mice at a dose of 2.5 w/w% and 5.0 w/w% for 4 weeks from the start of isolation rearing. MF food was given to the control group. Pentobarbital-induced (40 mg/kg, i.p.) time to sleep induction and righting reflex was measured to determine the effects of rice flour on sleep behavior. Blood samples were obtained after the experiments, and serum corticosterone was measured. Sections from the prefrontal cortex and the brainstem were isolated to measure serotonin, dopamine and interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations. We found that the administration of rice flour dose-dependently improved time to sleep and reduced sleep time in socially isolated mice. Blood corticosterone concentrations, which increased after isolation stress, were decreased after the administration of rice flour. Serotonin and dopamine concentrations in the prefrontal cortex which decreased after isolation stress improved after the administration of rice flour. Brainstem IL-6 concentrations increased after isolation stress, but decreased dose-dependently after rice flour administration. Our results suggest that rice flour reverses sleep disturbances in mice induced by social isolation.
文摘The RAND Corporation reported that insufficient sleep causes an economic loss of $138 billion (2.92% of GDP) in Japan every year. In this study, we investigated the sleep improvement effect of a novel innovative sleeping mattress called “AiR SI” (Nishikawa Co., Ltd.) to find a simple method to solve the problem of sleep deprivation. We conducted a 2-week randomized, open-label, crossover, self-controlled study in 14 healthy adults in their 30s to 50s (control: 1 week, AiR SI: 1 week), with sleep quality as the primary endpoint as well as salivary components (cortisol, melatonin) and autonomic nervous function (sympathetic nerve, parasympathetic nerve) as secondary endpoints. Trends toward improvement in sleep were suggested for all the endpoints, regardless of differences in the subject background. The results suggested that the use of AiR SI for 1 week not only improved sleep but normalized both the endocrine and autonomic functions as well. We conclude that, by using a sleeping mattress with a high sleep improvement effect, the user may easily achieve higher labor productivity and have a lower mortality risk. Eliminating sleep deprivation with a sleeping mattress may lead to a reduction in national economic losses and ultimately produce significant economic effects.
文摘In the past, efforts have been made to determine the influence of sleep quantity and its deprivation, on functioning efficiency of human beings. However, determination of sleeping patterns that could improve intellectual performance has been largely neglected. This study is designed to discover the effects of different sleeping patterns on academic performance among medical students. A descriptive study was carried out in King Edward Medical University in Lahore, Pakistan during a six-month time span from May 11th, 2011 to September 30th, 2011. Of the total population of 1350 students in King Edward Medical University, 591 undergraduates were included in the study. A questionnaire designed on sleeping patterns and academic performance was distributed in May 2011. What was described as outstanding students were greater in number in group 4 (7/19) 36.8% and group 6 (6/19) 31.6%. Above average students with sleeping patterns were in group 4 (13/37) 35.1% and group 6 (10/37) 27%. Average students were shown to have sleeping patterns of group 4 (11/25) 44% and group 6 (7/25) 28%. Below average students were shown to have sleeping patterns of group 4 (3/3) 100%. Most of our students had a reduction in the total amount of sleeping hours throughout the years. Midnight to 6 o’clock in the morning with an afternoon nap was the sleeping pattern that was most commonly seen in all groups. We concluded that different sleeping patterns do not affect the performance of medical students in the academic prospective. Many other factors may be involved in the lack of significant achievement, in order to prove that the sleeping patterns are not related to the academic performance, and more data would need to be collected.
文摘INTRODUCTION For Chinese students of English,grammar learning is so important that their textbooks inevitably entail grammar sections organized in a linear way.These students treat grammar learning as the stepping stone on their way of English learning.They hope to have a good command of grammar both for their present learning and for their further studies.For their present learning,their linguistic knowledge is tested and assessed through
文摘Background: Despite overwhelming evidence for gender differences in sleep quality as well as gender-specific changes of sleep parameters with respect to habitual sleeping arrangements, studies on snorers and their bed partners have ignored the influence of individual quality of sleep as a potential co-factor. Objective: The objective of this study was to record subjective and objective sleep parameters and to analyze the effects of alternating of sleeping arrangements in snorers and their bed partners. Methods: Habitual snorers and their bed partners were recruited via newspaper articles not stating the exact purpose of the study. Both filled out a 90-day sleep diary. During this time, we recorded subjective and objective sleep parameters in the snorers and their bed partners via wrist actigraphy and sleep diaries for 14 days. For statistical analysis, we used two-sided t-tests and Spearman’s Rho. Results: The dataset included 45 snorers (11 females) and 45 bed partners (34 females) with a mean age of 47 ± 13 and 43 ± 12 years. Screening for sleep apnea yielded snoring without OSAS, mild-, moderate- and severe OSAS in 27 (60%), eight (18%), three (7%) and six (15%) snorers. PSQI total scores were significantly lower in snorers than in bed partners (4 ± 2 vs. 6 ± 4, p = 0.002). We could not find a significant correlation between subjective and objective sleep latency and efficiency. Couples who changed their sleeping arrangement were significantly younger than those who habitually slept alone or together (p = 0.01). Subjective sleep parameters of snorers or bed partners were not related to the number of consecutive nights spent either together or apart. Conclusions: Our study confirmed the weak correlation of subjective and objective sleep parameters in pairs with snoring problems. Couples changing their sleeping arrangement were the youngest among the whole group, but their separation of sleeping arrangements did not improve subjective sleep parameters.
文摘词数:356阅读难度:建议阅读时间:4分钟Through his work,he’s determined that people who don’t get enough sleep tend to be less healthy and have lower energy levels than those who get the recommended amount of shut eye per night.After analyzing the results of 20 separate studies,he’s found a strong correlation between how much people sleep and how
文摘Purpose: The purpose of this study was the comparative effects on fatigue and sleep of aroma hand massage vs. hand massage among hospice patients in a hospital. Methods: The design of this study was a nonequivalent comparison group pretest-posttest design. This study was performed from May to December 2012 in a hospice ward. A total of 30 hospice patients in a hospice ward participated in the study (17 in an aroma massage group and 13 in a massage group). The Piper Fatigue Scale was used to measure the fatigue level. The quantity of sleep was measured using sleep hours and the quality of sleep using the Verran & Snyder-Halpern sleep scale (1987). The aroma massage group used 1:1 lavender and bergamot diluted to 1% with 100 ml jojoba carrier oil. The massage group used carrier oil without an essential oil. Each treatment was performed for 10 minutes prior to the subject’s sleeping time, once a day and for 5 days. Data were analyzed using t-test, x<sup>2</sup>-test, Fisher’s exact test and the repeated measures ANOVA with the SPSS program. Results: The increase in the fatigue and decrease in the sleep quantity were lower in the aroma hand massage compared to the only hand massage but they were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The quality of sleeping improved in the aroma hand massage group compared to the control group even though it was not significant. For the further studies, assessing and respecting the patient’s aroma preference were important considerations when providing aromatherapy and the appropriation of using 1% essential oil to dilute needs to be tested for the hospice patients in the further studies
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82088102,91857205,82022011,81970728,and 81930021)the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(No.21QA1408100)+2 种基金Shanghai Outstanding Academic Leaders Plan(No.20XD1422800)the National Top Young Scholar Program(Yu Xu),the Innovative Research Team of High-Level Local Universities in Shanghai,the Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases(No.19MC1910100)the Shanghai Shen Kang Hospital Development Center(Nos.SHDC2020CR1001A and SHDC2020CR3064B).
文摘Studies have found a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and chronic kidney disease(CKD)risk,but limited research evaluated the association of reallocating excessive sleep to other behavior with CKD.We included 104538 participants from the nationwide cohort of the Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals:A Longitudinal Study,with self-reported time of daily-life behavior.Using isotemporal substitution models,we found that substituting 1 h of sleeping with sitting,walking,or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with a lower CKD prevalence.Leisure-time physical activity displacement was associated with a greater prevalence reduction than occupational physical activity in working population.In stratified analysis,a lower CKD prevalence related to substitution toward physical activity was found in long sleepers.More pronounced correlations were observed in long sleepers with diabetes than in those with prediabetes,and they benefited from other behavior substitutions toward a more active way.The U-shaped association between sleep duration and CKD prevalence implied the potential effects of insufficient and excessive sleep on the kidneys,in which the pernicious link with oversleep could be reversed by time reallocation to physical activity.The divergence in the predicted effect on CKD following time reallocation to behavior of different domains and intensities and in subpopulations with diverse metabolic statuses underlined the importance of optimizing sleeping patterns and adjusting integral behavioral composition.
文摘We examined the criteria for sleeping place selection in a social band of Rhinopithecus bieti(black-and-white snubnosed or golden monkeys)living in the mountainous Samage Forest,Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve,Yunnan,China.We performed principal component analysis and found that slope aspect,tree height and trunk diameter were likely key variables influencing selection of sleeping places.Sleeping sites were preferentially located in mixed deciduous/conifer forest.The monkeys slept exclusively in evergreen trees,of which 82%were conifers(mostly Picea likiangensis and Tsuga dumosa)and 18%evergreen oaks(Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon and Quercus spp.).Sleeping trees were tall(mean 30.5 m),had high boles(mean 18.4 m),large diameters(mean 62.6 cm)and large crown areas(mean 57.9 m^(2)).A comparative analysis of phytological and architectural features between trees in“sleeping site plots”(n=18)and trees in“non-sleeping-site plots”(n=66)revealed that diameter,crown surface area and tree height were significantly(P<0.01)larger in the former compared with the latter.All investigated roosting sites were situated on steep mountain slopes.Valleys and mountain ridges were avoided.We also detected re-use of roosting sites on several occasions,but not on consecutive nights.It is most likely that a mix of factors(stability of trees,access to food,unit cohesion,monitoring potential)explains the pattern of sleeping site preference,but predation at night seems to be only slightly important.Climate appears to have a profound influence on patterns of sleeping site selection in the monkeys’harsh temperate habitat.This is demonstrated by the monkeys’preference for mixed forest at medium elevations over montane fir forest at high elevations and slopes instead of ridges,with reduced exposure to wind and precipitation inherent in the former.We also emphasize the possibly substantial role that non-environmental factors(the nature of social organization and socio-behavioral strategies)play in determining sleeping site use in R.bieti and other primates.